{"id":340,"date":"2019-08-03T10:20:10","date_gmt":"2019-08-03T07:20:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/homeworknest.com\/blog\/?p=340"},"modified":"2019-08-20T08:18:54","modified_gmt":"2019-08-20T05:18:54","slug":"my-friend-just-referred-me-to-the-best-college-homework-help-website-homeworknest-where-i-just-got-homework-answers-from-good-and-friendly-tutors-https-www-homeworknest-com","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/blog\/my-friend-just-referred-me-to-the-best-college-homework-help-website-homeworknest-where-i-just-got-homework-answers-from-good-and-friendly-tutors-https-www-homeworknest-com\/","title":{"rendered":"My friend just referred me to the best college homework help website HomeworkNest where I just got homework answers from good and friendly tutors &#8211; https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>approximately normally distributed with mean 1387 grams and standard deviation 161 grams.<\/p>\n<p>What proportion of broilers weigh between 1100 and 1200 grams?<\/p>\n<p>What is the probability that a randomly selected broiler weighs more than 1500 grams?<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>SHORT QUESTION (ESSAY \/ CASE STUDY \/ EXERCISE)<br \/>\n1. Read the two cases of Barbican Bank and Intermarket of Zimbabwe and answer the questions below<br \/>\nBarbican Bank (BB)<br \/>\nBarbican Bank was formed in the late 1990s at the height of a rush into the financial services sector by domestic investors. It was born out of an asset management company. The founder was a flamboyant businessman who was a public figure in the financial services sector. At formation the bank declared its focus would be the elite market. Its products were therefore targeted specifically at the top market. The bank also declared an intention to operate a very small branch network, no more than five branches. Barbican started experiencing liquidity problems in early 2003 and was placed under the curator in March 2003. Before being placed under the curator Barbican had been reporting fabulous profits most of them having come from non interest transactions. According to the Central Bank, Barbican \u2018\u2018was experiencing serious liquidity problems as a result of imprudent banking behaviours. There was no clear separation between various related entities within the group which led to cross funding of operations and excessive risk taking among other shortcomings.\u2019\u2019 The Central Bank also noted that the bank was involved in \u2018\u2018questionable cross-border foreign exchange activities.\u2019\u2019 The bank had shifted funds to South Africa from local operations with the object of establishing a new company in South Africa. During its operation the bank introduced the derivatives (junk bonds) market, which had been non-existent in the country\u2019s financial sector. When liquidity problems besieged Barbican the Central Bank placed the banking division under the curator and the asset management company under liquidation. At the time of taking these measures the Central Bank had injected money into the bank as liquidity support but the bank appeared to be on a serious slide. The bank has since failed to repay on time the loan from the Central bank\u2019s Troubled Bank Fund. On seeing his financial companies in difficulties, the Chief Executive (the founder) skipped the country. Despite problems in the home operations, the founding chief executive was trying to set up another financial services company in South Africa. During his tenure the Chief Executive is said to have been so dominant the board appeared clueless and powerless to restrain him. The bank has now been placed into<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>PROGRAMME BACHELOR OF COMMERCE IN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT<br \/>\nMODULE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 3F<br \/>\nTOTAL MARKS 20 MARKS<br \/>\nliquidation by the Central Bank. It will be amalgamated into a merger of liquidated banks to form a new bank.<br \/>\nIntermarket (IM)<br \/>\nThe founder established Intermarket Holdings during the late 1990s through acquisitions. At the time of inset of financial distress, the founder owned 72 percent of Intermarket Holdings through an investment company called Transnational Holdings. Transnational Holdings comprised companies in banking and insurance among others. Its influence in the financial services sector was in every sphere. Intermarket Banking Corporation one of the subsidiaries of the holding company started showing signs of liquidity problems in early 2004. This was during the period of a cash crisis in the country. Much as all banking institutions were affected by the cash crisis, Intermarket appeared completely outstretched by the crisis. In March 2004 the bank was placed under the management of a curator by the Central Bank when it appeared it could not pay its creditors and depositors on demand. On investigation, the Central Bank discovered that the Executive Chairman had loaned himself Z$90 billion of depositors\u2019 money and the insider loans were not being serviced. The Executive Chairman was said to have been so dominant he had the veto power on everything that took place in the corporation. Investigations by the appointed curator have led to a rise in the figure for insider loans to Z$174 billion. The Executive chairman fled the country when authorities appeared to point at him as the main contributor to financial distress in the institution. Intermarket has been trying to enter into partnership with other banking institutions, in order to shore up its capital, without much success. Instead Finhold, another Zimbabwean financial institution whose banking subsidiary is owed Z$100 billion is positioning itself to take over major shareholding in Intermarket Bank through a combination of cash and debt swap. Finhold\u2019s strategy is an attempt to protect possible collapse of Intermarket since it is a major creditor. Intermarket has to raise its capital base to Z$10 billion before 30 September 2004 as per regulatory authority requirements. Fraud by some IM employees taking advantage of weak management systems has exacerbated financial distress in Intermarket. The curator has however opened the banking division for limited services to depositors.<br \/>\na) \u00a0The liquidity problems experience by Barbican Bank and Intermarket bank were as a result of poor risk management. Discuss? (6 marks)<br \/>\nb) \u00a0Identify the speculative risk that was taken by Barbican Bank? (2 marks)<br \/>\nc) \u00a0Lack of board independence inadvertently creates an epicentre for corporate governance failures. Discuss using the two cases and outline the ideal role of a board in corporate governance and risk management (4 marks)<br \/>\nDiscuss the benefits of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)? (4 marks)<br \/>\nDiscuss how an audit committee would have to test the effectiveness of the risk management arrangements in place? (4 marks)<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>The liquidity problems experience by Barbican Bank and Intermarket bank were as a result of poor risk management. Discuss?<\/p>\n<p>Question 1<br \/>\nExplain how databases help ensure that organizations can maintain data integrity.<br \/>\nYour response should be at least 75 words in length.<\/p>\n<p>Question 2<\/p>\n<p>Compare how the data in transactional databases differs from that in data warehouses?<\/p>\n<p>Your response should be at least 75 words in length.<\/p>\n<p>Question 3<br \/>\nWhat is the relevance of data mining in organizations?<\/p>\n<p>Your response should be at least 75 words in length.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Imagine that you are hired as a CIO of a quickly growing retail chain with an online presence. You have growing transactional databases but want to build a business intelligence infrastructure. You also have various departments within your company with databases such as marketing, customer service, accounts payable, sales, and accounts receivable. What would your proposed business intelligence infrastructure consist of? Justify your decisions.<\/p>\n<p>Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV<br \/>\nUpon completion of this unit, students should be able to:<br \/>\n6. Compare and contrast databases and database management.<br \/>\n6.1 \u00a0Explain the importance of maintaining data for IT professionals in organizations.<br \/>\n6.2 \u00a0Describe the capabilities of databases and database management in organizations.<br \/>\n6.3 \u00a0Explain the principle technologies and their uses when accessing information from databases.<br \/>\nReading Assignment<br \/>\nChapter 6: Foundations of Business Intelligence: Databases and Information Management<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Unit Lesson<br \/>\nDatabases and Management<br \/>\nWhat do you think is an organization\u2019s most important asset? Some people might argue that employees are the most important asset for any organization, while others would argue that an organization cannot function without its data. Imagine that an organization loses every server and database in its data centers. How would the business know which customers have ordered which products? How would they know what they currently have stocked in their warehouses? How would they know how much they paid for that product or how much they should charge for it going forward? How could they operate without any historical records at all? It would be like starting over as a completely new business, would it not?<br \/>\nOrganizations have to be very protective of their data. As an additional point of complexity, organizations have to follow Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) laws, which require data to have integrity at a high level. This basically means that no one can touch a company\u2019s data unless they have an expressed need for it and authorization to do so.<br \/>\nAn organization\u2019s data cannot have redundancy. Also, it must be consistent and have integrity. Integrity means that you are ensuring the quality of the data in your database. Integrity deals with the accuracy and reliability of the data. All of this is made possible by relational databases and database management systems (DBMS). Relational databases are designed to store data in a manner that will reduce redundancy and inconsistency. The word reduce is used here because the database engineer, or developer, has to make use of the rules and tools. Otherwise, there could be issues with bad data.<br \/>\nConsider the database as the foundation for business intelligence, data warehousing, and data mining. A DBMS includes the capabilities for organizing, managing, and accessing the data housed in the database (Laudon &amp; Laudon, 2016). Information technology (IT) personnel can use queries and reports for accessing and manipulating that data. The design of the database should be such that it is normalized in order to enforce referential integrity. Data models should be created with relationships between columns in mind.<br \/>\nSo, how is database data used for decision making? You may have had a database course before, or you may have had to pull data from a database at work. Your response may be just to query the data. However, doing that would just give you some data. How do you get the right data?<br \/>\nLet us assume you are trying to make decisions about what items to discount in one of your hundred company gas\/markets. It would not be too hard to query the sales data from that store for the past hour. You might get a hundred transactions. What can you do with that information? What if you pull the information for the last week or month? You could get thousands to millions of rows of data. At what point do you have too much data to deal with in your database?<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>MBA 5401, Management Information Systems 1<br \/>\nUNIT IV STUDY GUIDE<br \/>\nDatabases, Information Management, and Business Intelligence<br \/>\nData like this can be summarized as determining your sale of candy bars and UthNaItTyoxuSsTeUllDaYn GavUeIrDaEge of one hundred candy bars per day. But, how does that help you to make a decision about discounting candy bars?<br \/>\nWhat you need is a way to store the magnitudes of data in such a way that it is beneficial to the business.<br \/>\nWhat exactly is business intelligence? Now, go back to our previous example. Not only do you have one store to collect thousands of rows, but you have one hundred stores. There are millions of rows of records that are processed through your operational databases in a given month. You also want to collect data about pricing changes from the vendors and information about marketing trends. Then, you might want to collect information from external sources like your competitor data or demographic data.<br \/>\nHow would you store this information? Well, you will store it in a data warehouse. Data warehouses are part of your business intelligence infrastructure. It is through this infrastructure that you can use tools like analytics and data mining to look for patterns in your data that you cannot see by just looking at query or report results.<br \/>\nThe first analytical method is online analytical processing (OLAP), which allows the user to view data in different ways using different dimensions. This is commonly referred to as using a data cube. How could this be used for our example? Well, we could pull information on the best-selling candy bar, the average price, the day of the week that we sell the most, and the month of the year. Would that get us closer to knowing what kind of discount offers to put in our stores? Yes, but not close enough.<br \/>\nThe next common analytical method is data mining. Data mining is more complex and looks for hidden patterns and relationships. Again, let\u2019s apply this to our previous example. The results of our data mining could show us the best-selling candy bar, the average price, the day of the week, and the month that we sell the most candy bars. It may also tell us that the majority of the time that people buy candy bars is when they also buy a soda or coffee. Aha! Now, what can our marketing department do with that information? They can bundle products together and advertise them in the store windows and at the gas pumps: \u201cBuy a soda and candy bar and get 50 cents off.\u201d<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>This is a simple example. Just imagine the rows of data that retailers like Amazon.com have stored in databases and data warehouses! Now, there are Web mining tools that help organizations understand customer\u2019s Internet patterns, including which websites they frequent, what they buy, what they do not buy, and how long they spent on the websites. All of this is large data, and it is valuable data.<br \/>\nOrganizations can make big decisions based on this data. They pay a huge amount of money to store and analyze the data that is collected. As an IT professional, it is your job to protect that data and to help ensure data quality and integrity. There are several concepts, other than the ones previously mentioned, that are also important to this field. The most important involve the need for organizations to set effective information policies and to have adequate data governance across the enterprise. We will cover more on these topics in a future lesson.<br \/>\nReference<br \/>\nLaudon, K. C., &amp; Laudon, J. P. (2016). Management information systems: Managing the digital firm [VitalSource Bookshelf version] (14th ed.). Retrieved from https:\/\/bookshelf.vitalsource.com\/#\/books\/9780133898309\/<br \/>\nSuggested Reading<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>The following article presents practical information from top financial executives regarding how they use business intelligence in support of corporate strategies. You are highly encouraged to view this article.<br \/>\nIn order to access the resource below, you must first log into the myCSU Student Portal and access the Business Source Ultimate database within the CSU Online Library.<br \/>\nMorio, J. (2014). Linking business intelligence to strategy. Financial Executive, 30(4), 66-69.<br \/>\nMBA 5401, Management Information Systems 2<br \/>\nTitle<br \/>\nLearning Activities (Nongraded)<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>UNIT x STUDY GUIDE<br \/>\nTitle<br \/>\nComplete the Management Decision Problem 6-8 on p. 247 in your textbook. Create a one page summary document addressing the question at the end of the problem. In addition to the textbook, you may use external sources or select sources from the CSU Online library. Be sure to reference and cite all sources used with proper APA formatting.<br \/>\nAs this is a nongraded activity, this work cannot be uploaded to Blackboard. If you would like your professor\u2019s feedback on your work, send this document to them in an email with a note that you would like to receive feedback on your non-graded activity.<br \/>\nMBA 5401, Management Information Systems 3<\/p>\n<p>Question 5: Finance<\/p>\n<p>For this assignment, you will take the role of a business owner. As the business owner, you will create a case study that includes two parts.<br \/>\nPart I<br \/>\nDescribe the type of business you own.<br \/>\nWhat products and\/or services does the business offer?<br \/>\nHow long has the business existed?<br \/>\nWhat kind of community does the business serve?<br \/>\nPart II<br \/>\nYou are in an evaluation (or reevaluation) of your business\u2019s needs. You see that you will need to reach out to the following financial institutions to meet their needs: insurance companies, pension funds, and finance companies. Define what each of these financial institutions will offer your business.<br \/>\nWhat are the major differences between the three financial institutions?<br \/>\nHow could each one meet a need in your business? What financial institutions do you finally settle on? What services or products will you use?<br \/>\nYour responses should be submitted in one document and follow APA formatting.<br \/>\nYou should have a minimum of three pages of content, one title page, and one reference page for this assignment. Be sure to include two scholarly sources in addition to your textbook.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Health IT Breaking News Assignment<\/p>\n<p>The ground underneath you in health care is changing hourly. As a manager, if you are not tapped into these changes, you will fall behind and not know of a new statute, regulation, or equipment. It is hard to do research every day, so why not have the information come to you?<\/p>\n<p>For this assignment, you will review a minimum of five articles related to health IT and provide a summary of each. Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feeds bring news to you.<\/p>\n<p>You will start by reviewing RSS feeds and scanning for relevant articles. Scan the articles daily for IT news related to electronic health records, HIPAA violations and medical record case reviews, rule changes, ethics, e-prescribing, documentation, billing, security, health IT safety, and many other concepts.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some potential RSS feed addresses to sign up for, but there are many others you may use:<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/www.healthcareitnews.com\/rss<br \/>\nhttp:\/\/www.modernhealthcare.com\/section\/RSS<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/www.healthitoutcomes.com\/doc\/rss-0001<br \/>\nhttp:\/\/managedhealthcareexecutive.modernmedicine.com\/managed-healthcare-executive\/content\/rss-feeds<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/www.healthit.gov\/buzz-blog\/ (from Office of National Coordinator)<\/p>\n<p>For this assignment, you will do the following:<\/p>\n<p>Provide a cover page<br \/>\nNumber your articles, and start with a reference in standard format to the article. Provide complete information, not just the URL.<br \/>\nUnder each reference, provide a complete summary of the article. Do NOT cut and paste any of the article as part of your submission. ALL work must be your own writing.<br \/>\nProvide analysis. What does the article mean? How will this change things? In what way is this breaking news? Provide in-depth analysis. Superficial one-liner comments will not receive credit.<br \/>\nDouble space your content<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>It is expected that you will have a minimum of two complete pages of content. If you do not, then you have chosen insignificant articles, or not provided meaningful analysis.<br \/>\nQuestion 7: Biology<\/p>\n<p>postulate a reason why so many aliphatic amino acids are &#8220;essential&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Question 8: Accounting<\/p>\n<p>Prepare a process documentation that is prepared in a professional manner because it will be the desktop guide used by others.<\/p>\n<p>Question 9: Business<\/p>\n<p>What problem does your business solve?<br \/>\nHow does your business generate income?<br \/>\nWhich parts of your business are not profitable?<br \/>\nQuestion 10: Computer Science<\/p>\n<p>I need 3-page paper on<br \/>\nImplementing Enterprise Risk Management (ERM), write a research paper on how ERM is leveraged to minimize risk and create opportunity in your chosen industry. Be sure to provide specific examples.<\/p>\n<p>You can Pick IT industry and do like<\/p>\n<p>1. ERM and IT industry<br \/>\n2.How ERM leverage risk in IT<br \/>\n3.How ERM create opportunity in IT<\/p>\n<p>Question 11: Business<\/p>\n<p>How does the information technology development for video-based businesses differ from traditional businesses?<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 12: Health Care<\/p>\n<p>Management Plan Assignment<\/p>\n<p>Setting up an EHR or comprehensive patient informatics system is not a one-time event. A person or a team of individuals must oversee getting new employees up to speed, maintain competence of existing employees, and make needed continuous changes to the system. It is a very dynamic process.<\/p>\n<p>In this assignment, you are the head of a team implementing a new EHR system and must address the following areas. Use each one of the below items as a header, and describe how you would resolve issues in each area.<\/p>\n<p>The Role of the Manager Implementing a New System. In this section of the paper, address the following issues related to implementing a new EHR system (10 points):<\/p>\n<p>How the software selection process works<br \/>\nWhat contract negotiations should involve and include<br \/>\nWhat will be the role of the IT manager in the department<br \/>\nWhat role will a Strategic Planner take in the process<br \/>\nHow will the system be financed?<\/p>\n<p>Ongoing Maintenance and Upgrades to System. In this section of the paper you address the following issues that occur after the EHR system is up and running (10 points):<br \/>\nHow will needed changes come about after the new system is up and running?<br \/>\nWhat will upgrades and new modules be added to the system?<br \/>\nHow does the facility handle suggestions by staff that use the system?<br \/>\nHow does the facility train new employees and provide ongoing training program for existing staff?<\/p>\n<p>Use quality peer reviewed literature for each section to support each section and in-text citations. Write in third person only. It is expected this will be a minimum two pages. Have a complete reference page at the end (not just pasted URLs<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 13: Health Care<\/p>\n<p>Descriptive Analysis Assignment<\/p>\n<p>Many useful sources of statistical data are available in the public domain on the internet. The United States Center for Disease Control, for example, provides online access to their WONDER (Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research) databases of public health data.<\/p>\n<p>For this assignment, you will be using the ad-hoc query and reporting tools provided on this site to summarize cancer mortality rates. Choose a state, and then collect and present information that answers the following questions:<br \/>\nDid cancer deaths in your chosen state increase or decrease from year to year between 1999 and 2005?<br \/>\nHow do the 2005 cancer deaths in your chosen state compare to 2005 cancer deaths in four other U.S. states? (You may choose any four states you want for the comparison.)?<br \/>\nHow do the 2005 cancer deaths in that state break down according to race?<\/p>\n<p>You can use any state you wish, just use the same state throughout.<\/p>\n<p>To answer each question:<\/p>\n<p>Use the \u201cRequest Form\u201d to specify suitable query criteria to get a result set that best answers the question.<br \/>\nSupply a title that accurately describes the data you&#8217;re requesting. Submit the query.<br \/>\nBrowse the result set and capture screen shots of the:<br \/>\nResult set, and paste it into the assignment document you will be submitting.<br \/>\nQuery criteria (at the bottom of the results page) and paste it into the document<br \/>\nGenerate a map or a chart to visually present your results. You can select whatever type of chart (e.g. bar chart, pie chart, line chart, map, etc.) you think most clearly presents the data.<br \/>\nCapture a screen shot of the chart and paste it into the assignment document you will be submitting<\/p>\n<p>Watch the video instructions for using the WONDER database. If you need help capturing screenshots, you can get instructions for Windows and Macintosh. You MUST submit ALL of the screenshots described (3 screenshots per question, 9 total) to get credit for each question.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Step One: Select one of the following films to view based on the short descriptions provided below:<br \/>\nFrench-Language Films:<br \/>\n1.\u00a0Intouchables\u00a0(France, directed by Olivier Nakache and Eric Toledo, released 2011): Story of a young black Frenchman who is hired to take care of a wealthy quadriplegic.<br \/>\n2.\u00a0Amelie\u00a0(France, directed by Jean-Pierre Jennet, released 2001): Story of a naive girl in Paris who has her own way of helping those around her.<br \/>\n3.\u00a0L&#8217;auberge espagnole\u00a0(France, directed by Cedric Klapisch, released 2002): Story of a group of European exchange students who shared an apartment in Barcelona, Spain.<br \/>\nGerman-language Films:<br \/>\n1.\u00a0The Lives of Others\u00a0(Germany, directed by Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck, released 2006 ): Set in East Germany, it portrays the surveillance of a writer by the Stasi (state secret police).<br \/>\n2.\u00a0The Edukators\u00a0(Germany, directed by Hans Weingarten, released 2004): Set in reunified Germany in the early twenty-first century, it portrays some young people who develop a new form of protest against what they consider to be the evils of capitalism.<br \/>\n3.\u00a0Run Lola Run\u00a0(Germany, directed by Tom Tywer, released 1998)<br \/>\nSpanish-language Films:<br \/>\n1.\u00a0The Skin I Live In\u00a0(Spain, directed by Pedro Almodovar, released 2011): A thriller about a doctor who holds an apparently beautiful woman captive.<br \/>\n2.\u00a0The Motorcycle Diaries\u00a0(Argentina, directed by Brazilian director Walter Salles, released 2004): Narrates the life of the young Che Guevara who sets out on a road trip to discover the people of South America.<br \/>\n3.\u00a0Amores Perros\u00a0(Mexico, directed by Alejandro G. Inarritu, released 2000). A car accident in Mexico City connects the lives of three strangers who are struggling with the reality of daily life.<\/p>\n<p>Step Two:\u00a0After viewing the film, select a theme\/topic addressed in the film that you would like to explore.<br \/>\nStep Three:\u00a0Write a response to the film&#8217;s treatment of the theme or topic that you have selected. This should be in paragraph form, 2-3 pages. Refer to specific scenes, dialog, or images in the film that address your topic. Include questions that you have that you would like to explore further. Conclude your analysis with a restatement of the most important question that you would like to answer regarding the meaning of the film.<br \/>\nStep Four:\u00a0Provide a tentative bibliography, USING ONLY SOURCES FROM THE MLA BIBLIOGRAPHY. Try to select the sources that match your topic most closely.\u00a0Include at least 4 sources and utilize the MLA bibliography format.<br \/>\nStep Five:<br \/>\n1. Choose one secondary source from your bibliography to read, preferably an article directly related to the film you are exploring. Read the article carefully and summarize its argument in approximately one page (250-350 words).<br \/>\n2. State how the direction of your research project has changed since your first draft based on the secondary source you read. If you do not see any significant changes in your direction based on the secondary source, state why.<\/p>\n<p>Step 6:\u00a0Submit all of the above as a Word Document in the TurnItIn Assignment by no later than NOON EST on August 9th.<br \/>\nMAKE SURE YOU KEEP A COPY\/FILE OF DRAFT ONE, SINCE DRAFT TWO WILL INVOLVE ADDING ON TO WHAT YOU HAVE\u00a0ALREADY DONE IN DRAFT ONE.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>You need to include an introduction, primary discussion, and summary. Include graphs, tables, and images, as necessary, to improve the clarity of your discussion. Your project needs to be both correct and well written. Communication remains a critical component of our modern, technological society. A few notes about format: you MUST use MS Word for your project and use Equation Editor for all mathematical symbols, e.g. \ud835\udc67(\ud835\udc61) = sin(\ud835\udc61) + 1 ln(\ud835\udc61) . Problem 1: Consider the following Initial Value Problem (IVP) where \ud835\udc66 is the dependent variable and \ud835\udc61 is the independent variable: \ud835\udc66 \u2032 = sin(\ud835\udc61) \u2217 (1 \u2212 \ud835\udc66) with \ud835\udc66(0) = \ud835\udc660 and \ud835\udc61 \u2265 0 Note: the analytic solution for this IVP is: \ud835\udc66(\ud835\udc61) = 1 + (\ud835\udc660 \u2212 1)\ud835\udc52 cos(\ud835\udc61)\u22121<br \/>\nPart 1A:<br \/>\nApproximate the solution to the IVP using Euler\u2019s method with the following conditions: Initial condition \ud835\udc660 = \u2212 1 2 ; time step \u210e = 1 16 ; and time interval \ud835\udc61 \u2208 [0,20] + Derive the recursive formula for Euler\u2019s method applied to this IVP + Plot the Euler\u2019s method approximation + Plot the absolute error between the approximation and the exact solution using a semi-log plot<br \/>\nPart 1B:<br \/>\nApproximate the solution to the IVP using the Improved Euler\u2019s method with the following conditions: Initial condition \ud835\udc660 = \u2212 1 2 ; time step \u210e = 1 16 ; and time interval \ud835\udc61 \u2208 [0,20] + Derive the recursive formula for the Improved Euler\u2019s method applied to this IVP + Plot the Improved Euler\u2019s method approximation + Plot the absolute error between the approximation and the exact solution using a semilog plot<br \/>\nPart 1C:<br \/>\nApproximate the solution to the IVP using the RK4 method with the following conditions: Initial condition \ud835\udc660 = \u2212 1 2 ; time step \u210e = 1 16 ; and time interval \ud835\udc61 \u2208 [0,20] + Plot the RK4 method approximation + Plot the absolute error between the approximation and the exact solution using a semilog plot<br \/>\nProblem 2: Consider the following Initial Value Problem (IVP) where \ud835\udc66(\ud835\udc61) is the dependent function:<br \/>\n\ud835\udc66 \u2032 = \ud835\udc66 \u2212 \ud835\udc66 2 + 1.14 cos(\ud835\udc52 \ud835\udc61\/2 ) with \ud835\udc66(0) = \ud835\udc660 and \ud835\udc61 \u2265 0<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Part 2A:<br \/>\nApproximate the solution to the IVP using the Improved Euler\u2019s method with the following conditions: Initial condition \ud835\udc660 = 1; time steps \u210e = 1 8 , 1 16 , 1 32 , 1 64 ; and time interval \ud835\udc61 \u2208 [0,20]<br \/>\nPlot the Improved Euler\u2019s method approximation for all 4 time steps<br \/>\nDiscuss the results of these approximations<br \/>\nPart 2B:<br \/>\nApproximate the solution to the IVP using the RK4 method with the following conditions:<br \/>\nInitial condition \ud835\udc660 = 1;<br \/>\ntime steps \u210e = 1 8 , 1 16 , 1 32 , 1 64 ; and time interval \ud835\udc61 \u2208 [0,20]<br \/>\nPlot the RK4 approximation for all 4 time steps<br \/>\nDiscuss the results of these approximations<br \/>\nQuestion 16: Business<\/p>\n<p>Marketers rely heavily on demographics when purchasing media. IMC Perspective 10-1 (p. 350-351) talks about additional factors that may be important. Discuss some of these factors and why they might impact media usage. Explain and justify your viewpoints. (10 points)<\/p>\n<p>Question 17: Biology<\/p>\n<p>What is disease rating?<\/p>\n<p>Question 18: Engineering<\/p>\n<p>How to find the proportional limit of a reloaded bar<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A 6.881-g sample containing magnesium chloride and sodium chloride was dissolved in sufficient water to give 500 mL of solution. Analysis for the chloride content of a 50.0-mL aliquot resulted in the formation of 0.5923 g of AgCl. The magnesium in a second 50.0-mL aliquot was precipitated as MgNH\u2074PO\u2074; on ignition, 0.1796 g of Mg\u00b2P\u00b2O\u2077 was found. Calculate the % of MgCl\u00b2\u20226H\u00b2O and of NaCl on the sample.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Instruction<br \/>\nFor this Signature Assignment, develop and present a proposal for your intended research using a quantitative design. While the most important elements in any proposal are the fundamentals of the problem, purpose, and research questions, the bulk of the assignment will be the methodology. You will want to organize this by subheadings. The actual headings and information that needs to be included in part depend on the method used to collect the data. In studies involving the collection of primary data, you want to be sure to include the details of your sampling plan, measurement of variables, the actual data collection procedure, plan of analysis, and justification for your decisions. Be sure to include the following information in your proposal: \u2022Introduction \u2022Statement of the Problem \u2022Purpose Statement \u2022Research Questions \u2022Hypotheses: Null and Alternative for each research question \u2022Methodology \u25e6Research Design: Specific quantitative method to be used and rationale (Ex. experiment, survey, etc.) \u25e6Operationalization of Variable: Specification of the concepts to be measured, the operationalization of the variable(s) to be used to measure the concepts, the question(s)\/scale(s) to be used and the resulting level of measurement. \u25e6Sample design: Specification of the population, method, sample size, specific procedures, and justification. \u25e6Data collection procedure: Explanation of how the data will be collected. \u25e6Intended data analysis: How will you analyze the data to test the hypotheses and provide answers to the research questions, including descriptive and inferential statistics? Provide your rationale. \u2022Limitations: Any recognized limitations of the proposed study. \u2022References In this assignment, you are expected to incorporate all previous instructor feedback. Your prospectus must be in APA format and be of the quality expected of doctoral-level work. All research elements must be in alignment and reflect a cohesive and comprehensive research study. Length: Your paper should be between 13 -15 pages, not including title and reference page. References: Include a minimum of ten (10) scholarly sources. Your presentation should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Instruction<br \/>\nInstructions This assignment consists of three parts: (1) Recommend and justify a method of survey administration to be used to meet the quantitative research objectives listed below; (2) develop a list of questions to be used on a questionnaire to meet the objectives listed; (3) Explain the method of survey administration you would use if a survey was conducted in your intended research. a.To determine the effectiveness of advertising of a specific product during the Super Bowl on increasing consumer awareness of the product. b.To determine the level of satisfaction of patients who are admitted to a hospital during the past 6 months. c.To determine if there is a relationship between the decision to pursue a career in law enforcement and gender. d.To determine IT professional\u2019s perceptions of the best preparation for an IT career. Length: Your paper should be between 7-9 pages, not including title and reference page. References: Include a minimum of five (5) scholarly sources. Your presentation should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Instruction<br \/>\nInstructions In this assignment, you are being given a number of constructs. Conduct scholarly research that has been published within the past five years that measures each on these. Based on this, provide a conceptual and at least one operational definition of each construct listed below. Based on the operational definitions, provide a measurement for the variable and explain the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) that is generated. Once this is completed, provide a conceptual and operational definition of two constructs you will be measuring in your intended dissertation research. Rather than present a traditional paper, organize the document by the following construct. a.Attitude toward new technology b.Customer satisfaction c.Self-concept d.Leadership style e.Organizational commitment f.Constructs you intend to measure Length: Your paper should be between 6-7 pages, not including title and reference page. References: Include a minimum of eight (8) scholarly sources. Your presentation should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>COMM 480: Seminar: International Advertising (Summer 2019)<br \/>\nResearch Proposal<br \/>\nYou will work throughout the semester to create a research proposal, in which you propose what you are going to do to test your hypotheses. The purpose of this assignment is to give you the opportunity to demonstrate your understanding of social-scientific research. You are NOT going to collect data or analyze data, nor are you going to present results from your study. This paper can build from the research question and articles cited in the annotated bibliography OR you can generate a new research question and annotate relevant articles. The project consists of two parts: a research proposal paper and a research presentation.<br \/>\nResearch paper (100 pts.):<br \/>\nAlthough I do not like to provide a definitive answer about how many pages you will have to write to complete this assignment (because quantity and quality are not inherently related and because the goal of any good paper is to make a compelling, well written argument [regardless of length]), I understand that providing a general estimation of the length of a typical research paper is helpful. Therefore, you can expect to turn in a final product that is somewhere between 12 and 15 pages long (including a title page, abstract, introduction, literature review, methods and discussion, and references) (double-spaced pages, in Times Roman 12 font size, 1 inch margins on all sides). Papers not meeting these formatting requirements will be sent back for revisions. The late submission will result in a 10% deduction per day.<br \/>\nTitle page: This is a separate page that includes the title of your proposal (e.g., Identifying global and culture-specific dimensions of humor in advertising: A cross-cultural analysis) and your own name, the course number, and school affiliation.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Abstract: This section should be in a separate page that summarizes the purpose of your study, theories and hypotheses, proposed method, and discussion.<br \/>\nIntroduction: In this section, you should introduce your study, and state the significance and the purpose of your study.<br \/>\nLiterature review: In this section, you are going to review the existing research on your topic, explain theories adopted for your study, define the variables in your study, provide the rationale behind the hypothesized relationships between variables, and suggest the hypotheses and\/or research questions to be addressed.<br \/>\nMethod: This section continues from Literature Review. In this section, you are going to state the proposed method (e.g., experiment, survey, content analysis) to test your hypotheses and\/or research questions. You need to be specific about research sample (i.e., who will be in the study or what will be analyzed in the study), measures (i.e., what variables will be measured), and procedures of your study (i.e., what will be prepared prior to the study and what will happen in the study).<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>COMM 480: Seminar: International Advertising (Summer 2019)<br \/>\nDiscussion: This section should address what your expected results of research mean in relation to the theoretical body of knowledge on the topic and your profession, and for communication professionals in the field being examined. In other words, what are the study&#8217;s theoretical and practical implications? It may be one of the most important sections because it answers the \u201cSo what?\u201d question. Also, in this section, you should suggest directions for future research investigations.<br \/>\nReferences: References should be placed in separate pages following the \u201cDiscussion\u201d section. Includes a minimum of seven references of scholarly journals or books. All intext citations must appear in the reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference<br \/>\nlist must be cited in your text.<br \/>\nPlease consult the sample APA papers I posted on Blackboard and the Purdue site (https:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/section\/2\/10\/) for formatting questions. In<br \/>\naddition, to help you better understand what a research proposal is, I have post a<br \/>\nsample research proposal, as well as completed research papers, on Blackboard, which may provide you with some ideas as to what a research proposal is.<br \/>\nResearch presentation (50 pts.): You will make a presentation of your paper at the end of the semester. Prepare for presentation slides that can be taken up to 15 minutes. Following your presentation, you will provide discussion questions. NO LATE PRESENTATION IS ACCEPTED WITHOUT A PROOF OF OFFICIAL EXCUSE.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Instruction<br \/>\nProduce a report that details Research and recommend strategies the company can take to reduce power consumption An energy audit on two options of a PC, laser printer and server package estimating the CO 2 emissions for these devices in a year and provide a comparison report summarising potential energy savings and financial costs A policy for procurement of equipment from \u2018Green Suppliers\u2019, including a disposal plan Project implementation plan highlighting at what stages you will introduce short and long term solutions that will save power immediately and long term List these additions in priority order and approximate the cost of each change<\/p>\n<p>Sustainability Integration: ICT Planning and Design<br \/>\nThis assessment is designed to be completed after you have completed your design project and proposal. Ensure you have completed your design project and have had it assessed by your teacher and returned.<br \/>\nEnsure you have completed the Sustainability training before you attempt this assignment<br \/>\nAssignment<br \/>\nYou have just designed a solution for an organisation. A late change request has come through from the CEO and she would like some additions to the proposal. She has been reading a lot about how ICT systems are having a large impact on the carbon footprint of business.<br \/>\nRevisit your design, using your new Green IT skills and integrate sustainability elements to it. These elements must include, but are not limited to the following:<br \/>\nResearch and recommend strategies the company can take to reduce power consumption<br \/>\nAn energy audit on two options of a PC, laser printer and server package estimating the CO 2 emissions for these devices in a year and provide a comparison report summarising potential<br \/>\nenergy savings and financial costs<br \/>\nA policy for procurement of equipment from \u2018Green Suppliers\u2019, including a disposal plan<br \/>\nProject implementation plan highlighting at what stages you will introduce short and long term<br \/>\nsolutions that will save power immediately and long term<br \/>\nList these additions in a priority order and approximate the cost of each change<br \/>\nTo complete this assignment you will need access to the internet. Here are some useful links:<br \/>\nhttp:\/\/www.eu-energystar.org\/en\/en_008.shtml http:\/\/www.greenit.org.au\/ http:\/\/2virtualize.com\/index_files\/greendatacenter.htm http:\/\/42u.com\/<br \/>\nhttp:\/\/sustainabledirections.com.au\/<br \/>\nFeel free to contact your teacher if you require any assistance.<br \/>\nSubmission<br \/>\nUpload your completed documents on the Upskilled Student Portal.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Create\u00a0a chart with rows and columns to establish the following requirements of discrimination under the law in the following areas at the top:<\/p>\n<p>Title VII Gender Discrimination in Employment Practices<br \/>\nSexual Harassment Based on Hostile Work Environment<br \/>\nQuid-Pro-Quo Sexual Harassment<br \/>\nSexual Orientation in the Workplace<\/p>\n<p>Along the\u00a0left side of the chart,\u00a0create the following rows:<\/p>\n<p>Requirements to Prove Under the Law<br \/>\nWays Employers can Minimize Liability<br \/>\nRecent Case Example<\/p>\n<p>Complete\u00a0the chart for each section.<\/p>\n<p>Explain\u00a0in 350 to 525 words the requirements of each type of potential gender discrimination.<\/p>\n<p>Explain\u00a0in 350 to 525 words the specific ways employers can minimize liability for each type of gender discrimination.<\/p>\n<p>Research\u00a0and\u00a0include\u00a0a relevant case to illustrate each type of gender discrimination.<\/p>\n<p>Format\u00a0your citations and references consistent with APA guidelines.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>week 3 discussion<br \/>\nRespond to the following in a minimum of 175 words:<br \/>\nHow does one recognize sexual harassment?<br \/>\nDiscuss the different types of sexual harassment?<br \/>\nwhat is required to support a case of sexual harassment in that situation?<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ethical Issue Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Instruction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Instructions are attached<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Purpose:\u00a0\u00a0In this project, you will assess how two start up companies have come under scrutiny for their actions in operating in today&#8217;s business environment.\u00a0 How these companies are operating are pushing the limits or have exceeded the limits of what is considered ethical and legal.\u00a0 In completing this project you will have the opportunity to research the two companies, identify stakeholders influenced by the organization&#8217;s decisions and develop and evaluate alternatives, recommend solutions to ensure appropriate business practices and accountability occur<\/p>\n<p><strong>Outcomes met by completing this project:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>identify ethical issues that arise in domestic and global business environments using an understanding of ethical concepts and of legal and business principles<\/li>\n<li>develop and evaluate alternatives to, and recommend solutions for, ethical dilemmas, taking into account ethical and legal requirements and the essential mission of the business enterprise<\/li>\n<li>effectively communicate to internal and external business stakeholders the complexities of ethical issues, suggesting and analyzing various solutions in order to ensure appropriate business practices and accountability<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Instructions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Use the following steps to complete the project.\u00a0 You will demonstrate an understanding of ethical concepts and of legal business principles and are required to use the course material to support the ideas and conclusions presented.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 1:\u00a0\u00a0Course Material and Research<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>You are required to research the two companies to provide a company overview, to identify identify the issues and to identify stakeholders.\u00a0 You will be using the course to address the questions and support the ideas, reasoning and conclusions made.\u00a0 Course material use goes beyond defining terms but is used to explain the &#8216;why and how&#8217; of a situation.\u00a0 Using one or two in-text citations from the course material and then relying on Internet source material will not earn many points on the project.\u00a0 A variety of source material is expected and what is presented must be relevant and applicable to the topic being discussed.\u00a0\u00a0 Avoid merely making statements but close the loop of the discussion by explaining how\u00a0something happens\u00a0or why\u00a0something happens, which focuses on importance and impact.\u00a0 In closing the loop, you will demonstrate the ability to think clearly and rationally showing an understanding of the logical connections between the ideas presented in a case scenario, the course material and the question(s) being asked.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0PayPal opted to deviate from industry standards and build their own custom technology that would better suit their needs. When is it a good idea for companies to take this alternative? What issues factor into that decision? Provide a discussion and some examples.<br \/>\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Although the new system has been quite successful, Pay-Pal has chosen not to license this technology to others, forgoing a potentially important revenue stream given the lack of good solutions to this problem. Why do you think PayPal chose not to sell this technology? Do you really think this can be made into a strategic advantage over their competitors? How easy would it be for their competitors to imitate this accomplishment?<br \/>\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0One of the challenges that PayPal faces now that they have managed to overcome the polylingual obstacle is finding the best way to put this functionality in the hands of the business, so that they do not have to go through IT each time. How do you balance this need for responsiveness and flexibility versus IT\u2019s need to keep some degree of control to make sure everything keeps working with everything else? Provide some recommendations to managers who find themselves in this situation.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Most people perceive international public administration to be a set of state structures, institutions, and processes. Opponents of globalization argue that it weakens states, making it difficult for them to sustain social welfare and environmental policies, and create fiscal redistributive initiatives.<br \/>\nAccording to James Bovard, a libertarian author who focuses on writing about government, proponents and businesses seeking to expand abroad claim there is little or no evidence of national governments\u2019 decline. Congress, along with many policy strategists, seems to think that whatever the effects of globalization on governments, they are likely to be beneficial for long-term economic growth (Bovard, 1987).<br \/>\nAnalyze the claims laid out in this controversy, and try to argue the strongest case you can in favor of the view(s) you find most convincing. In doing so, be sure to seriously consider the case that your opponents might make against your position, and why you would reject it. Use the Internet and\/or Strayer databases to research evidence that supports your opinion. Determine your point of view on the issue, and support your position with information from at least three reliable, relevant, peer-reviewed references.<br \/>\nCreate a PowerPoint presentation that covers the following:<br \/>\nProvide a brief description of the issue. Present evidence that supports both sides of the argument. In the Notes section of each information slide, you must write a narrative of what you would say if presenting in person. Provide at least three reliable, relevant, peer-reviewed references.<br \/>\nNote: Check with your professor for any additional instructions.<br \/>\nYour presentation should include a minimum total of 12 slides, with 10 information slides.<br \/>\nFormat your assignment according to the following formatting requirements:<br \/>\nTyped, double-spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with 1-inch margins on all sides. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student&#8217;s name, the professor&#8217;s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page is not included in the required page length.<br \/>\nInclude a reference page. Citations and references must follow the APA format. The reference page is not included in the required page length.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>South University NSG6435 Week 4 Quiz \/ South University NSG 6435 Week 4 Quiz<\/p>\n<p>NSG6435:\u00a0 Week 4 Quiz<\/p>\n<p>Question 1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1 \/ 1 point<br \/>\nA school-age client presents to the clinic to establish care. The child has autism, facial dysmorphia, and growth retardation. The provider suspects the child has what condition?<br \/>\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Down Syndrome<br \/>\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fetal alcohol syndrome<br \/>\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prader- Willi syndrome<br \/>\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Turner syndrome<br \/>\nAutism, facial dysmorphia, and growth retardation are differential diagnoses of fetal alcohol syndrome.<\/p>\n<p>Question 2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1 \/ 1 point<br \/>\nA 8-year-old client was recently discharged from the hospital following an episode of meningitis. The client presented to the clinic for a follow-up appointment post discharge. The provider understands that the client\u2019s is at increased risk for which complication(s)? (check all that apply)<br \/>\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hearing Impairment<br \/>\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Paralysis<br \/>\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Loss of Speech<br \/>\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Infertility<\/p>\n<p>Question 3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1 \/ 1 point<br \/>\nA client with history of bilateral tympanostomy tube insertion presents to the clinic c\/o otorrhea. The provider confirms the complaint. What is the best treatment for this condition?<br \/>\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Combination antibiotic and corticosteroid otic drops<br \/>\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anaglesics and watchful waiting<br \/>\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oral antibiotics and antifungal cream<br \/>\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Corticosteroid otic drops<\/p>\n<p>Question 4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1 \/ 1 point<br \/>\nThe gold standard in diagnosing acute otitis media is:<br \/>\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Immobile \u2122<br \/>\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pearly gray TM<br \/>\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Flat TM<br \/>\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Perforated TM<br \/>\nThe diagnosis of acute otitis media is based on presence of one or several of the following: bulging TM, decreased translucency of TM, absent or decreased mobility of the TM, air-fluid level behind the TM and otorrhea<\/p>\n<p>Question 5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1 \/ 1 point<br \/>\nA provider is caring for a new client whose had recurrent episodes of and failed treatment for acute otitis media. What is the next best intervention?<br \/>\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Refer to audiologist<br \/>\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Refer to an otolaryngology<br \/>\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prescribe a broad spectrum antibiotic for 30 days<br \/>\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prescribe an anti- inflammatory<\/p>\n<p>Question 6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1 \/ 1 point<br \/>\nA 16 year-old-client presents to your clinic c\/o sore throat and 101\u00b0F temperature. The provider learns that the client had a sore throat approximately 1 week ago. On exam, client is positive for cervical lymphadenopathy, enlarged left tonsil, edematous pharynx and uvula displacement. What condition does this client most likely have?<br \/>\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Acute uvulitis<br \/>\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Infectious mononucleosis<br \/>\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mumps<br \/>\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Peritonsillar abscess<\/p>\n<p>Question 7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1 \/ 1 point<br \/>\nA 5-year-old client presents to the clinic for an annual physical. While performing the physical exam, the provider attempts to examine the client\u2019s ears. What does the provider do?<br \/>\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gently pull outer ear down and back **<br \/>\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gently pull outer ear up and back<br \/>\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gently pull outer ear down<br \/>\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gently pull outer ear back<br \/>\nTo correctly examine the ear of a child older than 12 months gently pull outer ear down and back<\/p>\n<p>Question 8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1 \/ 1 point<br \/>\nWhat are the most common causes of bacterial pneumonia in neonates (select all that apply)?<br \/>\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Staphylococcus Aureus<br \/>\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Group B Streptococcus **<br \/>\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Listeria Monocytogenes<br \/>\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 E. Coli **<br \/>\nThe most common organisms responsible for bacterial pneumonia in neonates are still group B streptococcus and Escherichia coli. The next most common causes are coagulase negative Staph and Listeria in the early neonatal period. After four days of age, the differential needs to be expanded to include S. aureus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Candida, Acinetobacter, and anaerobes.<br \/>\nQuestion 9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1 \/ 1 point<br \/>\nAn ill appearing 3-month-old-infant is presented to your clinic. The parent reports that their child has a fever, persistent cough, rhinorrhea, wheezing, hypoxemia, and anorexia for 4 days. After the provider\u2019s exam and work-up, the child is diagnosed with Bronchiolitis. What is the most likely treatment option for this infant?<br \/>\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Refer patient for hospitalization<br \/>\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Refer patient for Pulmonologist<br \/>\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Refer patient for Bronchoscopy<br \/>\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Refer patient for Chest X- ray<\/p>\n<p>Bronchiolitis is the term used for an infant seen with wheezing for the very first time and is the leading cause of hospitalizations for infants. It presents with cough, fever, coryza, tachypnea, expiratory wheezing, air trapping, and inspiratory crackles. In mild cases, symptoms can last for 1 to 3 days. In severe cases, cyanosis, air hunger, retractions, and nasal flaring with symptoms of severe respiratory distress within a few hours may be seen. Apnea can occur and may require mechanical ventilation.<\/p>\n<p>Question 10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1 \/ 1 point<br \/>\nAn ill-appearing child is presented to your clinic with a fever, sore throat, restless behavior, dysphagia, drooling, and inspiratory distress without stridor. The child tests positive for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). What is the most likely diagnosis?<br \/>\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tonsillitis<br \/>\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Epiglottitis **<br \/>\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Laryngotracheobronchitis<br \/>\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Retropharyngeal abscess<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Write a four to six (4) page paper in which you:Give your opinion on the Mc Donalds greatest strengths and most significant weaknesses. Choose either a strategy OR tactic the corporation should select to take maximum advantage of its strengths, and the strategy OR tactic the corporation should select to fix its most significant weakness. Justify your choices.Determine the company\u2019s tangible and intangible resources, core capabilities, and core competencies.Choose the two (2) segments of the general environment that would rank highest in their influence on the corporation you chose. Assess how these segments affect the corporation you chose and the industry in which it operates.Choose two (2) forces of competition that you estimate are the most significant for the corporation you chose. Evaluate how well the company has addressed these) forces in the recent past, going back no further than five (5) fiscal years.With the same two (2) forces in mind, predict what the company might do to improve its ability to address these forces in the near future.Identify what you consider to be the greatest external threat to this corporation. Discuss how the corporation should address this threat. Justify your explanation.Identify what you consider to be the greatest opportunity presented to the corporation, and discuss how the corporation should take advantage of this opportunity. Justify your explanationUse at least three (3) quality references.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Week 6 Assignment 2<br \/>\nStudent Full Name<br \/>\nBUS499 Business Administration Capstone<br \/>\nDue Week 6 and worth 125 points<br \/>\nUsing the corporation you chose from Assignment 1, examine its industry. Research the company on its own website, the public filings on the Securities and Exchange Commission EDGAR database (http:\/\/www.sec.gov\/edgar.shtml), in the University&#8217;s online databases, and any other credible sources you can find. The annual report will often provide insights that can help address some of these questions.<br \/>\nRead chapters 1 -3 in the course textbook and complete the LEARN E-Activities for Weeks 1-3 as they set the foundation to this assignment. Be sure to cite your sources!<br \/>\nBegin your paper on Page 2 below and write a minimum of four (4) pages. The minimum page count does not include the Title or Source pages.<br \/>\nWeek 6 Assignment 2<br \/>\nWrite your introduction here. Include one (1) paragraph (not more than 6 lines of text) that explains what your paper will discuss. Much of your introduction may be taken from the assignment instructions (in your own words). Read all assignment resources to understand what should be included in your paper. Be sure to review the assignment instructions in Blackboard, the grading rubric, and the recorded writing workshop to understand the requirements. Do not exceed 6 lines of text in this introduction. There should be no direct quotes in this section.<br \/>\nGeneral Environment<br \/>\nChoose the two (2) segments of the general environment that would rank highest in their influence on the corporation you chose. Assess how these segments affect the corporation you chose and the industry in which it operates. Hint: see table 2.1. Remember that to assess a concept, you will weigh all aspects to judge the importance or relevance of that concept. Do not simply define the segments.<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Your assessment should demonstrate that you have read, understand, and can apply the selected segments of the general environment concepts covered in the textbook and course resources. Your writing here should thoroughly assess how the selected segments influence your corporation. Do not write about the general environment in general terms. Your assessment should be directly related to your selected corporation. Do not assess all the segments\u2014only assess the two (2) segments that rank highest in influencing your corporation. A thorough assessment is defined as providing a complete response that is not superficial or partial regarding every detail of the concepts as described in the course. You will need to apply and incorporate key concepts from the course material to your assessment. Do not Google \u201csegments of the general environment\u201d or provide high-level summaries. You must display, in specific detail, an understanding based on what is studied in this course and an ability to apply the concepts in a real-world assessment of a corporation. Read Chapter 2 in the course textbook. Review the Week 2 Learn video\/Lecture for supporting content. Cite all sources and limit the use of direct quotes.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<br \/>\nFive Forces of Competition<br \/>\nIn this section you will consider the five (5) forces of competition and choose the two (2) that you estimate are the most significant for the corporation you chose. Hint: see figure 2.2 in the textbook. You will then, evaluate how well the company has addressed these two (2) forces in the recent past.<br \/>\nItem 1<br \/>\nChoose one (1) of the five (5) forces of competition that you estimate is the most significant for the corporation you chose. Provide a thorough assessment of why you think selected force is significant to your corporation. A thorough assessment is defined as providing a complete response that is not superficial or partial regarding every detail of the concept as described in the course. Do not Google \u201cfive forces of competition\u201d or simply provide a definition. You will need to apply and incorporate key concepts from the course material in your evaluation. Specifically address the applicable key concepts from the textbook and course material for the selected force. You will need to read the chapters and listen to the lectures to understand the key concepts for each force. Read Chapter 2 in the course textbook and review the Week 2 Learn video Lecture for supporting content. Hint: the five (5) forces of competition is the same as \u201cPorters 5 Forces of Competition\u201d. Cite all sources and limit the use of direct quotes.<br \/>\nItem 2<br \/>\nChoose another one (1) of the five (5) forces of competition that you estimate is the most significant for the corporation you chose. This should not be the same force assessed in Item 1 above. Provide a thorough assessment of why you think the selected force is significant to your corporation. A thorough assessment is defined as providing a complete response that is not superficial or partial regarding every detail of the concept as described in the course. Do not Google \u201cfive forces of competition\u201d or simply provide a definition. You will need to apply and incorporate key concepts from the course material in your assessment. Specifically address the applicable key concepts from the textbook and course material for the selected force. You will need to read the chapters and listen to the lectures to understand the key concepts for each force. Read Chapter 2 in the course textbook and review the Week 2 Learn video Lecture for supporting content. Hint: the five (5) forces of competition is the same as \u201cPorters 5 Forces of Competition\u201d. Cite all sources and limit the use of direct quotes.<br \/>\nEvaluation<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Evaluate how well the company has addressed these two (2) forces in the recent past. This will require some research. Remember that to evaluate a concept, you will break down all components to determine or analyze facts, value, or views. Your evaluation should demonstrate that you have read, understand, and can apply the concepts covered in the textbook and course resources. Do not write about the selected forces in general terms. Your evaluation should be directly related to your selected corporation and include a thorough evaluation of how the company has addressed the forces recently. You must display an understanding based on what is studied in this course and an ability to apply the concepts in a real-world evaluation of a corporation. Your writing here should provide a thorough evaluation of your chosen corporation. Cite all sources and limit the use of direct quotes.<br \/>\nFuture Improvements<br \/>\nWith the same two (2) forces assessed and evaluated in the sections above, predict what the company might do to improve its ability to address these forces in the near future. Your writing here should provide a thorough prediction of what the company should do to address impacts from the selected forces. Your prediction should be your own, not predictions from your sources or actions your corporation has taken or plans to take. Remember that a thorough response is defined as providing a complete response that is not superficial or partial regarding every detail of the concepts as described in the course. Read Chapter 2 in the course textbook as each chapter provides a solid background and clues that apply to this section. Review the Week 2 Learn video Lecture for supporting content. Cite all sources and there should be no direct quotes in this section.<br \/>\nExternal Threats and Opportunities<br \/>\nAssess the external threats affecting this corporation and the opportunities available to the corporation. You will need to provide a thorough assessment of both the external threats and the opportunities available to your corporation. Do not choose one or the other. Both the external threats and the opportunities must be assessed. Keep in mind that most companies will have more than just one (1) external threat and more than just one (1) opportunity. Your thorough assessment should identify several of the threats and opportunities. Remember that threats and opportunities are external to the organization (i.e. the external environment). Read Chapter 2 in the course textbook as it provides a solid background and clues for this section. Review the Week 2 Learn video\/Lecture for supporting content. Cite all sources and limit the use of direct quotes.<br \/>\nThreats and Opportunities Strategies<br \/>\nGive your opinions on how the corporation should deal with the most serious threat and the greatest opportunity. Justify your answer. You will need to provide opinions on both the most serious threat and greatest opportunity. Do not choose one or the other. Both the threat and opportunity must be addressed. Your opinion on what the company should do to address the threat and opportunity should be justified by a sound and thoroughly explained rationale. Your writing here should be your own opinions, not the opinions of your sources. Read Chapter 2 in the course textbook as it provides a solid background and clues for this section. Review the Week 2 Learn video\/Lecture for supporting content. Cite all sources and limit the use of direct quotes.<br \/>\nStrengths and Weaknesses<br \/>\nGive your opinion on the corporation&#8217;s greatest strengths and most significant weaknesses. Keep in mind that strengths and weaknesses are internal to the organization (i.e. the internal environment) You will need to address both the greatest strengths and most significant weaknesses. Do not choose one or the other. Both the greatest strengths and most significant weaknesses must be addressed. Keep in mind that most companies will have more than just one (1) great strength and more than just one (1) significant weakness. Your thorough assessment should identify several of the great strengths and weaknesses. Read Chapter 2 and 3 in the course textbook as it provides a solid background and clues for this section. Review the Week 2 and Week 3 Learn video\/Lecture for supporting content. Cite all sources and limit the use of direct quotes.<br \/>\nStrategy<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Choose the strategy or tactic the corporation should select to take maximum advantage of its strengths, and the strategy or tactic the corporation should select to fix its most significant weakness. Justify your choices. You will need to select a strategy\/tactic for both the strengths and for the weakness. Do not choose one or the other. Both the strengths and weakness must be addressed. Your justifications should be sound and thoroughly explained. For example, do not simply state that the corporation should choose a selected strategy, but rather explain why the strategy is a good choice for your corporations\u2019 specific strengths or weakness. Read Chapter 2 and 3 in the course textbook as it provides a solid background and clues for this section. Review the Week 2 and Week 3 Learn video\/Lecture for supporting content. Cite all sources and limit the use of direct quotes.<br \/>\nResources, Capabilities, and Core Competencies<br \/>\nDetermine the company&#8217;s resources, capabilities, and core competencies. Your determination should include an explanation of the relevance of each resource, capability, and core competency. Do not simply list the resources, capabilities, and core competencies. Remember that a thorough determination will provide a complete response that is not superficial or partial regarding every detail of the concept as described in the course. Use your course materials to demonstrate your understanding of the key course concepts regarding resources, capabilities, and core competencies. Do not write in general terms. Your determination should display that you can apply the course concepts to your selected corporation. Read Chapter 3 in the course textbook as it provides a solid background and clues that apply to this section. Review the Week 3 Learn video\/Lecture for supporting content. Cite all sources and limit the use of direct quotes.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Sources<br \/>\nHitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., &amp; Hoskisson, R. E. (2013). Strategic management: Concepts and cases: Competiveness and globalization (10th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.<\/p>\n<p>List your sources on this page and remember to delete the instructions, which are in blue font.<br \/>\nUse at least three (3) quality sources, one of which must be the course textbook to support your ideas\/work. Note: Wikipedia and college essay sites do not qualify as academic resources.<br \/>\nCite your sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else\u2019s words or ideas.<br \/>\nThe source page must include all sources used. All sources listed here must be cited in your paper.<br \/>\nLook for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible (especially when an electronic<br \/>\nsource requires logging in).<br \/>\nWhen using SWS remember to organize sources in a numbered list and in order of use throughout the paper; use the original number when citing a source multiple times; and follow this format for all sources:<br \/>\nAuthor. Publication Date. Title. Page # (written as p. #). How to Find (e.g. web address)<br \/>\nThe APA format may also be used for a Reference page.<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Questions to ask yourself before submitting your paper.<br \/>\nDid I read the required course material and complete the required activities?<br \/>\nHave I deleted the blue font instructions in this template?<br \/>\nDid I leave the provided section headings in place, as provided in this template?<br \/>\nAfter deleting the blue fonts in this template, have I changed all font to black?<br \/>\nAdditional things to keep in mind.<br \/>\nYou will be graded on the content of your submission, the quality of your answers, the logic\/organization of the report, your language skills, and your writing skills using the grading rubric.<br \/>\nStrayer uses SafeAssign \u2013 an automated plagiarism checker. It is advised that you do your own writing and use external resources to support what you have written in your own words.<br \/>\nQuestion 5: Business<\/p>\n<p>Create\u00a0a chart with rows and columns to establish the following requirements of discrimination under the law in the following areas at the top:<\/p>\n<p>Title VII Gender Discrimination in Employment Practices<br \/>\nSexual Harassment Based on Hostile Work Environment<br \/>\nQuid-Pro-Quo Sexual Harassment<br \/>\nSexual Orientation in the Workplace<\/p>\n<p>Along the\u00a0left side of the chart,\u00a0create the following rows:<\/p>\n<p>Requirements to Prove Under the Law<br \/>\nWays Employers can Minimize Liability<br \/>\nRecent Case Example<\/p>\n<p>Complete\u00a0the chart for each section.<\/p>\n<p>Explain\u00a0in 350 to 525 words the requirements of each type of potential gender discrimination.<\/p>\n<p>Explain\u00a0in 350 to 525 words the specific ways employers can minimize liability for each type of gender discrimination.<\/p>\n<p>Research\u00a0and\u00a0include\u00a0a relevant case to illustrate each type of gender discrimination.<\/p>\n<p>Format\u00a0your citations and references consistent with APA guidelines.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 6: Business<\/p>\n<p>Week 3 Discussion<\/p>\n<p>Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words:<br \/>\nHow does one recognize sexual harassment?<br \/>\nDiscuss the different types of sexual harassment?<br \/>\nwhat is required to support a case of sexual harassment in that situation?<\/p>\n<p>Question 7: Business<\/p>\n<p>Total Rewards Plan Worksheet<\/p>\n<p>Instructions: There are 10 positions that have become vacant due to the retirement of the University President.\u00a0 Your task is to recommend a salary range to post, list the benefits that will be provided for these positions, and include a list of perks that may be associated with these positions.<\/p>\n<p>Complete\u00a0the following table in a total of 525 to 700 words:<br \/>\nExplain\u00a0in a total of 350 words how you determined the appropriate salary, benefits, and perks for each of these new roles.<br \/>\nQuestion 8: Business<\/p>\n<p>Walden University NURS 6531 final exam (2019) | Updated<br \/>\nWalden University NURS 6531 final exam (2019) | Updated<br \/>\nWalden University NURS6531 final exam (2019) | Updated<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 9: Business<\/p>\n<p>NURS 6531 midterm exam revised, NURS 6531 Practice Care of Adults<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 1<br \/>\n0 out of 0 points<\/p>\n<p>When completing this quiz, did you comply with Walden University\u2019s Code of Conduct including the expectations for academic integrity?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 2<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>The most common cancer found on the auricle is:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 3<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following medication classes should be avoided in patients with acute or chronic bronchitis because it will contribute to ventilation-perfusion mismatch in the patient?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 4<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 47 year old male patient presents to the clinic with a single episode of a moderate amount of bright red rectal bleeding. On examination, external hemorrhoids are noted. How should the nurse practitioner proceed?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 5<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following patient characteristics are associated with chronic bronchitis?<br \/>\nUnderweight, pink skin, and increased respiratory rate<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 6<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 65-year-old female with a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and polymyalgia rheumatica presents to urgent care with new onset left lower quadrant pain. Her current medications include omeprazole 20 milligrams po daily, lisinopril 20 milligrams po daily, simvastatin 20 milligrams po daily, and prednisone 12 milligrams po daily. The nurse practitioner suspects acute diverticulitis and possibly an abscess. The most appropriate diagnostic test for this patient at this time is:<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 7<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A patient reports \u201csomething flew in my eye\u201d about an hour ago while he was splitting logs. If there were a foreign body in his eye, the nurse practitioner would expect to find all except:<br \/>\nSelected Answer:<br \/>\nPurulent drainage<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 8<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 21 year old college student presents to the student health center with copious, markedly purulent discharge from her left eye. The nurse practitioner student should suspect:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 9<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 35 year old man presents with radicular pain followed by the appearance of grouped vesicles consisting of about 15 lesions across 3 different thoracic dermatomes. He complains of pain, burning, and itching. The nurse practitioner should suspect:<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 10<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which type of lung cancer has the poorest prognosis?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 11<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>An 83-year-old female presents to the office complaining of diarrhea for several days. She explains she has even had fecal incontinence one time. She describes loose stools 3\u20134 times a day for several weeks and denies fever, chills, pain, recent antibiotic use. The history suggests that the patient has:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 12<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Margaret, age 32, comes into the office with painful joints and a distinctive rash in a butterfly distribution on her face. The rash has red papules and plaques with a fine scale. What do you suspect?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 13<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Antibiotic administration has been demonstrated to be of little benefit to the treatment of which of the following disease processes?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 14<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Lisa, age 49, has daily symptoms of asthma. She uses her inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist daily. Her exacerbations affect her activities and they occur at least twice weekly and may last for days. She is affected more than once weekly during the night with an exacerbation. Which category of asthma severity is Lisa in?<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 15<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following is the most appropriate therapeutic regimen for an adult patient with no known allergies diagnosed with group A B-hemolytic strep?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 16<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A cashier complains of dull ache and pressure sensation in her lower legs. It is relieved by leg elevation. She occasionally has edema in her lower legs at the end of the day. What is the most likely cause of these problems?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 17<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which statement below is correct about pertussis?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 18<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following is the most important diagnosis to rule out in the adult patient with acute bronchitis?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 19<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 70 year old patient presents with left lower quadrant (LLQ) abdominal pain, a markedly tender palpable abdominal wall, fever, and leukocytosis. Of the following terms, which correctly describes the suspected condition?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 20<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Sylvia, age 83, presents with a 3 day history of pain and burning in the left forehead. This morning she noticed a rash with erythematous papules in that site. What do you suspect?<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 21<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 33-year-old female is admitted with acute pancreatitis. The nurse practitioner knows that the most common cause of pancreatitis is:<br \/>\nSelected Answer:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 22<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>When a patient presents with symptoms of acute gallbladder disease, what is the appropriate nurse practitioner action?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 23<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A false-positive result with the fecal occult blood test can result from:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 24<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 76-year-old male complains of weight loss, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping and pain. Physical findings include an abdominal mass and stool positive for occult blood. The nurse practitioner pain suspects a tumor in the small intestine. The best diagnostic test for this patient is:<br \/>\nSelected Answer:<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 25<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A patient presents to urgent care complaining of dyspnea, fatigue, and lower extremity edema. The echocardiogram reveals and ejection fraction of 38%. The nurse practitioner knows that these findings are consistent with:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 26<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Maxine, Age 76, has just been given a diagnosis of pneumonia. Which of the following is an indication that she should be hospitalized?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 27<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 55 year old man is diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma. The nurse practitioner correctly tells him:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 28<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<br \/>\nExpected spirometry readings when the patient has chronic emphysema include:<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 29<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>An 80-year-old male admits to difficulty swallowing during the review of systems. The nurse practitioner recognizes the differential diagnosis for this patient\u2019s dysphagia is:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 30<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 40 year old female with history of frequent sun exposure presents with a multicolored lesion on her back. It has irregular borders and is about 11mm in diameter. What should the nurse practitioner suspect?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 31<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following is not a goal of treatment for the patient with cystic fibrosis?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 32<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>The nurse practitioner is performing a physical exam on a middle-aged African-American man. Which of the following areas is a common site for melanomas in African-Americans and other dark-skinned individuals?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 33<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>An adult presents with tinea corporis. Which item below is a risk factor for its development?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 34<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A patient has experienced nausea and vomiting, headache, malaise, low grade fever, abdominal cramps, and watery diarrhea for 72 hours. His white count is elevated with a shift to the left. He is requesting medication for diarrhea. What is the most appropriate response?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 35<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Janine, age 29, has numerous transient lesions that come and go, and she is diagnosed with urticaria. What do you order?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 36<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Of the following signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF), the earliest clinical manifestation is:<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 37<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 16 year old male presents with mild sore throat, fever, fatigue, posterior cervical adenopathy, and palatine petechiae. Without a definitive diagnosis for this patient, what drug would be least appropriate to prescribe?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 38<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 70 year old man who walks 2 miles every day complains of pain in his left calf when he is walking. The problem has gotten gradually worse and now he is unable to complete his 2 mile walk. What question asked during the history, if answered affirmatively, would suggest a diagnosis of arteriosclerosis obliterans?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 39<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following statements about malignant melanomas is true?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 40<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Sheila, age 78, presents with a chief complaint of waking up during the night coughing. You examine her and find an S3 heart sound, pulmonary crackles that do not clear with coughing, and peripheral edema. What do you suspect?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 41<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which antibiotic would be the most effective in treating community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in a young adult without any comorbid conditions?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 42<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following dermatologic vehicles are the most effective in absorbing moisture and decreasing friction?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 43<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 70 year old patient presents with a slightly raised, scaly, erythematous patch on her forehead. She admits to having been a \u201csun worshiper.\u201d The nurse practitioner suspects actinic keratosis. This lesion is a precursor to:<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 44<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>An elderly patient is being seen in the clinic for complaint of \u201cweak spells\u201d relieved by sitting or lying down. How should the nurse practitioner proceed with the physical examination?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 45<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>What oral medication might be used to treat chronic cholethiasis in a patient who is a poor candidate for surgery?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 46<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 46-year-old female with a past medical history of diabetes presents with a swollen, erythematous right auricle and is diagnosed with malignant otitis externa. The nurse practitioner knows that the most likely causative organism for this patient\u2019s problem is:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 47<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following is not a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 48<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A patient comes in complaining of 1 week of pain in the posterior neck with difficulty turning the head to the right. What additional history is needed?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 49<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Marvin, age 56, is a smoker with diabetes. He has just been diagnosed as hypertensive. Which of the following drugs has the potential to cause the development of bronchial asthma and inhibit gluconeogenesis?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 50<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>The differential diagnosis for a patient complaining of a sore throat includes which of the following?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 51<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A patient presents to the primary care provider complaining of a rash on his right forehead that started yesterday and is burning and painful. The physical exam reveals an erythematous, maculopapular rash that extends over the patient\u2019s right eye to his upper right forehead. Based on the history and examination, the most likely cause of this patient\u2019s symptoms is:<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 52<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Before initiating an HMG CoA-reductase inhibitor for hyperlipidemia, the nurse practitioner orders liver function studies. The patient\u2019s aminotransferase (ALT) is elevated. What laboratory test(s) should be ordered?<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 53<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A patient with elevated lipids has been started on lovastatin. After 3 weeks of therapy, he calls to report generalized muscle aches. The nurse practitioner should suspect:<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 54<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Treatment of acute vertigo includes:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 55<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Treatment of H.pylori includes which of the following?<br \/>\nQuestion 56<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Carl, age 78, is brought to the office by his son, who states that his father has been unable to see clearly since last night. Carl reports that his vision is \u201clike looking through a veil.\u201d He also sees floaters and flashing lights but is not having any pain. What do you suspect?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 57<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>In order to decrease deaths from lung cancer:<br \/>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0&amp;nbs<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 10: Business<\/p>\n<p>South University &#8211; NSG 6020 NSG 6420 MIDTERM<br \/>\nSouth University &#8211; NSG 6020NSG 6420 MIDTERM<br \/>\nSouth University &#8211; NSG 6020NSG 6420 MIDTERM<br \/>\nQuestion 11: Business<\/p>\n<p>South University, Savannah \u00a0NSG 6020Week 6 PV Integ Study Guide<br \/>\nYou are assessing a 59-year-old gas station owner for atherosclerosis in the lower extremities. In which of the following locations would the patient&#8217;s pain make you concerned for this disease process?<\/p>\n<p>A 57-year-old maintenance worker comes to your office for evaluation of pain in his legs. He has smoked two packs per day since the age of 16, but he is otherwise healthy. You are concerned that he may have peripheral vascular disease. Which of the following is part of common or concerning symptoms for the peripheral vascular system?<\/p>\n<p>A patient has bilateral pitting edema of the feet. While assessing the peripheral vascular system, the nurse&#8217;s primary focus should be:<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A patient has a positive Homans&#8217; sign. The nurse knows that a positive Homans&#8217; sign may indicate:<\/p>\n<p>The major artery that supplies blood to arm<\/p>\n<p>To assess the dorsalis pedis artery, the nurse would palpate<br \/>\nlateral to the extensor tendon of the great toe. The dorsalis pedis artery is located on the dorsum of the foot. Palpate just lateral to and parallel with the extensor tendon of the big toe.<\/p>\n<p>The nurse is reviewing an assessment of a patient&#8217;s peripheral pulses and notices that the documentation states that the radial pulses are &#8220;2+.&#8221; The nurse recognizes that this reading indicates what type ofpulse?<br \/>\nA.Bounding<br \/>\nB.Normal<br \/>\nC.Weak<br \/>\nD.Absent<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following assessment findings is most consistent with clubbing of the fingernails?<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>During an assessment, the nurse notes that a patient&#8217;s left arm is swollen from the shoulder down to the fingers, with nonpitting edema. The right arm is normal. The patient had a mastectomy 1 year ago. The nurse suspects which problem?<br \/>\nWhich of the following statements is true regarding the arterial system?<\/p>\n<p>When assessing a patient the nurse practitioner documents the left femoral pulse as 0\/0-4+. Which of the following findings would the nurse practitioner expect at the dorsalis pedis pulse?<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following veins are responsible for most of the venous return in the arm?<br \/>\n1.Deep veins<br \/>\n2.Ulnar veins<br \/>\n3.Subclavian veins<br \/>\n4.Superficial veins<\/p>\n<p>The nurse is performing a well-child assessment on a 3-year-old child. The child\u2019s vital signs are normal. Capillary refill time is 5 seconds. The nurse would:<br \/>\n1.ask the parent if the child has had frostbite in the past.<br \/>\n2.suspect that the child has a venous insufficiency problem.<br \/>\n3.consider this a delayed capillary refill time and investigate further.<br \/>\n4.consider this a normal capillary refill time that requires no further assessment.<br \/>\nNormal capillary refill time is less than 1 to 2 seconds. Note that these conditions can skew your findings: a cool room, decreased body temperature, cigarette smoking, peripheral edema, and anemia.<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following statements is true regarding assessment of the ankle-brachial index (ABI)?<\/p>\n<p>A 70-year-old patient is scheduled for open-heart surgery. The surgeon plans to use the great saphenous\u00a0vein for the coronary bypass grafts. The patient asks, \u201cWhat happens to my circulation when the veins are\u00a0removed?\u201d The nurse should reply:<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A 57-year-old maintenance worker comes to your office for evaluation of pain in his legs. He has smoked two packs per day since the age of 16, but he is otherwise healthy. You are concerned that he may have peripheral vascular disease. Which of the following is part of common or concerning symptoms for the peripheral vascular system?<\/p>\n<p>A 72-year-old teacher comes to your clinic for an annual examination. She is concerned about her risk for peripheral vascular disease and states that there is a place in town that does tests to let her know her if she has this or not. Which of the following disease processes is a risk factor for peripheral vascular disease?<\/p>\n<p>A 68-year-old retired truck driver comes to your office for evaluation of swelling in his legs. He is a smoker and has been taking medications to control his hypertension for the past 25 years. You are concerned about his risk for peripheral vascular disease. Which of the following tests are appropriate to order to initially evaluate for this condition?<\/p>\n<p>A 55-year-old secretary with a recent history of breast cancer, for which she underwent surgery and radiation therapy, and a history of hypertension comes to your office for a routine checkup. Which of the following aspects of the physical are important to note when assessing the patient for peripheral vascular disease in the arms?<\/p>\n<p>You are a student in the clinic. You are asked to perform a physical examination on a patient with known peripheral vascular disease in the legs. Which of the following aspects is important to note when you perform your examination?<\/p>\n<p>You are assessing a patient for peripheral vascular disease in the arms, secondary to a complaint of increased weakness and a history of coronary artery disease and diabetes. You assess the brachial and radial pulses and note that they are bounding. What does that translate to on a scale of 0 to 4?<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>You are assessing a 59-year-old gas station owner for atherosclerosis in the lower extremities. In which of the following locations would the patient&#8217;s pain make you concerned for this disease process?<\/p>\n<p>You are performing a routine check-up on an 81-year-old retired cotton farmer in the clinic. You note that he has a history of chronic arterial insufficiency. Which of the following physical examination findings in the lower extremities would be expected with this disease?<\/p>\n<p>A 77-year-old retired nurse has an ulcer on a lower extremity that you are asked to evaluate when you do your weekly rounds at a local long-term care facility. All of the following are responsible for causing ulcers in the lower extremities except for which condition?<\/p>\n<p>As the internal diameter of a blood vessel changes, the resistance changes as well. Which of the following descriptions depicts this relationship?<\/p>\n<p>Mr. Edwards complains of cramps and difficulties with walking. The cramps occur in his calves consistently after walking about 100 yards. After a period of rest, he can start to walk again, but after 100 yards these same symptoms recur. Which of the following would suggest spinal stenosis as a cause of this pain?<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Asymmetric BPs are seen in which of the following conditions?<\/p>\n<p>Diminished radial pulses may be seen in patients with which of the following?<\/p>\n<p>When assessing temperature of the skin, which portion of your hand should be used?<\/p>\n<p>You note a painful ulcerative lesion near the medial malleolus, with accompanying hyperpigmentation. Which of the following etiologies is most likely?<br \/>\nAn 8-year-old girl comes with her mother for evaluation of hair loss. She denies pulling or twisting her hair, and her mother has not noted this behavior at all. She does not put her hair in braids. On physical examination, you note a clearly demarcated, round patch of hair loss without visible scaling or inflammation. There are<\/p>\n<p>A mother brings her 11 month old to you because her mother-in-law and others have told her that her baby is jaundiced. She is eating and growing well and performing the developmental milestones she should for her age. On examination you indeed notice a yellow tone to her skin from head to toe. Her sclerae are white. To which area should your next questions be related?<\/p>\n<p>You are examining an unconscious patient from another region and notice Beau&#8217;s lines, a transverse groove across all of her nails, about 1 cm from the proximal nail fold. What would you do next?<\/p>\n<p>Dakota is a 14-year-old boy who just noticed a rash at his ankles. There is no history of exposure to ill people or other agents in the environment. He has a slight fever in the office. The rash consists of small, bright red marks. When they are pressed, the red color remains. What should you do?<\/p>\n<p>A young man comes to you with an extremely pruritic rash over his knees and elbows which has come and gone for several years. It seems to be worse in the winter and improves with some sun exposure. On examination, you notice scabbing and crusting with some silvery scale, and you are observant enough to notice small \u201cpits\u201d in his nails. What would account for these findings?<\/p>\n<p>Mrs. Anderson presents with an itchy rash which is raised and appears and disappears in various locations. Each lesion lasts for many minutes. What most likely accounts for this rash?<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following is true regarding breast self-examination?<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following lymph node groups is most commonly involved in breast cancer?<\/p>\n<p>51-year-old cook comes to your office for consultation. She recently found out that her 44-year-old sister with premenopausal breast cancer is positive for the BRCA1 gene. Your patient has been doing research on the Internet and saw that her chance of having also inherited the BRCA1 gene is 50%. She is interested in knowing what her risk of developing breast cancer would be if she were positive for the gene. She denies any lumps in her breasts and has had normal mammograms. She has had no weight loss, fever, or night sweats. Her mother is healthy and her father has prostate cancer. Two of her paternal aunts died of breast cancer. She is married. She denies using tobacco or illegal drugs and rarely drinks alcohol. Her breast and axilla examinations are unremarkable. At her age, what is her risk of getting breast cancer if she has the BRCA1 gene?<\/p>\n<p>You ask a patient to draw a clock. He fills in all the numbers on the right half of the circle. What do you suspect?<\/p>\n<p>A 67-year-old retired janitor comes to the clinic with his wife. She brought him in because she is concerned about his weight loss. He has a history of smoking 3 packs of cigarettes a day for 30 years, for a total of 90 pack-years. He has noticed a daily cough for the past several years, which he states is productive of sputum. He came into the clinic approximately 1 year ago, and at that time his weight was 140 pounds. Today, his weight is 110 pounds. Which one of the following questions would be the most important to ask if you suspect that he has lung cancer?<\/p>\n<p>An 18-year-old college freshman presents to the clinic for evaluation of gastroenteritis. You measure the patient&#8217;s temperature and it is 104 degrees Fahrenheit. What type of pulse would you expect to feel during his initial examination?<\/p>\n<p>A 25-year-old type 1 diabetic clerk presents with shortness of breath and states that his blood sugar was 605 at home. He was diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis. What is the expected pattern of breathing?<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com \/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Mrs. Lenzo weighs herself every day with a very accurate balance-type scale. She has noticed that over the past 2 days she has gained 4 pounds. How would you best explain this?<\/p>\n<p>Mr. Curtiss has a history of obesity, diabetes, osteoarthritis of the knees, HTN, and obstructive sleep apnea. His BMI is 43 and he has been discouraged by his difficulty in losing weight. He is also discouraged that his goal weight is 158 pounds away. What would you tell him?<\/p>\n<p>You are seeing an older patient who has not had medical care for many years. Her vital signs taken by your office are: T 98.6, HR 78, BP 118\/92, and RR 14, and she denies pain. You noticed that she had had some hypertensive changes in her retinas and mild proteinuria on a urine test on prior medical records. You expected the BP to be higher. She is not on any medications. What do you think is causing this BP reading, which doesn&#8217;t correlate with the other findings?<\/p>\n<p>You are observing a patient with heart failure and notice that there are pauses in his breathing. On closer examination, you notice that after the pauses the patient takes progressively deeper breaths and then progressively shallower breaths, which are followed by another apneic spell. The patient is not in any distress. You make the diagnosis of:<\/p>\n<p>Mr. Garcia comes to your office for a rash on his chest associated with a burning pain. Even a light touch causes this burning sensation to worsen. On examination, you note a rash with small blisters (vesicles) on a background of reddened skin. The rash overlies an entire rib on his right side. What type of pain is this?<br \/>\nNeuropathic pain<\/p>\n<p>A patient presents with a left-sided facial droop. On further testing, you note that he is unable to wrinkle his forehead on the left and has decreased taste. Which of the following is true?<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Ms. Wright comes to your office, complaining of palpitations. While checking her pulse you notice an irregular rhythm. When you listen to her heart, every fourth beat sounds different. It sounds like a triplet rather than the usual \u201club dup.\u201d How would you document your examination?<br \/>\nA 37-year-old insurance agent comes to your office, complaining of trembling hands. She says that for the past 3 months when she tries to use her hands to fix her hair or cook they shake badly. She says she doesn&#8217;t feel particularly nervous when this occurs but she worries that other people will think she has an anxiety disorder or that she&#8217;s a drinker. She admits to having some recent fatigue, trouble with vision, and difficulty maintaining bladder control. Her past medical history is remarkable for hypothyroidism. Her mother has lupus and her father is healthy. She has an older brother with type 1 diabetes. She is married and has three children. She denies tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. On examination, when she tries to reach for a pencil to fill out the health form she has obvious tremors in her dominant hand.<\/p>\n<p>unsteady hands. He says that for the past 6 months, when his hands are resting in his lap they shake uncontrollably. He says when he holds them out in front of his body the shaking diminishes, and when he uses his hands the shaking is also better. He also complains of some difficulty getting up out of his chair and walking around. He denies any recent illnesses or injuries. His past medical history is significant for high blood pressure and coronary artery disease, requiring a stent in the past. He has been married for over 50 years and has five children and 12 grandchildren. He denies any tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. His mother died of a stroke in her 70s and his father died of a heart attack in his 60s. He has a younger sister who has arthritis problems. His children are all essentially healthy. On examination you see a fine, pill-rolling tremor of his left hand. His right shows less movement. His cranial nerve examination is normal. He has some difficulty rising from his chair, his gait is slow, and it takes him time to turn around to walk back toward you. He has almost no \u201carm swing\u201d with his gait. What type of tremor is he most likely to have?<\/p>\n<p>A 48-year-old grocery store manager comes to your clinic, complaining of her head being \u201cstuck\u201d to one side. She says that today she was doing her normal routine when it suddenly felt like her head was being moved to her left and then it just stuck that way. She says it is somewhat painful because she cannot get it moved back to normal. She denies any recent neck trauma. Her past medical history consists of type 2 diabetes and gastroparesis (slow-moving peristalsis in the digestive tract, seen in diabetes). She is on oral medication for each. She is married and has three children. She denies tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. Her father has diabetes and her mother passed away from breast cancer. Her children are healthy. On examination you see a slightly overweight Hispanic woman appearing her stated age. Her head is twisted grotesquely to her left but otherwise her examination is normal. What form of involuntary movement does she have?<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A 41-year-old real estate agent comes to your office, complaining that he feels like his face is paralyzed on the left. He states that last week he felt his left eyelid was drowsy and as the day progressed he was unable to close his eyelid all the way. Later he felt like his smile became affected also. He denies any recent injuries but had an upper respiratory viral infection last month. His past medical history is unremarkable. He is divorced and has one child. He smokes one pack of cigarettes a day, occasionally drinks alcohol, and denies any illegal drug use. His mother has high blood pressure and his father has sarcoidosis. On examination you ask him to close his eyes. He is unable to close his left eye. You ask him to open his eyes and raise his eyebrows. His right forehead furrows but his left remains flat. You then ask him to give you a big smile. The right corner of his mouth raises but the left side of his mouth remains the same. What type of facial paralysis does he have?<\/p>\n<p>A 60-year-old retired seamstress comes to your office, complaining of decreased sensation in her hands and feet. She states that she began to have the problems in her feet a year ago but now it has started in her hands also. She also complains of some weakness in her grip. She has had no recent illnesses or injuries. Her past medical history consists of having type 2 diabetes for 20 years. She now takes insulin and oral medications for her diabetes. She has been married for 40 years. She has two healthy children. Her mother has Alzheimer&#8217;s disease and coronary artery disease. Her father died of a stroke and also had diabetes. She denies any tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. On examination she has decreased deep tendon reflexes in the patellar and Achilles tendons. She has decreased sensation of fine touch, pressure, and vibration on both feet. She has decreased two-point discrimination on her hands. Her grip strength is decreased and her plantar and dorsiflexion strength is decreased. Where is the disorder of the peripheral nervous system in this patient?<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 12: Business<\/p>\n<p>South University NSG 6020 Final exam study guide<br \/>\nSouth University\u00a0NSG 6020Final exam study guide<br \/>\nA 65-year-old patient remarks that she just can\u2019t believe that her breasts sag so much. She states it must<br \/>\nbe from lack of exercise. What explanation should the nurse offer her?<\/p>\n<p>The mother of a 10-year-old boy asks the nurse to discuss the recognition of puberty. The nurse should reply by saying:<br \/>\n\u201cPuberty usually begins about age fifteen.\u201d<br \/>\n\u201cThe first sign of puberty is enlargement of the testes.\u201d<br \/>\n\u201cPenis size does not increase until about the age of sixteen.\u201d<br \/>\n&#8220;The development of pubic hair precedes testicular or penis enlargement.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>A patient has bilateral pitting edema of the feet. While assessing the peripheral vascular system, the nurse&#8217;s primary focus should be:<br \/>\nThe correct answer is: Venous function of the lower extremities<\/p>\n<p>During an examination, the nurse notes severe nystagmus in both eyes of a patient. Which of the following conclusions is correct?<br \/>\n1.This is a normal occurrence.<br \/>\n2.This may indicate disease of the cerebellum or brainstem.<br \/>\n3.This is a sign that the patient is nervous about the examination.<br \/>\n4.This indicates a visual problem and a referral to an ophthalmologist is indicated.<br \/>\nEnd-point nystagmus at an extreme lateral gaze occurs normally. Assess any other nystagmus carefully. Severe nystagmus occurs with disease of the vestibular system, cerebellum, or brainstem.<\/p>\n<p>When performing a musculoskeletal assessment, the nurse knows the correct approach for the examination should be:<br \/>\nproximal to distal<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A 43-year-old woman is at the clinic for a routine examination. She reports that she has had a breast lump in her right breast for years. Recently, it has begun to change in consistency and is becoming harder. She reports that 5 years ago her physician evaluated the lump and determined that it \u201cwas nothing to worry about.\u201d The examination validates the presence of a mass in the right upper outer quadrant at 1 o\u2019clock, approximately 5 cm from the nipple. It is firm, mobile, nontender, with borders that are not well defined. The nurse\u2019s recommendation to her is:<br \/>\n\u201cBecause of the change in consistency of the lump, it should be further evaluated by a physician.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The nurse practitioner is examining a 3-month-old infant. While holding the thumbs on the infant&#8217;s inner\u2013mid-thighs and the fingers outside on the hips, touching the greater trochanter, the nurse practitioner adducts the legs until the nurse practitioner&#8217;s thumbs touch and then abducts the legs until the infant&#8217;s knees touch the table. The nurse practitioner does not note any &#8220;clunking&#8221; sounds and is confident to record a:<br \/>\nNegative Ortolani&#8217;s sign.<\/p>\n<p>A patient&#8217;s mother has noticed that her son, who has been to a new babysitter, has some blisters and scabs on his face and buttocks. On examination, the nurse notices moist, thin-roofed vesicles with a thin erythematous base and suspects:<br \/>\nImpetigo<\/p>\n<p>The nurse is testing superficial reflexes on an adult patient. When stroking up the lateral side of the sole and across the ball of the foot, the nurse notices the plantar flexion of the toes. How would the nurse document this finding?<br \/>\n1.Positive Babinski sign<br \/>\n2.Plantar reflex abnormal<br \/>\n3.Plantar reflex present<br \/>\n4.Plantar reflex \u201c2+\u201d on a scale from \u201c0 to 4+\u201d<br \/>\nWith the same instrument, draw a light stroke up the lateral side of the sole of the foot and across the ball of the foot, like an upside-down \u201cJ.\u201d The normal response is plantar flexion of the toes and sometimes of the whole foot.<br \/>\nA woman is in the family planning clinic seeking birth control information. She states that herbreasts \u201cchange all month long\u201d and that she is worried that this is unusual. What is the nurse\u2019s bestresponse?<br \/>\nTell her that, because of the changing hormones during the monthly menstrualcycle, cyclic breast changes are common.<\/p>\n<p>A patient states during the interview that she noticed a new breast lump in the shower a few days ago. It was on her left breast near her axilla. The RN should plan to:<br \/>\npalpate the unaffected breast first<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A 16-yr-old girl is being seen at clinic for gastrointestinal complaints+weight loss. Nurse determines that many of her complaints may be related to erratic eating patterns, eating predominantly fast foods, + high caffeine intake. In this situation, which is most appropriate when collecting current dietary intake information?<br \/>\n\u20221.\u00a0 Schedule a time for direct observation of the adolescent during meals.<br \/>\n\u20222.\u00a0 Ask the patient for a 24-hour diet recall and assume this is reflective of a typical day for her.<br \/>\n3.\u00a0 Have the patient complete a food diary for 3 days=2 weekdays + 1 weekend day<br \/>\nFooddiaries require the individual to write down everything consumed for a certaintime period. Because of the erratic eating patterns of this individual,assessing dietary intake over a few days would produce more accurateinformation regarding eating patterns. Direct observation is best used withyoung children or older adults.<\/p>\n<p>To assess the head control of a 4-month-old infant, the nurse lifts the infant up in a prone position while supporting his chest. The nurse looks for what normal response?<br \/>\n1.Raises head and arches back.<br \/>\n2.Extends arms and drops head down.<br \/>\n3.Flexes knees and elbows with back straight.<br \/>\n4.Holds head at 45 degrees and keeps back straight.<br \/>\nAt 3 months of age, the baby raises the head and arches the back as if in a swan dive. This is the Landau reflex, which persists until 11\/2 years of age.<br \/>\nA patient has a positive Homans&#8217; sign. The nurse knows that a positive Homans&#8217; sign may indicate:<br \/>\ndeep vein thrombosis.<\/p>\n<p>The nurse is discussing breast self-examination with a postmenopausal woman. The best time forpostmenopausal women to perform breast self-examination is:<br \/>\nA=the same day every month.<\/p>\n<p>A 15-year-old boy is seen in the clinic for complaints of \u201cdull pain and pulling\u201d in the scrotal area. On examination the nurse palpates a soft, irregular mass posterior to and above the testis on the left. This mass collapses when the patient is supine and refills when he is upright. This description is consistent with:<br \/>\nvaricocele<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>The nurse is bathing an 80-year-old man and notices that his skin is wrinkled,thin, lax, and dry. This finding would be related to which factor?<br \/>\nAn increased loss of elastin and a decrease in subcutaneous fat in the elderly<\/p>\n<p>A woman who is 22 weeks pregnant has a vaginal infection. She tells the nurse that she is afraid that this infection will hurt the fetus. The nurse knows that which of these statements is true?<br \/>\nA thick mucus plug forms that protects the fetus from infection.<\/p>\n<p>In assessment of 1-month-old, nurse notes a lack of response to noise or stimulation. mother reports that in the last week he has been sleeping all the time + when awake all he does is cry. nurse hears that infant\u2019s cries are very high pitched and shrill. What would be nurse\u2019s appropriate response?<br \/>\n1.Refer the infant for further testing.<br \/>\n2.Talk with the mother about eating habits.<br \/>\n3.Nothing; these are expected findings for an infant this age.<br \/>\n4.Tell the mother to bring the baby back in a week for a recheck.<br \/>\nA high-pitched shrill cry or cat-sounding screech occurs with central nervous system damage. Lethargy, hyporeactivity, hyperirritability, and parent\u2019s report of significant change in behavior all warrant referral.<\/p>\n<p>A female patient is 8 months pregnant.\u00a0 She comments that she has noticed a change in posture and is having lower back pain.\u00a0 The nurse tells her that during pregnancy women have a posture shift to compensate for the enlarging fetus.\u00a0 This shift in posture is:<br \/>\nlordosis<\/p>\n<p>A 14-year-old girl is anxious about not having reached menarche. When taking the history, the nurse should ascertain which of the following?The age:<br \/>\nshe began to develop breasts<\/p>\n<p>A 9-year-old girl is in the clinic for a sports physical. After some initial shyness she finally asks,\u201cAm I normal? I don\u2019t seem to need a bra yet, but I have some friends who do. What if I never getbreasts?\u201d The nurse\u2019s best response would be:<br \/>\n\u201cI understand that it is hard to feel different from your friends. Breasts usually develop between 8 and 10 years of age.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>During an examination, the nurse notes a supernumerary nipple just under the patient\u2019s left breast.The patient tells the nurse that she always thought it was a mole. Which statement about this findingis correct?<br \/>\nIt is a normal variation and not a significant finding<\/p>\n<p>The major artery that supplies blood to arm<br \/>\nbrachial artery<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>The nurse is testing the function of cranial nerve XI. Which of these best describes the response the nurse should expect if the nerve is intact? The patient<br \/>\nmoves head and shoulder against resistance w\/equal strength<\/p>\n<p>In a person with an upper motor neuron lesion such as a cerebrovascular accident, which of the following physical assessment findings would the nurse expect to see?<br \/>\n1.Hyperreflexia<br \/>\n2.Fasciculations<br \/>\n3.Loss of muscle tone and flaccidity<br \/>\n4.Atrophy and wasting of the muscles<br \/>\nHyperreflexia, diminished or absent superficial reflexes, increased muscle tone or spasticity can be expected with upper motor neuron lesions.<\/p>\n<p>A few days after a summer hiking trip, a 25-year-old man comes to the clinic with a rash. On examination, the nurse notes that the rash is red, macular, with a bull&#8217;s eye pattern across his midriff and behind his knees. The nurse suspects:<br \/>\nLyme Disease<\/p>\n<p>To assess the dorsalis pedis artery, the nurse would palpate<br \/>\nlateral to the extensor tendon of the great toe.The dorsalis pedis artery is located on the dorsum of the foot. Palpate just lateral to and parallel with the extensor tendon of the big toe.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>The nurse is performing a neurologic assessment on a 41-year-old woman with a history of diabetes. When testing her ability to feel the vibrations of a tuning fork, the nurse notes the following: unable to feel vibrations on the great toe or ankle bilaterally; is able to feel vibrations on both patellae. Given this information, what would the nurse suspect?<br \/>\n1.Hyperalgesia<br \/>\n2.Hyperesthesia<br \/>\n3.Peripheral neuropathy<br \/>\n4.Lesion of sensory cortex<br \/>\nLoss of vibration sense occurs with peripheral neuropathy (e.g., diabetes and alcoholism). Peripheral neuropathy is worse at the feet and gradually improves as you move up leg, as opposed to a specific nerve lesion, which has a clear zone of deficit for its dermatome<\/p>\n<p>The nurse is reviewing an assessment of a patient&#8217;s peripheral pulses and notices that the documentation states that the radial pulses are &#8220;2+.&#8221; The nurse recognizes that this reading indicates what type ofpulse?<br \/>\nA.Bounding<br \/>\nB.Normal<br \/>\nC.Weak<br \/>\nD.Absent<\/p>\n<p>During an examination, you note that a male patient has a red, round, superficial ulcer with a yellowish-serous discharge on his penis. Upon palpation, you note a nontender base that feels like a small button between your thumb and fingers. At this point you suspect that this patient has:<br \/>\nsyphilitic chancre<\/p>\n<p>During an interview, a patient reveals that she is pregnant. She states that she is not sure whether shewill breastfeed her baby and asks for some information about this. Which of these statements by the nurse is accurate with regard to breastfeeding?<br \/>\n\u201cBreastfeeding provides the perfect food and antibodies for your baby.\u201d<br \/>\nor Breast-feeding may reduce the risk of breast cancer.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>To palpate the temporomandibular joint, the nurse&#8217;s finger should be placed in the depression of the ear.<br \/>\nanterior to the tragus<\/p>\n<p>The nurse practitioner is examining only the rectal area of a woman and should place the woman in what position?<br \/>\nThe nurse should place the female patient in lithotomy position if examining genitalia as well; use the left lateral decubitus position for the rectal area alone.<br \/>\nThe nurse is performing a genitourinary assessment on a 50-year-old obese male laborer. On examination the nurse notices a painless round swelling close to the pubis in the area of the internal inguinal ring that is easily reduced when the individual is supine. These findings are most consistent with a(n) _____ hernia.<br \/>\nDirect inguinal<\/p>\n<p>The nurse is conducting a class about breast self-examination (BSE). Which of these statementsindicates proper BSE technique?<br \/>\nC)The best time to perform BSE is 4 to 7 days after the first day of the menstrual<br \/>\nperiod.<\/p>\n<p>A man found wandering in park at 2AM has been brought to emergency department for examination because he said he fell+hit head. During examination, nurse asks him to use his index finger to touch nurse\u2019s finger, then own nose, then nurse\u2019s finger again (moved to a different location). patient is clumsy, unable to follow the instructions, +overshoots mark, missing finger. nurse suspects&#8230;<br \/>\n1.Cerebral injury<br \/>\n2.Cerebrovascular accident<br \/>\n3.Acute alcohol intoxication<br \/>\n4.Peripheral neuropathy<br \/>\nDuring the finger-to-finger test, if the person has clumsy movement with overshooting the mark, either a cerebellar disorders or acute alcohol intoxication should be suspected.<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following assessment findings is most consistent with clubbing of the fingernails?<br \/>\nAn angle of the nail base of 180 degrees or greater with a nail base that feels spongy<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A 45-year-old mother of two children is seen at the clinic for complaints of &#8220;losing my urine when I sneeze.&#8221; The nurse documents that she is experiencing:<br \/>\nstress incontinence<\/p>\n<p>A patient calls the clinic for instructions before having a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. The most appropriate instructions from the nurse are:<br \/>\n\u201cAvoid intercourse, inserting anything into the vagina, or douching within 24 hours of your appointment.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following statements is true regarding the penis?<br \/>\nThe corpus spongiosum expends into a cone of erectile tissue called the glans<\/p>\n<p>During an assessment, the nurse notes that a patient&#8217;s left arm is swollen from the shoulder down to the fingers, with nonpitting edema. The right arm is normal. The patient had a mastectomy 1 year ago. The nurse suspects which problem?<br \/>\nLymphedema<\/p>\n<p>When performing the bimanual examination, the nurse notices that the cervix feels smooth and firm, is round, and is fixed in place (does not move). When cervical palpation is performed, the patient complains of some pain. The nurse\u2019s interpretation of these results should be which of these?<br \/>\nThe cervix should move when palpated; an immobile cervix may indicate malignancy.<\/p>\n<p>You are examining a 6 month old baby. You place the baby&#8217;s feet flat on the table and flex his knees up. you note that the right knee is significantly lower than the left. Which of the following is true of this finding?<br \/>\nThis is a positive Allis sign and suggests hip dislocation<\/p>\n<p>A 75-year-old woman who has a history of diabetes and peripheral vascular disease has been trying to remove a corn on the bottom of her foot with a pair of scissors. The nurse will encourage her to stop trying to remove the corn with scissors because:<br \/>\nthe woman could be at increased risk for infection and lesions because of her chronic disease<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>You are examining Mr. O, and when you ask him to bend forward from the waist, you notice lateral tilting; when you raise his leg straight up, he complains of a pain going down his buttock into his leg. You suspect:<br \/>\nherniated nucleus pulposus<\/p>\n<p>The assessment of an 80-year-old patient, the nurse notes that his hands show tremors when he reaches for something and that his head is always nodding. There is no associated rigidity with movement. Which of the following statements is most accurate?<br \/>\nthese findings are normal<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following statements is true regarding the arterial system?<br \/>\nThe arterial system is a high-pressure system.<\/p>\n<p>A patient who is visiting the clinic complains of having &#8220;stomach pains for 2 weeks&#8221; and describes his stools as being &#8220;soft and black&#8221; for about the last 10 days. He denies taking any medications. The NP is aware that these symptoms are most indicative of:<br \/>\noccult blood resulting from gastrointestinal bleeding.<\/p>\n<p>During an internal examination of a woman\u2019s genitalia, the nurse will use which technique for proper insertion of the speculum?<br \/>\nInstruct the woman to bear down, turn the width of the blades horizontally, and insert the speculum at a 45-degree angle downward toward the small of the woman\u2019s back.<br \/>\nDuring an internal examination of a woman&#8217;s genitalia, the nurse practitioner will use which technique for proper insertion of the speculum?<br \/>\nInsert the blades of the speculum on a horizontal plane, turning them to a 45-degree angle while continuing to insert them. Ask the woman to bear down to ease insertion.<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>When assessing a patient the nurse practitioner documents the left femoral pulse as 0\/0-4+. Which of the following findings would the nurse practitioner expect at the dorsalis pedis pulse?<br \/>\n0\/0-4+Pulsations are graded on a four-point scale: 0, absent; 1+, weak; 2+, normal; 3+, increased; 4+, bounding. If a pulse is absent at the femoral site, one would expect the dorsalis pedis pulse to be absent also.<\/p>\n<p>A 2-year-old boy has been diagnosed with \u201cphysiologic cryptorchidism.\u201d Given this diagnosis, during assessment the nurse will most likely observe:<br \/>\nAn absence of the testis in the scrotum, but the testis can be milked down<\/p>\n<p>The nurse practitioner is doing an assessment on a 29-year-old woman who visits the clinic complaining of &#8220;always dropping things and falling down.&#8221; While testing rapid alternating movements, the nurse practitioner notices that the woman is unable to pat both her knees. Her response is very slow and she misses frequently. What might the nurse practitioner suspect?<br \/>\nDysfunction of the cerebellum<br \/>\nIn rapid, alternating movements, slow, clumsy, and sloppy response occurs with cerebellar disease.<\/p>\n<p>The wife of a 65 year old man tells the nurse that she is concerned because she has noted a change in her husband&#8217;s personality and ability to understand. He also cries and becomes angry very easily. The nurse recalls that the cerebral lobe responsible for these behaviors is which of the following?<br \/>\nFrontal<\/p>\n<p>A male patient with possible fertility problems asks the nurse where sperm is produced. The nurse knows that sperm production occurs in the:<br \/>\ntestes.<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following statements reflects the best approach to teaching a woman about breast self-examination (BSE)?<br \/>\n&#8220;BSE on a monthly basis will help you feel familiar with your own breasts and their normal variations.&#8221;<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>When assessing a patient&#8217;s pulse, the nurse practitioner notes that the amplitude is weaker during inspiration and stronger during expiration. When the nurse practitioner measures the blood pressure, the reading decreases 20 mm Hg during inspiration and increases with expiration. This patient is experiencing:<br \/>\npulsusparadoxus.<\/p>\n<p>A patient has had a &#8220;terrible itch&#8221; for several months that he has been scratching continuously. On examination, the nurse might expect to find:<br \/>\nlichenification<\/p>\n<p>During an annual physical exam, a 43-year-old patient states that she doesn\u2019t perform monthly breast self-examination (BSE).\u00a0 She tells the nurse that she believes that mammograms \u201cdo a much better job than I ever could to find a lump.\u201d\u00a0 The nurse should explain to her that:<br \/>\nBSEs may detect lumps that appear between mammograms.\/ mammography may not detect all palpable lumps.<\/p>\n<p>A patient&#8217;s annual physical examination reveals a lateral curvature of the thoracic and lumbar segments of his spine; however, this curvature disappears with forward bending. This abnormality of the spine would be called:<br \/>\nFunctional scoliosis<br \/>\nAssessment of a 60-yr-old patient has taken longer than anticipated. in testing pain perception nurse decides to complete the test as quickly as possible. When nurse applies sharp point of pin on his arm several times, he is only able to identify these as one &#8216;very sharp prick.&#8217; most accurate explanation?<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>1.has hyperesthesia as a result of aging process<br \/>\n2.most likely the result of the summation effect.<br \/>\n3.The nurse was probably not poking hard enough with the pin in the other areas.<br \/>\n4.The patient most likely has analgesia in some areas of arm and hyperalgesia in others.<br \/>\nANS:\u00a0 2Let at least 2 seconds elapse between each stimulus to avoid summation. With summation, frequent consecutive stimuli are perceived as one strong stimulus.<\/p>\n<p>Assessing a 7-month-old infant you make a loud noise and note the following response: Abduction and flexion of arms and legs; fanning of fingers and curling of index finger and thumb in C-position; followed by infant bringing in arms and legs to body.\u00a0 What do you know about this?<br \/>\n1.This could indicate brachial nerve palsy<br \/>\n2.This is an expected startle response at this age<br \/>\n3.This reflex should disappear between 1 and 4 months of age<br \/>\n4.It is normal as long as movements are symmetrical bilaterally<\/p>\n<p>The nurse is assessing a 75-year-old man. As the nurse beings the mental status portion of the assessment, the nurse expects that this patient:<br \/>\nmay take a little longer to respond, but his general knowledge and abilities should not have declined.<\/p>\n<p>During an external genitalia examination of a woman, the nurse notices several lesions around the vulva. The lesions are pink, moist, soft, and pointed papules. The patient states that she is not aware ofany problems in that area. The nurse recognizes that these lesions may be:<br \/>\nHPV or genital WARTs<\/p>\n<p>A 40-year-old woman reports a change in mole size, accompanied by color changes, itching, burning, and bleeding over the past month. She has a dark complexion and has no family history of skin cancer, but she has had many blistering sunburns in the past. The nurse would:<br \/>\nRefer the patient because of the suspicion of melanoma on the basis of her symptoms.<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following veins are responsible for most of the venous return in the arm?<br \/>\n1.Deep veins<br \/>\n2.Ulnar veins<br \/>\n3.Subclavian veins<br \/>\n4.Superficial veins<\/p>\n<p>A man who has had gout for several years comes to the clinic with a &#8220;problem with my toe.&#8221; On examination, the nurse practitioner notes the presence of hard, painless nodules over the great toe; one had burst open with a chalky discharge. This finding is known as:<br \/>\nTophi are collections of sodium urate crystals resulting from chronic gout in and around the joint that cause extreme swelling and joint deformity. They appear as hard, painless nodules (tophi) over the metatarsophalangeal joint of the first toe and they sometimes burst with a chalky discharge<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>The nurse is performing a well-child assessment on a 3-year-old child. The child\u2019s vital signs are normal. Capillary refill time is 5 seconds. The nurse would:<br \/>\n1.ask the parent if the child has had frostbite in the past.<br \/>\n2.suspect that the child has a venous insufficiency problem.<br \/>\n3.consider this a delayed capillary refill time and investigate further.<br \/>\n4.consider this a normal capillary refill time that requires no further assessment.<br \/>\nNormal capillary refill time is less than 1 to 2 seconds. Note that these conditions can skew your findings: a cool room, decreased body temperature, cigarette smoking, peripheral edema, and anemia.<br \/>\nA 70-year-old patient is scheduled for open-heart surgery. The surgeon plans to use the great saphenous vein for the coronary bypass grafts. The patient asks, \u201cWhat happens to my circulation when the veins are removed?\u201d The nurse should reply:<br \/>\n\u201cBecause the deeper veins in your leg are in good condition, this vein can be removed without harming your circulation.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>When observing the vestibule, the nurse practitioner should be able to see the:<br \/>\nUrethral meatus and vaginal orifice<\/p>\n<p>When the nurse is conducting sexual history from a male adolescent, which statement would be most appropriate to use at the beginning of the interview?<br \/>\nOften boys your age have questions about sexual activity<\/p>\n<p>The nurse practitioner is palpating the abdomen of a woman who is 35 weeks&#8217; pregnant and notes that the fetal head is facing downward toward the pelvis. The nurse practitioner would document this as:<br \/>\nB) Fetal presentation<br \/>\nFetal presentation describes the part of the fetus that is entering the pelvis first. Fetal lie is orientation of the fetal spine to the maternal spine. Attitude is the position of the fetal parts in relation to each other, and fetal variety is the location of the fetal back to the maternal pelvis.<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following factors is most likely to affect the nutritional status of an 82-year-old person?<br \/>\nSocioeconomic conditions frequently have the greatest effect on the nutritional status of the aging adult; these factors should be closely evaluated. Physical limitations, income, and social isolation are frequent problems and can obviously interfere with the acquisition of a balanced diet.<\/p>\n<p>When performing a genital examination on a 25-year-old man, the nurse notices deeply pigmented, wrinkled scrotal skin with large sebaceous follicles. On the basis of this information the nurse would:<br \/>\nconsider this a normal finding and proceed with the examination.<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Mrs. A has had arthritis for years and is starting to notice that her fingers are drifting to this side. This is commonly referred to as:<br \/>\nulnar deviation<\/p>\n<p>A nurse is assessing a patient\u2019s risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI). An appropriate question to ask would be:<br \/>\n\u201cDo you use a condom with each episode of sexual intercourse?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>A 14-year-old boy who has been diagnosed with Osgood-Schlatter disease reports painful swelling just below the knee for the past 5 months. Which response by the nurse practitioner is appropriate?<br \/>\n&#8220;Your disease is due to repeated stress on the patellar tendon. It is usually self-limited, and your symptoms should resolve with rest.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following is considered a normal and expected finding when the nurse practitioner is performing a physical examination on a pregnant woman?<\/p>\n<p>A 54-year-old woman who has just completed menopause is in the clinic today for a yearly physical examination. Which of these statements should the nurse include in patient education? \u201cA postmenopausal woman:<br \/>\nshould be aware that she is at increased risk for dyspareunia because of decreased vaginal secretions.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The nurse practitioner has completed the musculoskeletal examination of a patient\u2019s knee and has found a positive bulge sign. The nurse suspects:<br \/>\nSwelling from fluid in the suprapatellar pouch<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following statements is true with regard to the history of a postmenopausal woman?<\/p>\n<p>When performing a genital assessment on a middle-aged man, the nurse notices multiple soft, moist, painless papules in the shape of cauliflower-like patches scattered across the shaft of the penis. These lesions are characteristic of:<br \/>\ngenital warts.<\/p>\n<p>During a physical examination, a 45-year-old woman states that she has had a crusty, itchy rash on her breast for about 2 weeks. In trying to find the cause of the rash, which of these would beimportant for the nurse to determine?<br \/>\nWhere did it first appear\u2014on the nipple, the areola, or the surrounding skin?<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following statements is true regarding assessment of the ankle-brachial index (ABI)?<br \/>\nABI = highest ankle pressure divided by the highest brachial pressure<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>The patient is in her first trimester of pregnancy. She complains of feeling nauseated and has vomited on occasion. She tells the nurse that she did not have this with her first pregnancy. She asks the nurse, &#8220;What is causing this and when will it end?&#8221; How should the nurse respond?<\/p>\n<p>The nausea is caused by elevated levels of progesterone and estrogen, and the nausea should end once her body adjusts to the increased hormone levels.<\/p>\n<p>A professional tennis player comes in complaining of a sore elbow. You suspect that he has tenderness at:<br \/>\nthe medial and lateral epicondyle<\/p>\n<p>During a bimanual examination, the nurse detects a solid tumor on the ovary that is heavy and fixed,with a poorly defined mass. This finding is suggestive of:<br \/>\novarian cancer<\/p>\n<p>When doing the history on a patient with a seizure disorder, the nurse assesses whether the patient has an aura. Which of the following would be the best question for obtaining this information?<br \/>\nDo you have any warning sign before your seizure starts?<\/p>\n<p>Feedback: Aura is a subjective sensation that precedes a seizure; it could be auditory, visual, or motor.<\/p>\n<p>The nurse practitioner is assessing a 1-week-old infant and testing his muscle strength. The nurse practitioner lifts the infant with hands under the axillae and notes that the infant starts to &#8220;slip&#8221; between the hands. The nurse practitioner should:<br \/>\nSuspect that the infant may have weakness of the shoulder muscles<\/p>\n<p>In examining a 70-year-old male patient, the nurse notices that he has bilateral gynecomastia. Whichof the following describes the nurse\u2019s best course of action?<br \/>\nExplain that this condition may be the result of hormonal changes and recommendthat he see his physician.<br \/>\nWhile the nurse practitioner is taking the history of a 68-year-old patient who sustained a head injury 3 days earlier, he tells the nurse practitioner that he is on a cruise ship and is 30 years old. The nurse practitioner knows that this finding is indicative of:<br \/>\nDecreased level of consciousness.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A woman has just been diagnosed with HPV, or genital warts. The nurse should counsel her to receive regular examinations because this virus makes her at a higher risk for _____ cancer.<br \/>\ncervical<\/p>\n<p>During an annual check-up of a 55 y\/o patient, the nurse discusses the early detection measures for colon cancer. The nurse should mention the need for a<br \/>\ncolonoscopy every 10 years<\/p>\n<p>What are the two main parts of the nervous system?<br \/>\nCentral Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)<\/p>\n<p>While obtaining a history of a 3-month old infant from the mother, the nurse practitioner asks about the baby&#8217;s ability to suck and grasp the mother&#8217;s finger. What is the nurse practitioner assessing?<\/p>\n<p>The nurse practitioner auscultates a functional systolic murmur, grade II\/IV, on a woman in week 30 of her pregnancy. The remainder of her physical assessment is within normal limits. The nurse practitioner would:<\/p>\n<p>The nurse practitioner knows that classic symptoms associated with preeclampsia include:<\/p>\n<p>Question 13: Business<\/p>\n<p>Analyze the case study titled \u201cWho\u2019s the World\u2019s Top Retailer? Walmart and Amazon Duke It Out\u201d on pp.<br \/>\n116-118 of your textbook.<br \/>\nFor this assignment, you will need to:<br \/>\n1. analyze the case study comparing Walmart and Amazon\u2019s business models and business strategies,<br \/>\n2. explain the role that information technology plays in each of these businesses and describe the role of the various<br \/>\nIT professionals involved in this case,<br \/>\n3. explain how IT helps influence Walmart and Amazon\u2019s organizational strategies, and<br \/>\n4. summarize your findings in a two- to three-page paper.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Instructions<br \/>\nThere are several standardized training events in large organizations that are required annually or biannually. One of these is often sexual harassment. For this assignment, write a training plan for all employees in your firm to educate and develop their awareness of sexual harassment and understanding of legal and organizational policies. Be sure to include training aspects of planning, design, implementation, and evaluation.<br \/>\nThis plan should be in narrative form with a minimum requirement of 500 words. Discuss the following guidelines to complete your plan.<br \/>\nPlanning:\u00a0Should all employees be trained at once? If not, who should be trained first? What are the anticipated outcomes or terminal learning objectives of the training?<br \/>\nDesign:\u00a0In what format should the training be given, and why? What modalities will be used for employees on multiple shifts or in multiple locations? What are the core elements of the training that will align with the learning objectives?<br \/>\nImplementation:\u00a0Who will lead the training, and how will it be implemented? Will you be training for knowledge or behavior change? How will you conduct the actual training to account for knowledge and\/or behavioral change?<br \/>\nEvaluation:\u00a0How will you know if the training was successful? What measures will you use to know if employees 1) learned from the training, 2) behaved differently after the training, and 3) the training has a bottom line impact to the firm?<br \/>\nAny sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations in APA format.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;State of Estates\u201d is a national estate planning firm with 2,500 employees in eight states.<\/p>\n<p>Prepare\u00a0a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft\u00ae\u00a0PowerPoint\u00ae\u00a0presentation with speaker notes for upper management at \u201cState of Estates\u201d to address the following areas:<br \/>\nAn overview of Title VII as applied to race and national origin discrimination<br \/>\nWays \u201cState of Estates\u201d can minimize liability for race and national origin discrimination in its employment practices<br \/>\nThe three types of affirmative action<br \/>\nWhether any type of affirmative action is required or recommended for the firm<\/p>\n<p>Include\u00a0visual interest in the form of relevant photos, clip art, and\/or graphics.<\/p>\n<p>Format\u00a0your presentation consistent with APA guidelines and include both an introduction slide and reference slide.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Assignment #3: Inferential Statistics Analysis and Write up<br \/>\nPurpose: The purpose of this assignment is to develop and carry out an inferential statistics analysis plan and write up the findings. There are two main parts to this assignment: \u25cf Part A: Inferential Statistics Data Plan and Analysis \u25cf Part B: Write up of Results<br \/>\nPart A: Prepare Data Plan, Analyze Data, and Complete Part A of the Assignment #3 Template \u27a2 Task 1: Select Variables. Review the variables you used for assignments #1 and #2. Select your qualitative socioeconomic variable as your grouping variable and the two expenditure variables from the variables used in these previous assignments. Fill in Table 1: Variables Selected for Analysis with name, description, and type of variable (i.e., qualitative or quantitative). \u27a2 Task 2: Select and Run a One Sample Confidence Interval Analysis. For one expenditure<br \/>\nvariable, select and run the appropriate method for estimating a parameter, based on a statistic<br \/>\n(i.e., confidence interval method). Complete Table 2: Confidence Interval Information and<br \/>\nResults, which follows the format outlined by Kozak and the course\u2019s problem-solving approach,<br \/>\nincluding:<br \/>\n\u25cb Random variable stated in words \u25cb Confidence interval method, including rationale and assumptions \u25cb Method used for analyzing data (i.e., web applets, Excel, TI calculator, etc.). \u25cb Results obtained \u25cb Interpretation<br \/>\n\u27a2 Task 3: Select Two Sample Hypothesis Test. Using the second expenditure variable (with the<br \/>\nsocioeconomic variable as the grouping variable), select and run the appropriate method for<br \/>\nmaking decisions about two parameters relative to observed statistics (i.e., two sample<br \/>\nSTAT200: Assignment #3 \u2013 Inferential Statistics Analysis and Writeup \u2013 Instructions Page 2 of 5<br \/>\nhypothesis test method). Complete Table 3: Two Sample Hypothesis Test Analysis, which<br \/>\nfollows the format outlined by Kozak and the course\u2019s problem-solving approach, including:<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>\u25cb Hypotheses (null and alternative). \u25cb Two sample hypothesis testing method, including rationale and assumptions \u25cb Method used for analyzing data (i.e., web applets, Excel, TI calculator, etc.). \u25cb Results obtained. \u25cb Interpretation (i.e., Reject the null hypothesis OR Fail to reject null hypothesis)<br \/>\nStep 2: Write Up Results and Complete Part B of the Assignment #3 Template<br \/>\nFor this 1 to 2 page section, refer to the inferential statistics data plan and computations done for Part A of this assignment. Address the following area: \u27a2 Introduction. Based on the scenario you submitted for the second assignment, provide a brief description of scenario, including the variables that were used in this analysis. Include a completed \u201cTable 1: Variables Selected for Analysis to show the variables you selected for analysis. \u27a2 Data Set Description and Method Used for Analysis. Briefly describe the data set, using information provided with data set and write up in Assignment #2. Also describe what method(s) (i.e., free web applets, Excel, TI Calculator) you used to analyze the data. \u27a2 Results. In this section, you will report the results of your inferential statistics data analysis.<br \/>\nFor the Confidence Interval Analysis, write one paragraph that includes: o Statistical method used, including rationale and whether assumptions were met. o Statistical Interpretation. The statistical interpretation is that the confidence interval has a probability (1\u2212\u03b1, where \u03b1 is the complement of the confidence level) of containing the population parameter. o Real World Interpretation. Explain the results in everyday language. Recommend reviewing the text and information from the classroom for examples on how to report results in everyday language.<\/p>\n<p>STAT200: Assignment #3 \u2013 Inferential Statistics Analysis and Writeup \u2013 Instructions Page 3 of 5<br \/>\nFor the Two Sample Hypothesis Test Analysis, write one paragraph that includes: o Hypotheses that were assessed. See below table for example format: Examples Format for Writing Null and Alternative Hypotheses, in Words<br \/>\nNull Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in [insert variable name] between [insert group 1 name] and [insert group 2 name] households.<br \/>\nAlternative Hypothesis:<br \/>\n\u27a2 For two-tailed (\u2260): There is a significant difference in [insert variable name] between [insert group 1 name] and [insert group 2 name] households.<br \/>\n\u27a2 For one-tailed (&gt;): [Insert group 1 name] has statistically significantly higher [insert variable name] than [insert group 2 name].<br \/>\n\u27a2 For one-tailed (&lt;): [Insert group 1 name] has statistically significantly lower [insert variable name] than [insert group 2 name].<br \/>\no Statistical method used, including rationale and whether assumptions were met. See below table for example format: Example Format for Writing Statistical Method with Rationale<br \/>\nTo determine whether the there was a difference in [insert household expenditure]<br \/>\nbetween [insert names of two groups), a [insert name of hypothesis test used] was<br \/>\nused. It was the appropriate statistical method, because [insert rationale]. The<br \/>\nassumptions were assessed [insert information about the assumptions assessed and<br \/>\nwhether they were met].<br \/>\no Conclusion from the Results. This is where you state whether to reject Ho or fail to reject Ho including the p-value that was obtained. The rule is: if the p-value &lt; \u03b1, then reject Ho. If the p-value \u2265\u03b1, then fail to reject Ho.<br \/>\nSTAT200: Assignment #3 \u2013 Inferential Statistics Analysis and Writeup \u2013 Instructions Page 4 of 5<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>o Real World Interpretation. Explain, in everyday language, the results. If any of the assumptions were not met, describe how it might affect conclusions. Address issues of Type I and\/or Type II Error, where appropriate. Recommend reviewing the text and information from the classroom for examples on how to report results in everyday language.<br \/>\n\u27a2 Discussion\u2013 Write one paragraph that summarizes the results of your findings and how they may be helpful to the person described in the scenario, when making a household budget<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>ECON 205 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE<\/p>\n<p>Exam #1<\/p>\n<p>1. A resource is anything that:<br \/>\nA)can be used in production.<br \/>\nB) you pay for.<br \/>\nC) is in scarce supply.<br \/>\nD) can be consumed.<\/p>\n<p>2. Scarcity in economics means:<br \/>\nA)not having sufficient resources to produce all the goods and service we want.<br \/>\nB) the wants of people are limited.<br \/>\nC) there must be poor people in rich countries.<br \/>\nD) economics are clearly not doing their jobs.<\/p>\n<p>3. Opportunity cost is:<br \/>\nA) about half of the monetary cost of a product.<br \/>\nB) the dollar payment for a product.<br \/>\nC) the benefit derived from a product.<br \/>\nD)the value of the best alternative forgone in making any choice.<\/p>\n<p>4. Margo spends $10,000 on one year\u2019s college tuition. The opportunity cost of spending one year in college for Margo is:<br \/>\nA) $10,000<br \/>\nB) whatever she would have purchased with the $10,000 instead.<br \/>\nC) whatever she would have earned had she not been in college.<br \/>\nD)whatever she would have purchased with the $10,000 instead and whatever she would have earned had she not been in college.<\/p>\n<p>5. We are forced to make choices because of:<br \/>\nA) exploitation.<br \/>\nB) efficiency.<br \/>\nC)scarcity.<br \/>\nD) the margin.<\/p>\n<p>6. A choice made ________ is a choice whether to do a little more or a little less of something.<br \/>\nA) at the fringe<br \/>\nB) in the beginning<br \/>\nC)at the margin<br \/>\nD) after the fact<\/p>\n<p>7. A production possibility frontier illustrates the ______ facing an economy that ______ only two goods.<br \/>\nA) prices; sells<br \/>\nB)trade-offs; produces<br \/>\nC) trade-offs; consumes<br \/>\nD) shortages; produces<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>8. When moving along a production possibility frontier, the opportunity cost to society of getting more of one good:<br \/>\nA) is constant.<br \/>\nB) is measured in dollar terms.<br \/>\nC)is measured by the amount of the good that must be given up.<br \/>\nD) usually decreases.<\/p>\n<p>Use the following to answer questions 9-11:<br \/>\nFigure: Guns and Butter<\/p>\n<p>9.<br \/>\n(Figure: Guns and Butter) On this figure, points A, B, E,and F:<br \/>\nA)indicate combinations of guns and butter that society can produce using all of its factor efficiently.<br \/>\nB) show that the opportunity cost of more guns increases, but that of more butter decreases.<br \/>\nC) indicate that society wants butter more than it wants guns.<br \/>\nD) indicate constant costs for guns and increasing costs for butter.<\/p>\n<p>10. (Figure: Guns and Butter) This possibility frontier is:<br \/>\nA)bowed out from the origin because of increasing opportunity costs.<br \/>\nB) bowed in toward the origin because of increasing\u00a0 opportunity costs.<br \/>\nC) bowed in toward the origin because of constant\u00a0 costs of guns and butter.<br \/>\nD) linear because of constant costs.<\/p>\n<p>11. (Figure: Guns and Butter) If the economy were operating at point B, producing 16 units of guns and 12 units of butter per period, a decision to move to point E and produce 18 units of butter:<br \/>\nA) indicates you can have more butter and guns simultaneously.<br \/>\nB) makes it clear that this economy experiences decreasing opportunity costs.<br \/>\nC)involves a loss of 8 units of guns per period.<br \/>\nD) involves a loss of 4 units of guns per period.<\/p>\n<p>12. An economy is said to have a comparative advantage in the production of one good if it:<br \/>\nA) can produce more of all goods than another country.<br \/>\nB) can produce less of all goods than another country.<br \/>\nC) has the highest opportunity cost for producing a particular good.<br \/>\nD)has the lowest opportunity cost for producing a particular good.<\/p>\n<p>13. In one hour, the United States can produce 25 tons of steel or 250 automobiles. In one hour, Japan can produce 30 tons of steel or 275 automobiles. This information implies that:<br \/>\nA) Japan has a comparative advantage in the production of automobiles.<br \/>\nB) the Unites States has an absolute advantage in the production of steel.<br \/>\nC) Japan has a comparative advantage in the production of both goods.<br \/>\nD) the United States has a comparative advantage in the production of automobiles.<\/p>\n<p>14. Free trade between countries:<br \/>\nA) should be based on absolute advantage.<br \/>\nB) will allow wealthy countries to exploit less developed nations.<br \/>\nC) will shift the domestic production possibility frontier to the right.<br \/>\nD)will allow for greater levels of consumption than without trade.<\/p>\n<p>Use the following to answer questions 15-17:<\/p>\n<p>Figure: Comparative Advantage<br \/>\nEastland and Westland produce only two goods, peaches and oranges, and this figure shows each nation\u2019s production possibility frontier for the two foods.<\/p>\n<p>15. (Figure: Comparative Advantage) The opportunity cost of producing 1 unit of peaches for Westland is:<br \/>\nA) 1 unit of oranges.<br \/>\nB) \u00bc unit of oranges.<br \/>\nC) 4 units of oranges.<br \/>\nD) 10 units of oranges<\/p>\n<p>16. (Figure: Comparative Advantage) Westland has an absolute advantage in producing:<br \/>\nA) oranges only.<br \/>\nB)peaches only.<br \/>\nC) both oranges and peaches.<br \/>\nD) neither oranges or peaches.<\/p>\n<p>17. (Figure: Comparative Advantage) Eastland has a comparative advantage in producing:<br \/>\nA)oranges only.<br \/>\nB) peaches only.<br \/>\nC) both oranges and peaches.<br \/>\nD) neither oranges or peaches.<\/p>\n<p>18. The economy\u2019s factors of production are not equally suitable for producing different types of goods. The principle generates:<br \/>\nA) economic growth.<br \/>\nB) technical efficiency.<br \/>\nC) resource underutilization.<br \/>\nD)the law of increasing opportunity cost.<\/p>\n<p>19. Economists generally believe that a country should specialize in the production of a good or service if:<br \/>\nA) the production possibility frontier is larger than that of any other country.<br \/>\nB) the production possibility frontier is smaller than that of any other country.<br \/>\nC) the country can produce the product using fewer resources than any other country.<br \/>\nD)the country can produce the product while forgoing fewer alternative products than any other country.<\/p>\n<p>20. The demand curve for videos has shifted to the right. What could have caused it?<br \/>\nA) a fall in the price of videos<br \/>\nB) an increase in the price of videos<br \/>\nC) an increase in the supply of videos<br \/>\nD)an increase in the incomes of buyers<\/p>\n<p>21. The law of demand states other things equal:<br \/>\nA) as the price increases, the quantity demanded will increase.<\/p>\n<p>B) as the price decreases, the demand curve will shift to the right.<br \/>\nC) as the price increases, the demand will decrease.<br \/>\nD)as the price increases, the quantity demanded will decrease.<\/p>\n<p>22. A shift of the demand curve for Luis\u2019s Pizza would not be caused by a change in the:<br \/>\nA) buyer\u2019s incomes.<br \/>\nB)price of Luis\u2019s Pizza.<br \/>\nC) price of Humberto\u2019s Pizza.<br \/>\nD) popularity of Luis\u2019s Pizza.<\/p>\n<p>23. If goods A and B are substitutes, a decrease in the price of good B will:<br \/>\nA) increase the demand for good A.<br \/>\nB) increase the demand for good B.<br \/>\nC) decrease the demand for good A.<br \/>\nD) increase the demand for good B and decrease the demand for good A.<\/p>\n<p>Use the following to answer questions 24-25:<\/p>\n<p>Figure: Demand for Coconuts<\/p>\n<p>24. (Figure: Demand for Coconuts) If a coconut is a normal good and the price of coconuts increases, then the movement that would take place in the model could be:<br \/>\nA) A to B.<br \/>\nB) B to A.<br \/>\nC) C to A.<br \/>\nD) E to B.<\/p>\n<p>25. (Figure Demand for Coconuts) If coconuts are considered a normal good and there is an expectation on the part of consumers that the prices of coconuts will rise significantly in the near future, then the movement that would take place in the model could be:<br \/>\nA) C to A.<br \/>\nB) A to B.<br \/>\nC) B to E.<br \/>\nD)E to B.<\/p>\n<p>26. When the price of gas goes up and the demand for tires goes down, this means tires and gas are:<br \/>\nA) substitutes.<br \/>\nB)complements.<br \/>\nC) both expensive.<br \/>\nD) both inexpensive.<\/p>\n<p>27. Which of the following would shift the demand curve for new textbook to the right?<br \/>\nA) a decrease in the price of paper<br \/>\nB) a fall in the price of used textbooks<br \/>\nC)an increase in college enrollments<br \/>\nD) a fall in the price of new textbooks<\/p>\n<p>28. A good is normal if:<br \/>\nA) when income increases, the demand remains unchanged.<br \/>\nB) when income increases, the demand decreases.<br \/>\nC)when income increases, the demand increases.<br \/>\nD) income and the demand are unrelated.<\/p>\n<p>Exam #2<\/p>\n<p>1. The typical supply curve illustrates that:<br \/>\nA) other things equal, the quantity supplied for a good is inversely related to the price of a good.<br \/>\nB) other things equal, the supply of the good created its own demand for the good.<br \/>\nC)other things equal, the quantity supplied for a good is positively related to the price of a good.<br \/>\nD)price and quantity supplied are unrelated.<\/p>\n<p>2. Which of the following is not a determinant of supply?<br \/>\nA) expectations regarding future prices<br \/>\nB) the technology of production<br \/>\nC) the cost of production<br \/>\nD) consumer tastes<\/p>\n<p>Use the following to answer questions 3-5:<\/p>\n<p>Figure: Supply of Coconuts<\/p>\n<p>3. (Figure: Supply of Coconuts) If the price of coconuts decreases, then the movement that would take place in the model could be:<br \/>\nA)A to B<br \/>\nB) B to A<br \/>\nC) C to A<br \/>\nD) E to B<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>4. (Figure: Supply of Coconuts) If the prices of inputs (e.g. labor, fertilizer, and fuel) used to produce and transport coconuts are increasing, then the movement in the model could be:<br \/>\nA) A to B<br \/>\nB) B to A<br \/>\nC)C to A<br \/>\nD) E to B<\/p>\n<p>5. (Figure: Supply of Coconuts)If there is an improvement in the technology used to harvest coconuts (e.g. a faster, less expensive coconut picker), then the movement in the model could be:<br \/>\nA)A to C<br \/>\nB) B to A<br \/>\nC) C to A<br \/>\nD) Bto E<\/p>\n<p>6. The market for soybeans is initially in equilibrium. Because of \u201cmad cow disease,\u201d cattle feed producers decided to replace bone meal with soybeans in cattle feed. The likely effect is that:<br \/>\nA)the equilibrium price and quantity of soybeans will rise.<br \/>\nB) the equilibrium price and quantity of soybeans will fall.<br \/>\nC) the equilibrium quantity of soybeans will rise, but we can\u2019t determine what will happen to the equilibrium price.<br \/>\nD)the equilibrium price of soybeans will rise, but we can\u2019t determine what will happen to the equilibrium quantity.<\/p>\n<p>7. Excess supply occurs when:<br \/>\nA) the price is above the equilibrium price.<br \/>\nB) the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied.<br \/>\nC) the price is below equilibrium price.<br \/>\nD) the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied and when the price is below the equilibrium quantity.<\/p>\n<p>8. The market for milk is initially in equilibrium. Milk producers now engage in a costly advertising program to encourage milk drinking. Assume that the advertising campaign succeeds in shifting consumer tastes toward drinking milk and that milk producers provide more milk to the market. More milk producers enter the market. Standard demand and supply analysis tells us that:<br \/>\nA) the equilibrium price and quantity of milk will rise.<br \/>\nB) the equilibrium price and quantity of milk will fall.<br \/>\nC)the equilibrium quantity of milk will rise, but we can\u2019t determine how the equilibrium price will be affected.<br \/>\nD) )the equilibrium price of milk will rise, but we can\u2019t determine how the equilibrium quantity will be affected.<\/p>\n<p>Use the following to answer question 9:<\/p>\n<p>Figure: DVD Market<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>9. (Figure: DVD Market) At a rental price of $3, there will be<br \/>\nA) equilibrium in the rental market for DVDs.<br \/>\nB) an increase in demand.<br \/>\nC) an excess supply of 40 DVD rentals.<br \/>\nD)an excess demand of 40 DVD rentals.<\/p>\n<p>10. In the market for corn tortilla chips, what would cause a price increase?<br \/>\nA) Your doctor tells you that you cannot have junk food anymore.<br \/>\nB) There is a technological advancement in the tortilla chip production process.<br \/>\nC) There is a fungus that kills much of the corn crop in Nebraska.<br \/>\nD) The price of salsa triples.<\/p>\n<p>11. Consumer surplus for an individual buyer is equal to:<br \/>\nA)the consumer\u2019s willingness to pay for the good, minus the marginal cost of producing the good.<br \/>\nB)the price of the good, minus the marginal cost od producing the good.<br \/>\nC)the consumer\u2019s willingness to pay for the good, minus the price of the good.<br \/>\nD)the marginal cost of the good, minus the consumer\u2019s willingness to pay for the good.<\/p>\n<p>12. Along a given demand curve, an increase in the price of a good will cause consumer surplus to:<br \/>\nA)increase.<br \/>\nB)decrease.<br \/>\nC)not change.<br \/>\nD)cannot be determined without information about the supply curve.<\/p>\n<p>Use the following to answer questions 13-14:<\/p>\n<p>Figure: Consumer Surplus II<\/p>\n<p>13. (Figure: Consumer Surplus II) At a price of P1, consumer surplus equals the area:<br \/>\nA) ABP2<br \/>\nB) AFP1<br \/>\nC) BGF<br \/>\nD) P1P2BF<\/p>\n<p>14. (Figure: Consumer Surplus II) If the price rises from P1 to P2, consumer surplus decreases by the area:<br \/>\nA) ABP2<br \/>\nB) AFP1<br \/>\nC) BGF<br \/>\nD) P1P2BF<\/p>\n<p>15. The price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the change in:<br \/>\nA)quantity demanded to a change in price.<br \/>\nB)price to a change in quantity demanded.<br \/>\nC)the slope of the demand curve to a change in price.<br \/>\nD)the slope of the demand curve to a change in quantity demanded.<\/p>\n<p>16. Suppose the price elasticity of demand for cheeseburgers equals 0.37. This means the overall demand for cheeseburgers is:<br \/>\nA)price elastic.<br \/>\nB)price inelastic.<br \/>\nC)price unit-elastic.<br \/>\nD)perfectly price inelastic.<\/p>\n<p>Use the following to answer question 17:<\/p>\n<p>Figure: Consumer Surplus III<\/p>\n<p>17. (Figure Consumer Surplus III) If the price of the good is $2, consumer surplus will equal:<br \/>\nA) $30.<br \/>\nB) $45.<br \/>\nC) $60.<br \/>\nD) $90.<\/p>\n<p>18. Suppose at a price of $10 the quantity demanded is 100. When the price falls to $8, the quantity demanded increases to 130. The price elasticity of demand between the priced of $10 and $8, using the midpoint method, is approximately:<br \/>\nA) 1.17<br \/>\nB) 1.50<br \/>\nC) 0.85<br \/>\nD) 1.00<\/p>\n<p>19. The publisher of an economics textbook finds that when the book\u2019s price is lowered from $70 to $60, sales rise from 10,000 to 15,000. Using the midpoint method, you can calculate that the price elasticity of demand is:<br \/>\nA) 500<br \/>\nB) 50%<br \/>\nC) 3.5<br \/>\nD) 2.6<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>20. If total revenue goes down when price falls, the price elasticity of demand is said to be:<br \/>\nA)price-inelastic<br \/>\nB)price unit-elastic<br \/>\nC)price-elastic<br \/>\nD)positive<\/p>\n<p>21. To say that two goods are complements, their cross-price elasticity\u2019s of demand should be:<br \/>\nA)less than 0<br \/>\nB)equal to 0<br \/>\nC)positive, yet almost equal to 0<br \/>\nD)greater than 0<\/p>\n<p>22. A perfectly elastic supply curve is:<br \/>\nA)horizontal<br \/>\nB)downward-sloping<br \/>\nC)upward-sloping<br \/>\nD)vertical<\/p>\n<p>23. The income elasticity of demand of a normal good is:<br \/>\nA)between 1 and 0<br \/>\nB)less than 0<br \/>\nC)equal to 0<br \/>\nD) greater than 0<\/p>\n<p>24. To maximize her grade in economics, Stacey should study until:<br \/>\nA)her marginal cost of studying begins to increase.<br \/>\nB)her marginal benefit of studying begins to decrease.<br \/>\nC)her marginal benefit of studying equals her marginal cost of studying.<br \/>\nD)her marginal cost of studying reaches zero.<\/p>\n<p>25. According to the optimal output rule, if marginal benefit:<br \/>\nA)exceeds marginal cost, an activity should be reduced.<br \/>\nB)is less than marginal cost, an activity should be reduced.<br \/>\nC)is equal to marginal cost, an activity should be reduced.<br \/>\nD)exceeds marginal cost, net benefit is maximized.<\/p>\n<p>26. To maximize total net benefit, consumers and firms evaluate each activity at the:<br \/>\nA)average.<br \/>\nB)top.<br \/>\nC)margin.<br \/>\nD)end.<br \/>\nUse the following to answer question 27:<\/p>\n<p>Figure: Marginal Cost Curve<\/p>\n<p>27. (Figure: Marginal Cost Curve) Using the marginal cost curve in the figure provided, we can determine that the total cost of mowing five lawns is approximately:<br \/>\nA) $68.50<br \/>\nB) $100<br \/>\nC) $50<br \/>\nD) $10<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>28. If the marginal benefit received from a good is greater than the marginal cost of production, then:<br \/>\nA)society\u2019s well-being can be improved if production increases.<br \/>\nB)society\u2019s well-being can be improved if production decreases.<br \/>\nC)society\u2019s well-being cannot be improved by changing production.<br \/>\nD)the market is producing too much of the good.<\/p>\n<p>Exam #3<\/p>\n<p>1. The amount by which an additional unit of a good or service increases a consumer\u2019s total utility, all other things unchanged, is:<br \/>\nA) marginal utility<br \/>\nB) maximum utility<br \/>\nC) average utility<br \/>\nD) required utility<\/p>\n<p>2. The principle of diminishing marginal utility means that when Sarah eats pizza, her satisfaction from the second slice of pizza is probably:<br \/>\nA) greater than that from the first.<br \/>\nB) equal to that from the first.<br \/>\nC) less than that from the first.<br \/>\nD) not comparable to that of the first.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>3. Assume that the marginal utilities for the first three units of a good consumed are 200,150, and 125, respectively. The total utility when two units are consumed is:<br \/>\nA) 150<br \/>\nB) 200<br \/>\nC) 350<br \/>\nD) 475<\/p>\n<p>4. Suzy knows she has maximized her utility, because she is on her budget constraint and:<br \/>\nA) consumption of Good X equals consumption of God Y<br \/>\nB) what is sent on Good X equals what is spent on Good Y<br \/>\nC) MUx\/Px = MUy\/Py<br \/>\nD) MUx = MUy<\/p>\n<p>5. Joesph consumes pizza and soda. He is currently consuming three units of pizza and two units of soda. The price of pizza is $5 and the price of soda is $1. If he is consuming the optimal consumption bundle and his marginal utility of pizza is 50, then his marginal utility of soda is:<br \/>\nA) 50<br \/>\nB) 10<br \/>\nC) 5<br \/>\nD) impossible to determine unless you know Joseph\u2019s income.<\/p>\n<p>6. While at the grocery store, Sidney sees that the price of Grape-Nuts is twice that of Cheerios. If Sidney buys both goods, then Sidney must:<br \/>\nA) get twice as much marginal utility from Grape-Nuts as from Cheerios.<br \/>\nB) get twice as much marginal utility from Cheerios as from Grape-Nuts.<br \/>\nC) not be maximizing her utility.<br \/>\nD) buy twice as much Cheerios.<\/p>\n<p>Use the following to anser questions 7-8:<\/p>\n<p>Figure: Budget Lines for Oranges and Apples<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>7. (Figure: Budget Lines for Oranges and Apples) For some time, Sylvester has had $5 per month to spend on oranges and apples. The price of an orange is $0.50 and the price of an apple is $.025. Which of the charts shows what will happen to his budget line if his income decreases to $2.50?<br \/>\nA) Chart A<br \/>\nB) Chart B<br \/>\nC) Chart C<br \/>\nD) Chart D<\/p>\n<p>8. (Figure: Budget Lines for Oranges and Apples) For some time, Sylvester has had $5 per month to spend on oranges and apples. The price of an orange is $0.50 and the price of an apple is $.025. Which of the charts shows what will happen to his budget line if the price of an orange falls to $0.25?<br \/>\nA) Chart A<br \/>\nB) Chart B<br \/>\nC) Chart C<br \/>\nD) Chart D<\/p>\n<p>Use the following to answer questions 9-10:<\/p>\n<p>Table: Total Product and Marginal Product<\/p>\n<p>9. (Table: Total Product and Marginal Product) The marginal product of the second worker is:<br \/>\nA) 10<br \/>\nB) 15<br \/>\nC) 20<br \/>\nD) 30<\/p>\n<p>10. (Table: Total Product and Marginal Product) Negative marginal returns begin when the _______ worker is added.<br \/>\nA) fifth<br \/>\nB) sixth<br \/>\nC) seventh<br \/>\nD) eighth<\/p>\n<p>11. A planning period during which all of a firm\u2019s resources are variable is the:<br \/>\nA) long run<br \/>\nB) fixed run<br \/>\nC) short run<br \/>\nD) nominal run<\/p>\n<p>Use the following to answer question 15:<\/p>\n<p>Figure: Short-Run Costs<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>15. (Figure: Short-Run Costs) A is the _______ cost curve.<br \/>\nA) average total<br \/>\nB) average variable<br \/>\nC) marginal<br \/>\nD) total<\/p>\n<p>16. If marginal cost is greater than average total cost, then:<br \/>\nA) average total cost is increasing.<br \/>\nB) average total cost is decreasing.<br \/>\nC) average total cost is unchanged.<br \/>\nD) marginal cost is decreasing.<\/p>\n<p>17. A firm\u2019s marginal cost is:<br \/>\nA) the ratio of the change in fixed cost to the change in the quantity of output.<br \/>\nB) the slope of the total cost curve.<br \/>\nC) the slope of the average variable cost curve.<br \/>\nD) the ratio of the change in total output to the change in the quantity of labor.<\/p>\n<p>18. When an increase in the firm\u2019s output reduces its long-run average total cost, it experiences:<br \/>\nA) economies of scale<br \/>\nB) diseconomies of scale<br \/>\nC) constant returns to scale<br \/>\nD) variable returns to scale<\/p>\n<p>19. In the model of perfect competition:<br \/>\nA) the consumer is at the mercy of powerful firms that can set prices wherever they prefer.<br \/>\nB) individual firms can influence the price, but only slightly.<br \/>\nC) no individual or firm has enough power to have any impact on price.<br \/>\nD) the price is determined by how many years are left in the product\u2019s patent.<\/p>\n<p>Use the following to answer question 20:<\/p>\n<p>Figure: Short-Run Costs<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>20. (Figure: Short-Run Costs) At the given price, the most profitable level of output occurs at quantity:<br \/>\nA) N<br \/>\nB) P<br \/>\nC) S<br \/>\nD) T<\/p>\n<p>21. In perfect competition, the assumption of easy entry and exit implies that:<br \/>\nA) in the long run all firms in the industry will earn zero economic profits.<br \/>\nB) in the short run all firms in the industry will earn positive economic profits.<br \/>\nC) in the short run all firms in the industry will earn zero economic profits.<br \/>\nD) in the long run all firms in the industry will earn zero economic profits and in the short run all firms in the industry will earn positive economic profits.<\/p>\n<p>22. If a perfectly competitive firm is producing a quantity that generates P &gt; MC, then profit:<br \/>\nA) is maximized<br \/>\nB) can be decreased by increasing price.<br \/>\nC) can be increased by decreasing price.<br \/>\nD) can be increased by increasing production.<\/p>\n<p>Use the following to answer question 23:<\/p>\n<p>Figure: A Perfectly Competitive Firm in the Short Run<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>23. (Figure: A Perfectly Competitive Firm in the Short Run) The firm\u2019s total economic profit at its most profitable level of output is:<br \/>\nA) 0GHB<br \/>\nB) EFJS<br \/>\nC) EGHS<br \/>\nD) FGLK<\/p>\n<p>24. If it produces, a perfectly competitive firm will maximize profits by producing at the quantity at which:<br \/>\nA) marginal revenue equals marginal cost.<br \/>\nB) marginal revenue equals price.<br \/>\nC) price equals average total cost.<br \/>\nD) price exceeds marginal cost.<\/p>\n<p>25. Compared to a perfectly competitive market, a monopolist will produce _______ and change a _______ price.<br \/>\nA) less; higher<br \/>\nB) less; lower<br \/>\nC) more; higher<br \/>\nD) more; lower<\/p>\n<p>Use the following to answer question 26:<\/p>\n<p>Figure: Monopoly Model<\/p>\n<p>26 (Figure: Monopoly Model) The profit maximizing quantity is the one indicated by the distance:<br \/>\nA) W<br \/>\nB) J<br \/>\nC) K<br \/>\nD) L<\/p>\n<p>27. A natural monopoly exists whenever a single firm:<br \/>\nA) is owned and operated by the federal or local government.<br \/>\nB) is invertor-owned but has been granted the exclusive right by the government to operate in a market.<br \/>\nC) experiences economics of scale over the entire range of production that is relevant to its market.<br \/>\nD)has gained control over a strategic input of an important production process.<\/p>\n<p>28. Compared to perfect competition:<br \/>\nA)monopoly produces more at a lower price.<br \/>\nB)monopoly produces where MR &gt; MC and a perfectly competitively firm produces where P = MC.<br \/>\nC)monopoly may have economic profits in the long run, but in perfect competition in the long run economic profits are zero.<br \/>\nD)perfect competition may have zero economic profits in the long run, but in monopoly the long run economic profits are zero.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Answer these questions in essay format, using the instructions provided in the Assignment Instructions folder. Review the Essay 3 Grading Rubric to see how your essay will be graded.<\/p>\n<p>Each essay must be at least 2 pages\u2014roughly half a page per question. Answer the questions using the concepts from the lessons and reading assignments. You may use any books, notes, or materials, but you must do the work alone. There is no need to retype the questions in your essay, but you should continually refer back to each to ensure that you stay on topic. APA format.<\/p>\n<p>Discuss and contrast extrinsic versus intrinsic motivation. Give an example of each type of motivation from your personal experience.<\/p>\n<p>2. Describe Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs. Provide an example of a deficiency need overpowering the need for growth.<\/p>\n<p>3. Attributions can be described in terms of Locus (\u201cplace\u201d), temporal stability, and controllability. Give an example of a time you were not able to perform well on a difficult task (a race, a test, etc.). Analyze 2 attributions you made about the situation in terms of locus, stability, and controllability. Explain your answers.<br \/>\n4. List and define the 7 motivational strategies that are listed in the mnemonic TARGETS. Select 3 of these strategies and give an example of how a teacher would incorporate each into classroom practice to motivate s<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>My reference page is attached. References need to be listed in alphabetical order.<br \/>\nYou will write a Research Paper that will compare Behavioral Learning Theories and Cognitive Learning Theories. You will include a title page, a 150\u2013250-word abstract, an 8-page body, and a reference page. The body will include an introduction, 6 sections, and a conclusion. The paper must be written in current APA format. Current APA Level 1 sub-headings must be used throughout the paper. The 6 main sections of the paper will address the following topics:<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Historical Development of Each Theory\u2014For each theory, discuss prominent persons and their corresponding historic research. Include how the theory has been developed over time. Have there been significant changes from its development to what current researchers in the area believe?<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Key Concepts of Each Theory\u2014This section will focus on the major points of each theory. How is new information acquired? What are the goals of learning? What is unique about each theory?<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Research Support for Each Theory\u2014This section will include a review of 4 peer-reviewed scholarly research articles. The first 2 articles will address research in which Behavior Learning Theory has been applied. The other 2 articles will use Cognitive Learning Theory in the research. Each article must show the effectiveness of the learning theory it addresses.<\/p>\n<p>4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Educational Implications\u2014This section will discuss the implications for how learning takes place in the classroom. Discuss the benefits and applications of each theory. How would each theory say people learn in a classroom setting? What are the benefits to teaching new information utilizing each theory?<\/p>\n<p>5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Biblical Worldview\u2014Discuss what the Bible says regarding learning behavior in humans. How would a biblical worldview impact a learner? Include chapter and verse when citing the Bible.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Most Effective Theory of Learning\u2014Select which theory of learning (Behavioral or Cognitive) you believe is most effective. Substantiate your decision with research support citing journal articles and your textbook.<\/p>\n<p>Reference Requirements<\/p>\n<p>Required sources for this paper include the Bible, your textbook, 4 peer-reviewed journal articles, and at least 2 additional scholarly sources. Remaining sources must address educational implications, historical context, and\/or biblical worldview topics related to Behavioral and Cognitive Learning Theories. At least 4 of the sources (the peer-reviewed journal articles) must have been published within the last 10 years. Popular writing and web pages are NOT acceptable sources for this paper. Refer to the provided grading rubric to fully understand the requirements for this assignment.<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Behavioral and Cognitive Learning Theories<\/p>\n<p>Liberty University<br \/>\nBehavioral and Cognitive Learning Theories<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Answer these questions in essay format, using the instructions provided in the Assignment Instructions folder. Review the Essay 2 Grading Rubric to see how your essay will be graded.<\/p>\n<p>**************Make sure to include all labels,\u00a0as per the instructions.)\u00a0\u00a0Each response should be about a half-page in length*****************************<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Think of a class outside of your major. Using the Gestalt principle, \u201cThe whole is greater than the sum of the parts,\u201d describe your preconceived perception of the class, 3 details that you now know are different from that initial perception, and your continuing perception in spite of the details.<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In church and in other settings, announcements are made that affect you. Label and describe 4 techniques covered in the textbook which the speaker could use to keep your attention.<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 You have gone through stages of Piaget\u2019s cognitive development, in your professional beliefs and in your theological beliefs. Name and trace the development of any 1 of your beliefs through all 4 stages. Give at least 1 specific characteristic for each stage and use terms from Piaget\u2019s theory. Though you may not remember your cognitive development at every stage, trace what must have happened to you in each stage to allow your current functioning. In relation to this belief, what is the best stage for you to be in now, and why?<\/p>\n<p>4.\u00a0\u00a0 Think of classes in your major. Name 3 concepts from Vygotsky\u2019s theory and provide examples of how they could help to boost your zone of proximal development (ZPD) for learning in those classes.<\/p>\n<p>This assignment is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module\/Week 6.<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>NSG6005 Final Exam South University | Complete Solution<\/p>\n<p>An ACE inhibitor and what other class of drug may reduce proteinuria in patients with diabetes better than either drug alone?<\/p>\n<p>A. Beta blockers<br \/>\nB. Diuretics<br \/>\nC. Nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers<br \/>\nD. Angiotensin II receptor blockers<\/p>\n<p>Adam has type I diabetes and plays tennis for his university. He exhibits knowledge deficit about his insulin and his diagnosis. He should be taught that:<\/p>\n<p>A. He should increase his increase his carbohydrate intake during times of exercise intake during times of exercise.<br \/>\nB. Each brand of insulin is equal in bioavailability, so buy the least expensive.<br \/>\nC. Alcohol produces hypoglycemia and can help control his diabetes when taken in small amounts.<br \/>\nD. If he does not want to learn to give himself injections, he may substitute an oral hypoglycemic to control his diabetes.<br \/>\nAge is a factor in different responses to pain. Which of the following age-related statements about pain is not true?<\/p>\n<p>A. Preterm and newborn infants do not yet have functional pain pathways.<br \/>\nB. Painful experiences and prolonged exposure to analgesic drugs during pregnancy may permanently alter neuronal organization in the child.<br \/>\nC. Increases in pain threshold in older adults may be related to peripheral neuropathies and changes in skin thickness.<br \/>\nD. Decreases in pain tolerance are evident in older adults.<br \/>\nAlterations in drug metabolism among Asians may lead to:<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A. Slower metabolism of antidepressants, requiring lower doses<br \/>\nB. Faster metabolism of neuroleptics, requiring higher doses<br \/>\nC. Altered metabolism of omeprazole, requiring higher doses<br \/>\nD. Slower metabolism of alcohol, requiring higher doses<\/p>\n<p>Amiodarone has been prescribed in a patient with a supraventricular dysrhythmia. Patient teaching should include all of the following except:<\/p>\n<p>A. Notify your healthcare provider immediately if you have visual change.<br \/>\nB. Monitor your own blood pressure and pulse daily.<br \/>\nC. Take a hot shower or bath if you feel dizzy.<br \/>\nD. Use a sunscreen on exposed body surfaces.<br \/>\nAnticholinergic agents, such as benztropine (Cogentin), may be given with a phenothiazine to:<\/p>\n<p>A. Reduce the chance of tardive dyskinesia.<br \/>\nB. Potentiate the effects of the drug.<br \/>\nC. Reduce the tolerance that tends to occur.<br \/>\nD. Increase CNS depression.<br \/>\nAn appropriate drug for the treatment of depression with anxiety would be:<\/p>\n<p>A. Alprazolam (Xanax)<br \/>\nB. Escitalopram (Lexapro)<br \/>\nC. Buspirone (Buspar)<br \/>\nD. Amitriptyline (Elavil)<br \/>\nCara is taking levetiracetam (Keppra) to treat seizures. Routine education for levetiracetam includes reminding her:<\/p>\n<p>A. To not abruptly discontinue levetiracetam due to the risk of withdrawal seizures<br \/>\nB. To wear a sunscreen due to photosensitivity from levetiracetam<br \/>\nC. To get an annual eye exam while on levetiracetam<br \/>\nD. To report weight loss if it occurs<br \/>\nCecilia presents with depression associated with complaints of fatigue, sleeping all the time, and lack of motivation. An appropriate initial antidepressant for her would be:<\/p>\n<p>A. Fluoxetine (Prozac)<br \/>\nB. Paroxetine (Paxil)<br \/>\nC. Amitriptyline (Elavil)<br \/>\nD. Duloxetine (Cymbalta)<br \/>\nChemical dependency assessment is integral to the initial assessment of chronic pain. Which of the following raises a &#8220;red flag&#8221; about potential chemical dependency?<\/p>\n<p>A. Use of more than one drug to treat the pain<br \/>\nB. Multiple times when prescriptions are lost with requests to refill<br \/>\nC. Preferences for treatments that include alternative medicines<br \/>\nD. Presence of a family member who has abused drugs<br \/>\nCommon mistakes practitioners make in treating anxiety disorders include:<\/p>\n<p>A. Switching medications after an eight-week trial to a twelve-week trial<br \/>\nB. Maximizing dosing of antianxiety medications<br \/>\nC. Encouraging exercise and relaxation therapy before starting medication<br \/>\nD. Thinking a partial response to medication is acceptable<br \/>\nDavid presents to clinic with symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis. He is prescribed cromolyn sodium (Opticrom) eyedrops. The education regarding using cromolyn eyedrops includes which one of the following tips?<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A. He should not wear his soft contacts while using the cromolyn eyedrops.<br \/>\nB. Cromolyn drops are instilled once a day to prevent allergy symptoms.<br \/>\nC. Long-term use of the eyedrop may cause glaucoma.<br \/>\nD. He may experience bradycardia as an adverse effect.<br \/>\nThe DEA:<\/p>\n<p>A. Registers manufacturers and prescribes controlled substances<br \/>\nB. Regulates NP prescribing at the state level<br \/>\nC. Sanctions providers who prescribe drugs off-label<br \/>\nD. Provides prescribers with a number they can use for insurance billing<br \/>\nDiagnostic criteria for diabetes include:<\/p>\n<p>A. Fasting blood glucose greater than 140 mg\/dl on two occasions<br \/>\nB. Postprandial blood glucose greater than 140 mg\/dl<br \/>\nC. Fasting blood glucose 100 to 125 mg\/dl on two occasions<br \/>\nD. Symptoms of diabetes plus a casual blood glucose greater than 200 mg\/dl<br \/>\nDisease states in addition to hypertension in which beta blockade is a compelling indication for the use of beta blockers include:<\/p>\n<p>A. Heart failure<br \/>\nB. Angina<br \/>\nC. MI<br \/>\nD. Dyslipidemia<br \/>\nThe drug of choice for type II diabetics is metformin. Metformin:<\/p>\n<p>A. Decreases glycogenolysis by the liver<br \/>\nB. Increases the release of insulin from beta cells<br \/>\nC. Increases intestinal uptake of glucose<br \/>\nD. Prevents weight gain associated with hyperglycemia<br \/>\nThe drug recommended as primary prevention of osteoporosis in men over seventy years is:<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A. Alendronate (Fosamax)<br \/>\nB. Ibandronate (Boniva)<br \/>\nC. Calcium carbonate<br \/>\nD. Raloxifene (Evista)<\/p>\n<p>The drug recommended as primary prevention of osteoporosis in women over seventy years old is:<\/p>\n<p>A. Alendronate (Fosamax)<br \/>\nB. Ibandronate (Boniva)<br \/>\nC. Calcium carbonate<br \/>\nD. Raloxifene (Evista)<br \/>\nThe drugs recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics for use in children with diabetes (depending upon type of diabetes) are:<\/p>\n<p>A. Metformin and insulin<br \/>\nB. Sulfonylureas and insulin glargine<br \/>\nC. Split-mixed dose insulin and GLP-1 agonists<br \/>\nD. Biguanides and insulin lispro<br \/>\nDrugs that have a significant first-pass effect:<\/p>\n<p>A. Must be given by the enteral (oral) route only<br \/>\nB. Bypass the hepatic circulation<br \/>\nC. Are rapidly metabolized by the liver and may have little if any desired action<br \/>\nD. Are converted by the liver to more active and fat-soluble forms<br \/>\nDwayne has classic tinea capitis. Treatment for tinea on the scalp is:<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A. Rubbing in miconazole cream well for four weeks<br \/>\nB. Intake of oral griseofulvin for six to eight weeks<br \/>\nC. Shampooing with ketoconazole shampoo daily for six weeks<br \/>\nD. Using ciclopirox cream daily for four weeks<br \/>\nDwayne was recently started on carbamazepine to treat seizures. He comes to see you, and you note that while his carbamazepine levels had been in the therapeutic range, they are now low. The possible cause for the low carbamazepine levels is:<\/p>\n<p>A. Dwayne hasn&#8217;t been taking his carbamazepine because it causes insomnia.<br \/>\nB. Carbamazepine auto-induces metabolism, leading to lower levels in spite of good compliance.<br \/>\nC. Dwayne was not originally prescribed the correct amount of carbamazepine.<br \/>\nD. Carbamazepine is probably not the right antiseizure medication for Dwayne.<br \/>\nErik presents with a golden-crusted lesion at the site of an insect bite consistent with impetigo. His parents have limited finances and request the least expensive treatment. Which medication would be the best choice for treatment?<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A. Mupirocin (Bactroban)<br \/>\nB. Bacitracin and polymixin B (generic double antibiotic ointment)<br \/>\nC. Retapamulin (Altabax)<br \/>\nD. Oral cephalexin (Keflex)<br \/>\nFirst-line therapy for hyperlipidemia is:<\/p>\n<p>A. Statins<br \/>\nB. Niacin<br \/>\nC. Lifestyle changes<br \/>\nD. Bile acid-binding resins<br \/>\nFirst-line therapy for treating topical fungal infections such as tinea corporis (ringworm) or tinea pedis (athlete&#8217;s foot) would be:<\/p>\n<p>A. OTC topical azole (clotrimazole, miconazole)<br \/>\nB. Oral terbinafine<br \/>\nC. Oral griseofulvin microsize<br \/>\nD. Nystatin cream or ointment<br \/>\nFurosemide is added to a treatment regimen for heart failure, which includes digoxin. Monitoring for this combination includes:<\/p>\n<p>A. Hemoglobin<br \/>\nB. Serum potassium<br \/>\nC. Blood urea nitrogen<br \/>\nD. Serum glucose<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Genetic polymorphisms account for differences in metabolism, including:<\/p>\n<p>A. Poor metabolizers (PMs) that lack a working enzyme<br \/>\nB. Intermediate metabolizers (IMs) that have one working, wild-type allele and one mutant allele<br \/>\nC. Extensive metabolizers (EMs), with two normally functioning alleles<br \/>\nD. All of the above<br \/>\nGenetic testing for VCORC1 mutation to assess potential warfarin resistance is required prior to prescribing warfarin.<\/p>\n<p>A. True<br \/>\nB. False<br \/>\nGoals of treatment when treating hypothyroidism with thyroid replacement include:<\/p>\n<p>A. Normal TSH and free T4 levels<br \/>\nB. Resolution of fatigue<br \/>\nC. Weight loss to baseline<br \/>\nD. All of the above<\/p>\n<p>Heart failure is a chronic condition that can be adequately managed in primary care. However, consultation with or referral to a cardiologist is appropriate when:<\/p>\n<p>A. Symptoms markedly worsen or the patient becomes hypotensive and has syncope.<br \/>\nB. There is evidence of progressive renal insufficiency or failure.<br \/>\nC. The patient remains symptomatic on optimal doses of an ACE inhibitor, a beta blocker, and a diuretic.<br \/>\nD. All the above options are correct.<br \/>\nHypoglycemia can result from the action of either insulin or an oral hypoglycemic. Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia include:<\/p>\n<p>A. &#8220;Fruity&#8221; breath odor and rapid respiration<br \/>\nB. Diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and hypertension<br \/>\nC. Dizziness, confusion, diaphoresis, and tachycardia<br \/>\nD. Easy bruising, palpitations, cardiac dysrhythmias, and coma<br \/>\nIf a patient with H. pylori positive PUD fails first-line therapy, the second-line treatment is:<\/p>\n<p>A. A PPI BID plus metronidazole plus tetracycline plus bismuth subsalicylate for fourteen days<br \/>\nB. Testing H. pylori for resistance to common treatment regimens<br \/>\nC. A PPI plus clarithromycin plus amoxicillin for fourteen days<br \/>\nD. A PPI and levofloxacin for fourteen days<br \/>\nIn addition to methimazole, a symptomatic patient with hyperthyroidism may need a prescription for:<\/p>\n<p>A. A calcium channel blocker<br \/>\nB. A beta blocker<br \/>\nC. Liothyronine<br \/>\nD. An alpha blocker<br \/>\nInadequate vitamin D intake can contribute to the development of osteoporosis by:<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A. Increasing calcitonin production<br \/>\nB. Increasing calcium absorption from the intestine<br \/>\nC. Altering calcium metabolism<br \/>\nD. Stimulating bone formation<br \/>\nIncorporating IT into a patient encounter takes skill and tact. During the encounter, the provider can make the patient more comfortable with the IT the provider is using by:<\/p>\n<p>A. Turning the screen around so the patient can see material being recorded<br \/>\nB. Not placing the computer screen between the provider and the patient<br \/>\nC. Both A and B<br \/>\nD. Neither A nor B<br \/>\nInfants with reflux are initially treated with:<\/p>\n<p>A. Histamine 2 receptor antagonist (ranitidine)<br \/>\nB. A PPI (omeprazole)<br \/>\nC. Antireflux maneuvers (elevate the head of the bed)<br \/>\nD. Prokinetic (metoclopramide)<br \/>\nIn five- to eleven-year-old children, mild-persistent asthma is diagnosed when asthma symptoms occur:<\/p>\n<p>A. At nighttime one to two times a month<br \/>\nB. At nighttime three to four times a month<br \/>\nC. Less than twice a week<br \/>\nD. Daily<br \/>\nJack, eight years old, has attention deficit disorder (ADD) and is prescribed methylphenidate (Ritalin). He and his parents should be educated about the side effects of methylphenidate, which are:<\/p>\n<p>A. Slurred speech and insomnia<br \/>\nB. Bradycardia and confusion<br \/>\nC. Dizziness and orthostatic hypotension<br \/>\nD. Insomnia and decreased appetite<br \/>\nJanie presents to clinic with hard ear wax in both ear canals. Instructions regarding home removal of hard cerumen includes:<\/p>\n<p>A. Moistening a cotton swab (Q-tip) and swabbing the ear canals twice daily<br \/>\nB. Instilling tap water in both ears while bathing<br \/>\nC. Squirting hydrogen peroxide into ears with each bath<br \/>\nD. Instilling carbamide peroxide (Debrox) twice daily until the ear canals are clear<br \/>\nJim presents with complaints of &#8220;heart burn&#8221; that is minimally relieved with Tums (calcium carbonate) and is diagnosed with GERD. An appropriate first step therapy would be:<\/p>\n<p>A. Omeprazole (Prilosec) twice a day<br \/>\nB. Ranitidine (Zantac) twice a day<br \/>\nC. Famotidine (Pepcid) once a day<br \/>\nD. Metoclopramide (Reglan) four times a day<br \/>\nJim presents with fungal infection of two of his toenails (onychomycosis). Treatment for fungal infections of the nail includes:<\/p>\n<p>A. Miconazole cream<br \/>\nB. Ketoconazole cream<br \/>\nC. Oral griseofulvin<br \/>\nD. Mupirocin cream<br \/>\nJosie is a five-year-old who presents to the clinic with a forty-eight-hour history of nausea, vomiting, and some diarrhea. She is unable to keep fluids down, and her weight is 4 pounds less than her last recorded weight. Besides intravenous (IV) fluids, her exam warrants the use of an antinausea medication. Which of the following would be the appropriate drug to order for Josie?<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A. Prochlorperazine (Compazine)<br \/>\nB. Meclizine (Antivert)<br \/>\nC. Promethazine (Phenergan)<br \/>\nD. Ondansetron (Zofran)<\/p>\n<p>Kirk sprained his ankle and is asking for pain medication for his mild-to-moderate pain. The appropriate first-line medication would be __________.<\/p>\n<p>A. ibuprofen (Advil)<br \/>\nB. acetaminophen with hydrocodone (Vicodin)<br \/>\nC. oxycodone (OxyContin)<br \/>\nD. oral morphine (Roxanol)<\/p>\n<p>Liza is breastfeeding her two-month-old son, and she has an infection that requires an antibiotic. What drug factors influence the effect of the drug on the infant?<\/p>\n<p>A. Maternal drug levels<br \/>\nB. Half-life<br \/>\nC. Lipid solubility<br \/>\nD. All of the above<br \/>\nLong-acting beta-agonists received a black box warning from the US Food and Drug Administration due to the:<\/p>\n<p>A. Risk of life-threatening dermatological reactions<br \/>\nB. Increased incidence of cardiac events when long-acting beta-agonists are used<br \/>\nC. Increased risk of asthma-related deaths when long-acting beta-agonists are used<br \/>\nD. Risk for life-threatening alterations in electrolytes<br \/>\nLong-term treatment of moderate atopic dermatitis includes:<\/p>\n<p>A. Topical corticosteroids and emollients<br \/>\nB. Topical corticosteroids alone<br \/>\nC. Topical antipruritics<br \/>\nD. Oral corticosteroids for exacerbations of atopic dermatitis<br \/>\nMedications used in the management of patients with COPD include:<\/p>\n<p>A. Inhaled beta 2 agonists<br \/>\nB. Inhaled anticholinergics (ipratropium)<br \/>\nC. Inhaled corticosteroids<br \/>\nD. All of the above<br \/>\nMonitoring for a child on methylphenidate for ADHD includes:<\/p>\n<p>A. ADHD symptoms<br \/>\nB. Routine height and weight checks<br \/>\nC. Amount of methylphenidate being used<br \/>\nD. All of the above<br \/>\nNarcotics are exogenous opiates. They act by ______.<\/p>\n<p>A. inhibiting pain transmission in the spinal cord<br \/>\nB. attaching to receptors in the afferent neuron to inhibit the release of substance P<br \/>\nC. blocking neurotransmitters in the midbrain<br \/>\nD. increasing beta-lipoprotein excretion from the pituitary<br \/>\nA nineteen-year-old male was started on risperidone. Monitoring for risperidone includes observing for common side effects, including:<\/p>\n<p>A. Bradykinesia, akathisia, and agitation<br \/>\nB. Excessive weight gain<br \/>\nC. Hypertension<br \/>\nD. Potentially fatal agranulocytosis<br \/>\nNonadherence is especially common in drugs that treat asymptomatic conditions, such as hypertension. One way to reduce the likelihood of nonadherence to these drugs is to prescribe a drug that:<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A. Has a short half-life so that missing one dose has limited effect<br \/>\nB. Requires several dosage titrations so that missed doses can be replaced with lower doses to keep costs down<br \/>\nC. Has a tolerability profile with less of the adverse effects that are considered &#8220;irritating,&#8221; such as nausea and dizziness<br \/>\nD. Must be taken no more than twice a day<br \/>\nOff-Label prescribing is:<\/p>\n<p>A. Regulated by the FDA<br \/>\nB. Illegal by NPs in all states (provinces)<br \/>\nC. Legal if there is scientific evidence for the use<br \/>\nD. Regulated by the DEA<br \/>\nOne goal of asthma management in children is:<\/p>\n<p>A. They should independently manage their asthma.<br \/>\nB. They should participate in school and sports activities.<br \/>\nC. There should be no exacerbations.<br \/>\nD. The use of inhaled corticosteroids should be minimal.<br \/>\nThe ongoing monitoring of patients over the age sixty-five years taking alendronate (Fosamax) or any other bisphosphonate is:<\/p>\n<p>A. Annual dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans<br \/>\nB. Annual vitamin D level<br \/>\nC. Annual renal function evaluation<br \/>\nD. Electrolytes every three month<br \/>\nA patient has been prescribed silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) cream to treat burns on his or her leg. Normal adverse effects of silver sulfadiazine cream include:<\/p>\n<p>A. Transient leukopenia on days two to four that should resolve<br \/>\nB. Worsening of burn symptoms briefly before resolution<br \/>\nC. A red, scaly rash that will resolve with continued use<br \/>\nD. Hypercalcemia<br \/>\nPatients who are on or who will be starting chronic corticosteroid therapy need monitoring of __________.<\/p>\n<p>A. serum glucose<br \/>\nB. stool culture<br \/>\nC. folate levels<br \/>\nD. vitamin B12<br \/>\nPatients who have angina, regardless of class, who are also diabetic should be on:<\/p>\n<p>A. Nitrates<br \/>\nB. Beta blockers<br \/>\nC. ACE inhibitors<br \/>\nD. Calcium channel blockers<br \/>\nPatients with psychiatric illnesses have adherence rates to their drug regimen between 35% and 60%. To improve adherence in this population, prescribe drugs:<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A. With a longer half-life so that missed doses produce a longer taper on the drug curve<br \/>\nB. In oral formulations that are more easily taken<br \/>\nC. That do not require frequent monitoring<br \/>\nD. Combined with patient education about the need to adhere even when symptoms are absent<br \/>\nA patient with a COPD exacerbation may require:<\/p>\n<p>A. Doubling of inhaled corticosteroid dose<br \/>\nB. Systemic corticosteroid burst<br \/>\nC. Continuous inhaled beta 2 agonists<br \/>\nD. Leukotriene therapy<br \/>\nPharmacokinetics among Asians are universal to all the Asian ethnic groups.<\/p>\n<p>A. True<br \/>\nB. False<br \/>\nA potentially life-threatening adverse response to ACE inhibitors is angioedema. Which of the following statements is true about this adverse response?<\/p>\n<p>A. Swelling of the tongue and hoarseness are the most common symptoms.<br \/>\nB. It appears to be related to a decrease in aldosterone production.<br \/>\nC. The presence of a dry, hacky cough indicates a high risk for this adverse response.<br \/>\nD. Because it takes time to build up a blood level, it occurs after being on the drug for about one week.<br \/>\nPrescribing for women during their childbearing years requires constant awareness of the possibility of:<\/p>\n<p>A. Pregnancy unless the women is on birth control<br \/>\nB. Risk for silent bacterial or viral infections of the genitalia<br \/>\nC. High risk for developmental disorders in their infants<br \/>\nD. Decreased risk for abuse during this time<br \/>\nPrior to prescribing metformin, the provider should:<\/p>\n<p>A. Draw a serum creatinine to assess renal function.<br \/>\nB. Try the patient on insulin.<br \/>\nC. Tell the patient to increase iodine intake.<br \/>\nD. Have the patient stop taking any sulfonylurea to avoid dangerous drug interactions.<br \/>\nProgesterone-only pills are recommended for women who:<\/p>\n<p>A. Are breastfeeding<br \/>\nB. Have a history of migraine<br \/>\nC. Have a medical history that contradicts the use of estrogen<br \/>\nD. All of the above<br \/>\nSadie is a seventy-two-year-old who takes omeprazole for her chronic GERD. Chronic long-term omeprazole use places her at increased risk for:<\/p>\n<p>A Megaloblastic anemia<br \/>\nB. Osteoporosis<br \/>\nC. Hypertension<br \/>\nD. Strokes<br \/>\nSarah, a forty-two-year-old female, requests a prescription for an anorexiant to treat her obesity. A trial of phentermine is prescribed. Prescribing precautions include understanding that:<\/p>\n<p>A. Obesity is a contraindication to prescribing phentermine.<br \/>\nB. Anorexiants may cause tolerance and should only be prescribed for six months.<br \/>\nC. Patients should be monitored for postural hypotension.<br \/>\nD. Renal function should be monitored closely while the patient is on anorexiants.<br \/>\nScott is presenting for follow-up on his lipid panel. He had elevated total cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, and an LDL of 122 mg\/dL. He has already implemented diet changes and increased physical activity. He has mildly elevated liver studies. An appropriate next step for therapy would be:<\/p>\n<p>A. Atorvastatin (Lipitor)<br \/>\nB. Niacin (Niaspan)<br \/>\nC. Simvastatin and ezetimibe (Vytorin)<br \/>\nD. Gemfibrozil (Lopid)<br \/>\nSecond-generation antihistamines such as loratadine (Claritin) are prescribed for seasonal allergies because they:<\/p>\n<p>A. Are more effective than first-generation antihistamines<br \/>\nB. Are less sedating than first-generation antihistamines<br \/>\nC. Are prescription products and, therefore, are covered by insurance<br \/>\nD. Can be taken with CNS sedatives, such as alcohol<br \/>\nSevere contact dermatitis caused by poison ivy or poison oak exposure often requires treatment with:<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A. Topical antipruritics<br \/>\nB. Oral corticosteroids for two to three weeks<br \/>\nC. Thickly applied topical intermediate-dose corticosteroids<br \/>\nD. Isolation of the patient to prevent spread of the dermatitis<br \/>\nSitagliptin has been approved for:<\/p>\n<p>A. Monotherapy in once-daily doses<br \/>\nB. Combination therapy with metformin<br \/>\nC. Both A and B<br \/>\nD. Neither A nor B<br \/>\nA sixty-six-year-old male was prescribed phenelzine (Nardil) while in an acute psychiatric unit for recalcitrant depression. The nurse practitioner managing his primary healthcare needs to understand the following regarding phenelzine and other monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs):<\/p>\n<p>A. He should not be prescribed any serotonergic drug such as sumatriptan (Imitrex).<br \/>\nB. MAOIs interact with many common foods, including yogurt, sour cream, and soy sauce.<br \/>\nC. Symptoms of hypertensive crisis (headache, tachycardia, sweating, etc.) require immediate treatment.<br \/>\nD. All the above options are correct.<\/p>\n<p>Six-year-old Lucy has recently been started on ethosuximide (Zarontin) for seizures. She should be monitored for:<\/p>\n<p>A. Increased seizure activity as this drug may auto-induce seizures<br \/>\nB. Altered renal function, including renal failure<br \/>\nC. Blood dyscrasias, which are uncommon but possible<br \/>\nD. CNS excitement, leading to insomnia<\/p>\n<p>Stage C patients usually require a combination of three to four drugs to manage their heart failure. In addition to ACE inhibitors and beta blockers, diuretics may be added. Which of the following statements about diuretics is not true?<\/p>\n<p>A. Diuretics reduce preload associated with fluid retention.<br \/>\nB. Diuretics can be used earlier than Stage C when the goal is control of hypertension.<br \/>\nC. Diuretics may produce problems with electrolyte imbalances and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.<br \/>\nD. Diuretics from the potassium-sparing class should be used when using an ARB.<br \/>\nA stepwise approach to the pharmacologic management of asthma:<\/p>\n<p>A. Begins with determining the severity of the asthma and assessing asthma control<br \/>\nB. Is used when the asthma is severe and requires daily steroids<br \/>\nC. Allows for each provider to determine his or her personal approach to the care of asthmatic patients<br \/>\nD. Provides a framework for the management of severe asthmatics but is not as helpful when patients have intermittent asthma<br \/>\nStudies have shown that control targets that reduce the hemoglobin A1c to less than 7% are associated with fewer long-term complications of diabetes. Patients who should have such a target include:<\/p>\n<p>A. Those with long-standing diabetes<br \/>\nB. Older adults<br \/>\nC. Those with no significant cardiovascular disease<br \/>\nD. Young children who are early in their disease<br \/>\nTiotropium bromide (Spiriva) is an inhaled anticholinergic:<\/p>\n<p>A. Used for the treatment of COPD<br \/>\nB. Used in the treatment of asthma<br \/>\nC. Combined with albuterol for the treatment of asthma exacerbations<br \/>\nD. Combined with fluticasone for the treatment of persistent asthma<br \/>\nTo reduce mortality, all patients with angina, regardless of class, should be on:<\/p>\n<p>A. Aspirin 81 to 325 mg\/d<br \/>\nB. Nitroglycerin sublingually for chest pain<br \/>\nC. ACE inhibitors or ARBs<br \/>\nD. Digoxin<br \/>\nThe treatment for vitamin B12 deficiency is:<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A. 1,000 mcg daily of oral cobalamin<br \/>\nB. 2 gm\/day of oral cobalamin<br \/>\nC. 100 mcg\/day vitamin B12 IM<br \/>\nD. 500 mcg\/dose nasal cyanocobalamin two sprays once a week<br \/>\nTreatment of a patient with hypothyroidism and cardiovascular disease consists of:<\/p>\n<p>A. Levothyroxine<br \/>\nB. Liothyronine<br \/>\nC. Liotrix<br \/>\nD. Methimazole<br \/>\nThe trial period to determine effective anti-inflammatory activity when starting a patient on aspirin for RA is _____.<\/p>\n<p>A. forty-eight hours<br \/>\nB. four to six days<br \/>\nC. four weeks<br \/>\nD. two months<br \/>\nA twenty-four-year-old male received multiple fractures in a motor vehicle accident that required significant amounts of opioid medication to treat his pain. He is at risk for Type __ ADR when he no longer requires the opioids.<\/p>\n<p>A. A<br \/>\nB. C<br \/>\nC. E<br \/>\nD. G<\/p>\n<p>The type of ADR that is the result of an unwanted but otherwise normal pharmacological action of a drug given in the usual therapeutic doses is:<\/p>\n<p>A. Type A<br \/>\nB. Type B<br \/>\nC. Type C<br \/>\nD. Type D<br \/>\nUnlike most type II diabetics where obesity is a major issue, older adults with low body weight have higher risks for morbidity and mortality. The most reliable indicator of poor nutritional status in older adults is:<\/p>\n<p>A. Weight loss in previously overweight persons<br \/>\nB. Involuntary loss of 10% of body weight in less than six months<br \/>\nC. Decline in lean body mass over a twelve-month period<br \/>\nD. Increase in central versus peripheral body adiposity<br \/>\nVicky, age fifty-six years, comes to clinic requesting a refill of her Fiorinal (aspirin and butalbital) that she takes for migraines. She has been taking this medication for over two years for migraine and states one dose usually works to abort her migraine. What is the best care for her?<\/p>\n<p>A. Switch her to sumatriptan (Imitrex) to treat her migraines.<br \/>\nB. Assess how often she is using Fiorinal and refill medication.<br \/>\nC. Switch her to a beta-blocker such as propranolol to prevent her migraine.<br \/>\nD. Request her to return to the original prescriber of Fiorinal as you do not prescribe butalbital for migraines<br \/>\nWarfarin resistance may be seen in patients with VCORC1 mutation, leading to:<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A. Toxic levels of warfarin building up<br \/>\nB. Decreased response to warfarin<br \/>\nC. Increased risk for significant drug interactions with warfarin<br \/>\nD. Less risk of drug interactions with warfarin<br \/>\nWhat impact does developmental variation in renal function has on prescribing for infants and children?<\/p>\n<p>A. Lower doses of renally excreted drugs may be prescribed to infants younger than six months<br \/>\nB. Higher doses of water-soluble drugs may need to be prescribed due to increased renal excretion<br \/>\nC. Renal excretion rates have no impact on prescribing<br \/>\nD. Parents need to be instructed on whether drugs are renally excreted or not<br \/>\nWhen a patient is on selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors:<\/p>\n<p>A. The complete blood count must be monitored every three to four months<br \/>\nB. Therapeutic blood levels must be monitored every six months after a steady state is achieved.<br \/>\nC. Blood glucose must be monitored every three to four months.<br \/>\nD. There is no laboratory monitoring required.<br \/>\nWhen obtaining a drug history from Harold, he gives you a complete list of his prescription medications. He denies taking any other drugs, but you find that he occasionally takes aspirin for his arthritis flare-ups. This is an example of:<\/p>\n<p>A. His appropriately only telling you about his regularly prescribed medications<br \/>\nB. His hiding information regarding his inappropriate use of aspirin from you<br \/>\nC. A common misconception that intermittently taken OTC medications are not an important part of his drug history<br \/>\nD. A common misuse of OTC aspirin<br \/>\nWhen prescribing any headache therapy, appropriate use of medications needs to be discussed to prevent medication-overuse headaches. The clinical characteristics of medication-overuse headaches include ________.<\/p>\n<p>A. headaches increasing in frequency<br \/>\nB. headaches increasing in intensity<br \/>\nC. headaches recurring when medication wears off<br \/>\nD. headaches beginning to &#8220;cluster&#8221; into a pattern<br \/>\nWhen Sam used clotrimazole (Lotrimin AF) for athlete&#8217;s foot, he developed a red, itchy rash consistent with a hypersensitivity reaction. He now has athlete&#8217;s foot again. What would be a good choice of antifungal for Sam?<\/p>\n<p>A. Miconazole (Micatin) powder<br \/>\nB. Ketoconazole (Nizoral) cream<br \/>\nC. Terbinafine (Lamisil) cream<br \/>\nD. Griseofulvin (Grifulvin V) suspension<br \/>\nWhen starting a patient with hypothyroidism on thyroid replacement hormones, patient education would include the following:<\/p>\n<p>A. He or she should feel symptomatic improvement in one to two weeks.<br \/>\nB. Drug-related adverse effects such as lethargy and dry skin may occur.<br \/>\nC. It may take four to eight weeks to get to euthyroid symptomatically and by lab testing.<br \/>\nD. Due to the short half-life of levothyroxine, its doses should not be missed.<br \/>\nWhich of the following adverse effects may occur due to a dihydropyridine-type calcium channel blocker?<\/p>\n<p>A. Bradycardia<br \/>\nB. Hepatic impairment<br \/>\nC. Increased contractility<br \/>\nD. Edema of the hands and feet<br \/>\nWhich of the following classes of drugs is contraindicated in heart failure?<\/p>\n<p>A. Nitrates<br \/>\nB. Long-acting dihydropyridines<br \/>\nC. Calcium channel blockers<br \/>\nD. Alpha-beta blockers<br \/>\nWhich of the following disease processes could be made worse by taking a nonselective beta blocker?<\/p>\n<p>A. Asthma might worsen.<br \/>\nB. Diabetes might worsen.<br \/>\nC. Both might worsen.<br \/>\nD. Beta blockade does not affect these disorders.<br \/>\nWhich of the following factors may adversely affect a patient&#8217;s adherence to a therapeutic drug regimen?<\/p>\n<p>A. Complexity of the drug regimen<br \/>\nB. Patient&#8217;s perception of the potential adverse effects of the drugs<br \/>\nC. Both A and B<br \/>\nD. Neither A nor B<br \/>\nWhich of the following is the goal of treatment of acute pain?<\/p>\n<p>A. Pain at a tolerable level where patient may return to activities of daily living<br \/>\nB. Reduction of pain with a minimum of drug adverse effects<br \/>\nC. Reduction or elimination of pain with minimum adverse reactions<br \/>\nD. Adequate pain relief without constipation or nausea from the drugs<br \/>\nWhich of the following is the mechanism of action of oral combined contraceptives that prevent pregnancy?<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A. Estrogen prevents the LH surge necessary for ovulation.<br \/>\nB. Progestins thicken cervical mucous and slow tubal motility.<br \/>\nC. Estrogen thins the endometrium, making implantation difficult.<br \/>\nD. Progestin suppresses FSH release.<br \/>\nWhich of the following statements is true about age and pain?<\/p>\n<p>A. Use of drugs that depend heavily on the renal system for excretion may require dosage adjustments in very young children.<br \/>\nB. Among the NSAIDs, indomethacin is the preferred drug because of lower adverse effects profiles than other NSAIDs.<br \/>\nC. Older adults who have dementia probably do not experience much pain due to loss of pain receptors in the brain.<br \/>\nD. Acetaminophen is especially useful in both children and adults because it has no effect on platelets and has fewer adverse effects than NSAIDs.<\/p>\n<p>A woman who has migraine with aura:<\/p>\n<p>A. Should not be prescribed estrogen due to the interaction between triptans and estrogen, limiting migraine therapy choices<br \/>\nB. Should not be prescribed estrogen due to an increased incidence of migraines with the use of estrogen<br \/>\nC. Should not be prescribed estrogen due to an increased risk of stroke occurring with estrogen use<br \/>\nD. May be prescribed estrogen without any concerns<br \/>\nA woman with an intact uterus should not be prescribed:<\/p>\n<p>A. Estrogen\/progesterone combination<br \/>\nB. Intramuscular (IM) medroxyprogesterone (Depo Provera)<br \/>\nC. Estrogen alone<br \/>\nD. Androgens<br \/>\nQuestion 22: Education<\/p>\n<p>W3\u00a0Lab Prohibited Use<br \/>\nOverview:<\/p>\n<p>You are the Information Security Officer of Mahtmarg Manufacturing a small manufacturing company worth approximately $5 Million who provides fiber<\/p>\n<p>W3 Lab: &#8220;Prohibited Use&#8221;<br \/>\nOverview:<\/p>\n<p>You are the Information Security Officer of Mahtmarg Manufacturing a small manufacturing company worth approximately $5 Million who provides fiber cable to local businesses, individual customers and to government organizations. In the course of the next eight weeks you will be creating your Information Security Plan (Issue-Specific Security Policy in Table 4-3 of the textbook) step by step using this scenario.<br \/>\nYour Task<\/p>\n<p>Step 3: Develop the Prohibited Use section of your ISP<br \/>\nIn this week\u2019s Lab you will develop the section on Prohibited Use of your company\u2019s information system (IS) in the Information Security Plan to include:<br \/>\nProhibition of illegal conduct<br \/>\nSystem and Network Activity restrictions<br \/>\nCopyright infringement<br \/>\nProprietary information disclosure<br \/>\nUnauthorized use for personal business<br \/>\nMalicious programs<br \/>\nAccount disclosure<br \/>\nEmail and Communication Activity restrictions<br \/>\nUnsolicited emails<br \/>\nHarassment<br \/>\nChain letters<br \/>\nSpam<br \/>\nBlogging and Social Media Activity restrictions<br \/>\nRepresentation of the company on blogs or social media<br \/>\nSeparation of personal and professional comments<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Assignment: Course Project: Assessment of Diversity Proficiencies<br \/>\nThe Assignment for this module is an assessment of your diversity proficiencies. As local, state, national, and global communities continue to reflect increasing diversity, it is essential for effective leaders of learning to routinely assure active and effective responsiveness to the diverse needs represented. In the context of this course, active and effective responsiveness often takes the form of individuals pursuing constructive action to change ideas and attitudes through leadership, advocacy, policy, and law. To assist you in this process, your Walden University program has included diversity proficiencies to guide your development. For this Course Project, you must successfully demonstrate personal development and connection of your learning in this course about leadership, advocacy, policy, and law to each of the Walden Diversity Proficiencies, as well as the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)\u2019s Advanced Role Content Standards 1a, 1b, and 5a.<br \/>\nTo prepare:<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Review all Learning Resources for this module.<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Review the Assessment of Diversity Proficiencies Guidelines.<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ask yourself the following: How have the concepts, resources, and activities of this course influenced my learning so that I might support the creation of educational opportunities that adapt to diverse learners and remove barriers that inhibit learning for students with diverse learning needs?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Think about examples from your educational and professional experiences that you can use to demonstrate your knowledge of the key diversity proficiencies. How might those experiences support the fact that you are a leader and advocate who is able to create educational opportunities that are adapted to diverse learners and that remove barriers that inhibit learning?<br \/>\nThe components of your Module 6 Assignment are as follows: however, review the \u201cAssessment of Diversity Proficiencies Guidelines\u201d document in the Learning Resources for more details.<br \/>\nSection 1: Introduction (2\u20133 pages)<br \/>\nInterpret how EACH of the following course concepts support the creation of educational opportunities that are adapted to diverse learners and remove barriers that inhibit learning:<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Leadership<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Advocacy<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Policy<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Law<br \/>\nSection 2: Diversity Professional Development (9\u201312 slides plus title and reference slides inserted into the final paper)<br \/>\nCreate a professional development presentation to inform the staff in your school building or district regarding how to meet the needs of learners from diverse backgrounds.<br \/>\nUsing evidence based practices and course resources, create a PowerPoint presentation (a minimum of 3 or 4 slides on each topic) to inform your staff of ways to better meet the needs of diverse students. At least one of your slides must discuss technology. Your professional development should specifically address each of the three following Walden Diversity Proficiencies:<br \/>\nUnderstanding the Learner<br \/>\nLearning Environment<br \/>\nPlanning, Instruction, and Assessment<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Section 3: Diversity Self-Reflection (3\u20134 pages)<br \/>\nWrite a self-reflection paper that addresses the final two Walden Diversity Dispositions:<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Awareness of Self<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Professional Practice<br \/>\nAlso, reference the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards, what you learned from the working with the Case Study of Jamal from the Grand City Community (West Ridge Middle School) , and Walden\u2019s Mission and Vision Statement to help support your reflection.<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Reflection Component 1:\u00a0Using the bulleted points on Walden\u2019s Diversity Proficiencies, personally reflect on your knowledge and skills for the \u201cAwareness of Self\u201d and \u201cProfessional Practice\u201d indicators. Cite at least one relevant, research-based reading or media element to support this component.<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Reflection Component 2:\u00a0Connect your personal reflection, to course content, including the Case Study, CEC standards, and Walden\u2019s mission for Social Change. Cite at least one relevant, research-based reading or media element to support each of these components.<br \/>\nYour final document must include the following:<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Title Page<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Section1: 2\u20133 pages<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Section 2: 3\u20134 pages<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reference pages<br \/>\nNote:\u00a0For this Assignment and all scholarly writing in this course and throughout your program, you will be required to use APA style (6th\u00a0edition). Please use the Walden Writing Center as a resource as you complete assignments.<br \/>\nRequired Readings<br \/>\nCouncil for Exceptional Children. (2012).\u00a0CEC special education specialist advanced preparation standards. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cec.sped.org\/~\/media\/Files\/Standards\/Professional%20Preparation%20Standards\/Advanced%20Preparation%20Standards%20with%20Elaborations.pdf<br \/>\nDeMatthews, D. (2014). Deconstructing systems of segregation: Leadership challenges in an urban school. Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership, 17(1), 17\u201331<br \/>\nRetrieved from the Walden Library databases.<br \/>\nThis article gives a case study of a principal in an urban school who was charged with a directive to raise test scores and increase inclusion in a building with a history of segregation.<br \/>\nDocument: Assessment of Diversity Proficiencies Guidelines (PDF)<br \/>\nDocument: SMART Goals Graphic (PDF)<br \/>\nDocument: Walden Diversity Proficiencies (PDF)<br \/>\nDocument: Walden Professional Dispositions (PDF)<br \/>\nWalden University (2015). Social change. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.waldenu.edu\/about\/social-change<br \/>\nMedia<br \/>\nGrand City Community<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Laureate Education (Producer). (2012b).\u00a0The teacher\u2019s lounge\u00a0[Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.<br \/>\nGo to the Grand City Community and click into\u00a0West Ridge Middle School. Review the following scenario:\u00a0The Teacher\u2019s Lounge.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 24: Health Care<\/p>\n<p>Walden University NURSING 6650\u00a0final exam<br \/>\nQuestion 1<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nIn a group therapy session for adolescents, a 15-year-old patient says he has trouble making conversation with people he does not know well. Based on the principle of development of socializing techniques, what explicit approach might the PMHNP take?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 2<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nOne group member is identified by the PMHNP as the monopolist of the group. Which behavior does the PMHNP believe this member is most likely to display?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 3<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nDuring a first group therapy session, a member is outgoing and participates actively. Based on this information, what is an appropriate prediction about this group member by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 4<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA 21-year-old client with narcissistic traits is noted to continuously disrupt the group by speaking while others are speaking. It becomes evident that the client is purposely disrupting the group and decreasing the group\u2019s productivity. What does the PMHNP identify as a cause of the client\u2019s behavior?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 5<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nHarold Wyman is a 74-year-old man who is trying to mend a relationship with his adult daughter. Based on his intake assessment, the PMHNP believes that the father has depression. The daughter and Harold meet with the PMNHP, and the daughter explains that her father always appears mopey and withdrawn and refuses to do anything about it. When asked, the father reports feeling sad all the time. Which action will the PMNHP employ with Harold using the interpersonal psychotherapy approach throughout the various sessions?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 6<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA PMHNP is leading a group therapy session for patients with substance abuse problems. After a productive session in which all members participated, the following week was not as productive. In order to help the group members assume responsibility for evaluating the meeting, what is an appropriate comment for the PMHNP to make?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 7<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nDuring the \u201cmid-group debrief\u201d the clinical supervisor focused on the following areas with the two counselors except:<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 8<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nThe social microcosm theory is a theory that relates to group composition. In accordance with this theory, the PMHNP is aware that the group must consist of which of the following?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 9<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nPeter, a successful businessman, is introduced to the group during the twelfth week. Following Peter\u2019s introduction, Joseph, a long-term member in the group, begins to lead the group and discuss all of the things that he has personally accomplished. In what way does the PMHNP correctly interpret Joseph\u2019s behavior?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 10<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nThe PMHNP conducts a specialized individual interview with a patient named Sandy. During this interview, Sandy expresses her want of the other members to like her, and she has a deep dread for the first group meeting. How does the PMHNP correctly interpret Sandy\u2019s interpersonal circumplex?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 11<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nWhen discussing the role of the consultant in the parenting group session, Dr. Carlson explains that the consultant should use several skills in order to help keep the group going and should enable group members to become very engaged with one another. The consultant should use all of the following skills to achieve this, except:<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 12<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA PMHNP is meeting with parents and their 10-year-old child. The child is having trouble paying attention at school and has been getting easily frustrated at home when doing homework, which often results in everyone arguing. What step might the PMHNP take as part of a family-centered, solution-oriented approach?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 13<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nThe PMHNP is meeting with an adult woman and her father, who is 85 years old. The father stays quiet most of the session. The daughter explains he is mad at her for \u201cbringing him to a see a shrink.\u201d The daughter reports that things have been tense in the house since her father moved in. The father has a history of depression, though he does not take any medication for it. In addition, lately the father seems to never sleep. \u201cI hear him rummaging around in the kitchen, the garage, the living room, at all hours of the night. Sometimes he\u2019ll nap during the day, but not much. This is putting a strain on my marriage, because my husband can\u2019t sleep with all of this going on.\u201d Which therapeutic approach does the PMHNP identify as most appropriate for the 85-year-old father?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 14<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nDuring an initial meeting, a PMHNP spends time speaking with a patient who suffers from social anxiety. The therapist finds the patient extremely loud and overbearing. The PMHNP\u2019s negative feelings continue no matter how hard he or she tries to feel differently toward the patient. What is the most appropriate next step by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 15<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA patient has had a problem with substance use and has been receiving treatment for addiction. Which additional step might the PMHMP suggest to help the patient maintain abstinence from drugs during and after treatment?<br \/>\nSelected Answer:<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A.<br \/>\nNarcotics Anonymous<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 16<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nThe leader begins a group meeting by doing the \u201cnames activity.\u201d At the completion of the activity, the leader explains that the activity is useful for all of the following reasons, except:<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 17<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA 36-year-old client attends group therapy regularly but is consistently tardy. The client explains that job and family obligations interfere with attendance to the group. What is the most appropriate intervention by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 18<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nGroup participation is an important aspect of how successful group therapy will be. The PMHNP recognizes that the gender of group participants can play a role in the likelihood of group participation. Which statement about gender and group composition does the PMHNP take into account?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 19<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nWhen the counselor discussed assertiveness with the group members, she began the session by providing definitions and asking group members to line up consistent with where they feel they are currently in terms of assertiveness. Why did she do this?<br \/>\nSelected Answer:<br \/>\nA.<br \/>\nTo encourage individuals to adjust where they are in terms of assertiveness by having less assertive people change their spot in line<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 20<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA patient in group therapy named Ted shares personal information for the first time. He seems nervous but continues to talk. How might the PMHNP use nonverbal positive reinforcement to support Ted\u2019s feeling more comfortable?<br \/>\nSelected Answer:<br \/>\nC.<br \/>\nLeaning forward and nodding as Ted shares his story<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 21<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nMembers of a therapy group have been meeting for several months. During group therapy, a patient is bossy and controlling. During this week\u2019s session, she is confronted by another group member about her behavior and replies, \u201cThis is not how I normally act. You are not my family and friends. I don\u2019t act the same way around them.\u201d What can the PMHNP deduce from her behavior?<br \/>\nSelected Answer:<br \/>\nB.<br \/>\nShe is displaying her true interpersonal behavior.<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 22<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA PNHNP is holding a group therapy session for a father and his 10-year-old son, whom the father explains has been acting out lately. The son says, \u201cHe is always telling me what to do and never listens when I have an idea.\u201d Which solution would the PMHNP most likely suggest as an approach to the problem?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 23<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA PMHNP is treating a patient in individual therapy and thinks the patient may be a good candidate for group therapy. The patient is motivated to start group therapy, which meets twice a month. Then the patient adds, \u201cI can come to the first two meetings, but then will be away on business for at least a month, maybe longer. But then I can come to the at least one meeting before my next trip.\u201d Based on this information, what is the most likely recommendation by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 24<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nMembers of a therapy group have been meeting for several weeks. While a member named Margaret is talking about how her spouse ignores her when she tries to tell him what to do, another member named Nicole interrupts and says, \u201cMaybe he thinks you are being bossy.\u201d Margaret replies by saying, \u201cAt least I\u2019m not an alcoholic like you are!\u201d What is an appropriate response by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 25<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA 9-year-old child who witnessed a fatal car accident has come to therapy with her parents to get treatment. The child has been irritable since the event and has not wanted to talk about it. Utilizing a trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT) approach, the PMHNP has reviewed skills that the parents may use to help their child at home. Based on the PMHNP\u2019s suggestion, which is a statement the parents might make after the child has a temper tantrum?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 26<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nDuring the first group meeting, a client states, \u201cI am here because I am very shy. I don\u2019t mesh well with others and I rarely get invitations to go anywhere.\u201d Which statement about the client\u2019s reason for seeking help and treatment best applies?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 27<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA client is observed discussing many problems and complaints during group therapy. However, when other group members attempt to offer advice, the client does not accept it. Based on this observation, what can the PMHNP determine about the client?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 28<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nDuring a group therapy session, a member comments that another member named Ted had no compassion. Ted replies, \u201cWhy does it matter if I care one way or another. I can\u2019t solve their problems.\u201d The other member starts crying and blames Ted for this. He shrugs and answers, \u201cI don\u2019t understand why you are crying.\u201d Based on this information, what is the most likely determination the PMHNP can make about Ted?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 29<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nJane has been attending group therapy for the past year; she and the therapist have determined that she has met her goals. Jane has been arriving to group late or not coming to group at all. How does the PMHNP correctly interpret Jane\u2019s behavior?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 30<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA PMHNP is treating an 8-year-old child who was at a cousin\u2019s house during a domestic violence situation. Using a common factors model, the PMHNP wants to pay attention to cultivating the relationship with the parents and child. After the child talks about how nervous he or she has been since witnessing the trauma, what is an appropriate response by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 31<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nThe PMHNP is meeting with a married couple. The husband is 81 years old, and the wife is 78 years old. They tell the PMHNP that many of their friends have passed away over the last couple of years, and it\u2019s making them feel sentimental about their lives and the fact that they are getting older. Hearing this, the PMHNP uses a life review approach with the couple. What action will the PMHNP employ?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 32<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA patient in group therapy for people dealing with panic disorder is describing a recent panic attack. He says, \u201cDuring this attack, I felt like I was dying.\u201d What is an appropriate response by the PMHNP using didactic instruction?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 33<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA patient in group therapy discloses her concern about feeling suicidal again in the future. Using the principle of universality, what is an appropriate step by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 34<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nThe PMHNP recognizes that extra group behavior involves behavior that occurs outside of the group or during subgrouping. Which statement best describes extra group behavior as it pertains to group therapy?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 35<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nIn a group therapy session for patients with anxiety problems, a patient named Eve was afraid to disclose to the other members that she was a victim of sexual abuse. She kept the secret for months, although she hinted at it to other members. During a meeting, another member tried to pressure Eve to disclose her secret, but she was flustered and not ready to share. What is an appropriate response by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 36<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nDuring his second group therapy session, a member, who was quiet the previous week, becomes very judgmental. He criticizes another member by saying, \u201cMary, you are always late because you don\u2019t respect our group.\u201d Then he adds, \u201cIn fact, all of you are disrespectful and uncaring.\u201d What is an appropriate step by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 37<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA patient who has been depressed is seeing a PMHNP for individual therapy. The patient explains that he has been avoiding most social activities for the past few months. He is divorced and has joint custody of his 10-year-old daughter. Based on this information, what recommendation by the PMHNP would most benefit the patient?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 38<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nFollowing the PMHNP\u2019s cancellation of a group session, he or she notices a decrease in compliance and attendance within the group. What does the PMHNP identify as the group\u2019s reason for noncompliance?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 39<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA PNHNP is holding a group therapy session. Today, several members have expressed fears about being unlovable. Based on this information, what is an appropriate step by the PMHNP to raise the members\u2019 self-esteem?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 40<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA patient named Tyrone was nervous sharing personal information with the group. To compensate, he makes comments on other members\u2019 problems as if he were the therapist. Another member of the group asked him, \u201cDo you think you\u2019re better than everyone here?\u201d What might the PMHNP help Tyrone gain from this exchange?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 41<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>A PMHNP is creating a therapy group and is including a patient with borderline personality disorder. Which action would most likely reduce the patient\u2019s chance of separation anxiety?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 42<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nThe anticipation of the first meeting among psychotherapy group attendees may cause feelings of dread and uneasiness among clients. How does the PMHNP demonstrate awareness and promote the success of this first psychotherapy meeting?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 43<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nFor several months, a patient in group therapy always participated in conversation but only shared positive stories about her own life. During the next session, she finally confessed that she has been depressed and cutting herself. What is the best response by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 44<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nTwo PMHNPs are in charge of a therapy group that has experienced several maladaptive interpersonal dramas lately. One of the patients has been described by other members as argumentative. After a particularly awkward session, one of the therapists feels that his own interpersonal distortion of the session may be clouding his observation. What is an appropriate step by that PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 45<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA PMHNP is treating a 7-year-old child exhibiting signs of aggression and attention problems. Before suggesting an intervention using a common elements approach, what may the PMHNP consider?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 46<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nThe homogenous mode of composition involves a theory that relates to group composition. When applying this theory, the PMHNP is aware that the group will most likely consist of which of the following?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 47<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA patient has attended three group therapy sessions and has remained silent throughout each. The patient has, however, been listening to the other members. When the therapist makes eye contact with the patient, he or she forces a smile but has clenched fists. What is the most appropriate response by the PMHNP to help the patient?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 48<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nThe PMHNP is meeting with an older married couple. The couple reports having concerns about becoming dependent on their adult children someday, since several of their other friends have had to move in with their kids. They make it clear to the PMHNP that they aren\u2019t keen on therapy or taking medicine but would be willing to try some alternative therapies. What does the PMHNP suggest for evidence-based CAM modalities?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 49<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nThe PMHNP explains during a discussion that subgrouping has the potential to make group therapy more complicated and less rewarding. Tara, a member of the group, angrily states, \u201cWell, Jack and I have been meeting outside of the group for weeks now.\u201d What is the PMHNP\u2019s most appropriate response?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 50<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nGregory is a middle-aged veteran participant in a group led by the PMHNP. Since Gregory has been attending group, he frequently interrupts others and seems to take much of the group time for himself. The PMHNP identifies Gregory as a monopolist and confronts him. She explains that she does not want him to talk less; instead, she actually encourages him to talk more. What is the likely cause of the PMHNP\u2019s explanation?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 51<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nThe PMHNP understands that conflicts within the psychotherapy group can be troublesome for clients and have the potential to reduce the effectiveness of the group process. As it pertains to group meetings, the PMHNP understands which statement to be true about conflict?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 52<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nOne member of a therapy group had been quiet for the first several sessions. The member revealed to the other members feeling of depression and emptiness. This week, the member was full of energy and talking very quickly. The member became irritated with another member tried to interrupt, started yelling, and then broke into a fit of laughter. Based on the situation, what can the PMHNP determine about the member?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 53<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA group member who suffers from depression and anxiety says during the session, \u201cI don\u2019t see how any of this is going to help. I am still too anxious to leave the house and do the things I want to do.\u201d What is an appropriate response by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 54<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA PMHNP is leading a group therapy session for patients with substance abuse problems. After one member shares a problem, other members offer support, concern, and observations. The PMHNP points out that the group is offering many truthful reactions and helpful feedback. Which principle does this illustrate?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 55<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nThe PMHNP provides cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to an older adult patient with depression. The patient\u2019s 41-year-old daughter and 32-year-old son attend one of his sessions with the PMHNP so that they can learn more about how to help their father. What does the PMHNP say to the daughter and son about the goals of their father\u2019s CBT?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 56<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nThe PMHNP recognizes that hostility is unavoidable in a group and acknowledges that a frequent source of hostility can be parataxic distortions. Which situation is likely to present a parataxic distortion within the group?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 57<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nMembers of group therapy have been meeting for several weeks. The PMHNP often starts sentences with a thank you or compliment such as, \u201cGood observation.\u201d The PMHNP notices that some of the group members having been starting their statements with compliments. To which principle can the PMHNP attribute this process?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 58<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA client diagnosed with depression has begun to feel despair and expresses a desire to leave the group because he or she does not believe it is helpful. Which action by the PMHNP will most likely contribute to the client staying in the group?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 59<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA 14-year-old girl named Laura and her parents are meeting with a PMHNP. The parents explain why they are there by saying, \u201cLaura has been unhappy since she moved to a new school. She has been moody and often talks back to us.\u201d Laura sits quietly and looks uncomfortable. Which is the best response by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 60<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nMany key principles assist with composing intensive interactional psychotherapy groups. When composing a psychotherapy group, utilizing the intensive interactional approach, which key principle does the PMHNP identify as being false?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 61<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA PMHNP notices that adolescents in a therapy group have not been getting along. They are divided into two main groups and each automatically dislikes members of the other group. What is an appropriate step for the PMHNP to take?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 62<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nDuring an initial screening session, the PMHNP is considering a patient for group therapy. The patient is recently divorced and says he is lonely and depressed. What is the best referral by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 63<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nDuring an initial meeting, a patient who has been discussing suicide says to the PMHNP, \u201cI\u2019m so depressed that I don\u2019t want to leave my house. All I want to do is stay in bed.\u201d What type of therapy would the PMHNP most likely recommend to this patient?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 64<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA member in group therapy named Tom asked others for suggestions to a problem he was having. He did not think a suggestion by a member named Steve would work, and for the rest of session, the group took sides arguing why the idea would work or would not work. The session ended with Tom agreeing to try the suggestion and report back to the group the following week. Based on this session, what is an appropriate step by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 65<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nThe PMHNP is working with an older adult woman and her adult children. The children report that the mother was diagnosed with dementia, and they are all concerned about her welfare. The plan is for the mother to move in with one of the children, but they are still worried about how the mother will manage during the day when she is left alone. What does the PMHNP identify as\u00a0 the focus of the family therapy?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 66<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nDuring a group session, a member turns to the PMHNP and says, \u201cI need some advice. My manager asked me to take on an extra project, and now I\u2019m overwhelmed. I don\u2019t want to seem incompetent, so I agreed to the extra work. What do you recommend I do?\u201d What is the best response by the PMHNP in order to shape group behavior?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 67<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nDuring a group therapy session, a member shares that she often feels lonely and depressed. She has been turning down invitations to spend time with friends lately, because she does not want to leave the house. What is an appropriate step for the PMHNP to take?<br \/>\nSelected Answer:<br \/>\nA.<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Assign homework to have the patient work on improving interpersonal communication<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 68<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nSelf-disclosure is a very important part of group therapy. Which of the following conditions does the PMHNP identify in his or her own life as a possible hindrance to self-disclosure?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 69<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA PMHNP is meeting with the mother of a 10-year-old boy named Malik, who has been depressed since his parents\u2019 divorce. The mother explains that her goal for treatment is to help Malik feel better so he can become his \u201cusual outgoing self.\u201d She insists that she does not want him on medication. Which is the best response by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 70<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA client has attended five group therapy sessions yet has not engaged verbally with others in the group. The PMHNP has identified the client as a \u201csilent member.\u201d Which statement is true about silent members as related to group therapy?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 71<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA narcissistic patient was unhappy that other members did not seem concerned about his or her dating problems, which the patient spent half the session talking about. The patient confronted the group by saying, \u201cAll of you are rude and uncaring!\u201d When group members ignored this comment, the patient said, \u201cAnd no one said anything nice about my new haircut either!\u201d What is an appropriate response by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 72<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nAccording to Dr. Carlson, since Adler talked about how the social setting in which we live influences our lives, the best way parents can change their children\u2019s behavior is to change:<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 73<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nIn the parent consultation session, the parent discusses her son \u201cBlake\u201d who has changed since his 13th birthday. Dr. Carlson discusses the power conflict that the parent appears to be getting into with her son. When they discuss approaches they can use to help Blake experience increased responsibility, Dr. Carlson explains that the parent must make a commitment with her son by agreeing to:<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 74<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA PMHNP is evaluating a patient who has problems with authority and has trouble accepting criticism. The patient is aware of these problems and wants to change. Based on this, what is an appropriate action by the PMHNP?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 75<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<br \/>\nA PMHNP has a therapy group in which many members have been dropping out over the past several weeks. Members have complained that they do not feel part of the group. What is an appropriate step for the PMHNP to take?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Question 76<br \/>\n0 out of 0 points<br \/>\nWhen completing this exam, did you comply with Walden University\u2019s Code of Conduct including the expectations for academic integrity?<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>NURS 6512 Week 6 Midterm Exam: Advanced Health Assessment: Walden University (Already Graded A)<br \/>\nNURS 6512 Week 6 Midterm Exam: Advanced Health Assessment: Walden University (Already Graded A)<\/p>\n<p>Question 26: Health care.<\/p>\n<p>NSG6435 Week 5 Assignment 4 Midterm Exam NSG 6435 Week 5 Midterm Exam<\/p>\n<p>NSG6435 Week 5 Assignment 4 Midterm Exam NSG 6435 Week 5 Midterm Exam<\/p>\n<p>Question 27: Health care<\/p>\n<p>Walden University NURS 6531 6531 Wk6 midterm review questions<\/p>\n<p>Walden University NURS 6531wk6 NURS 6531 Week 6 midterm review questions<\/p>\n<p>WK6<br \/>\nWeek 6- Quiz<\/p>\n<p>Question 1<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 25-year-old female presents to urgent care complaining of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea for 24 hours. Important physical exam components for this patient include<\/p>\n<p>Question 2<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following disorders is associated with obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia?<\/p>\n<p>Question 3<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following disorders can be associated with anal fissures?<\/p>\n<p>Question 4<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 33-year-old female is admitted with acute pancreatitis. The nurse practitioner knows that the most common cause of pancreatitis is:<\/p>\n<p>Question 5<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>An AST that is more than twice the level of ALT is suggestive of:<\/p>\n<p>Question 6<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 65-year-old female with a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and polymyalgia rheumatica presents to urgent care with new onset left lower quadrant pain. Her current medications include omeprazole 20 milligrams po daily, lisinopril 20 milligrams po daily, simvastatin 20 milligrams po daily, and prednisone 12 milligrams po daily. The nurse practitioner suspects acute diverticulitis and possibly an abscess. The most appropriate diagnostic test for this patient at this time is:<\/p>\n<p>Question 7<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following is considered a functional gastrointestinal disorder?<\/p>\n<p>Question 8<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>An 83-year-old female presents to the office complaining of diarrhea for several days. She explains she has even had fecal incontinence one time. She describes loose stools 3\u20134 times a day for several weeks and denies fever, chills, pain, recent antibiotic use. The history suggests that the patient has:<\/p>\n<p>Question 9<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Potential causes of diarrhea include which of the following:<\/p>\n<p>Question 10<br \/>\n0 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>An 80-year-old male admits to difficulty swallowing during the review of systems. The nurse practitioner recognizes the differential diagnosis for this patient\u2019s dysphagia is:<\/p>\n<p>Choices: Chest pain; GERD; esophageal cancer; GERD &amp; esophageal cancer; or all of the above<br \/>\nI chose all of the above (incorrect)<br \/>\nPossibly just A &amp; C is the answer (GERD and cancer)<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>week 6 quiz<\/p>\n<p>question 1<br \/>\nWhich of the following disorders is associated with obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia?<br \/>\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Autoimmune hepatitis<br \/>\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis<br \/>\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hemochromatosis<br \/>\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Wilson\u2019s disease<br \/>\nQuestion 2<br \/>\nWhich of the following is considered a functional gastrointestinal disorder?<\/p>\n<p>A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Crohn\u2019s disease<\/p>\n<p>B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ulcerative colitis<\/p>\n<p>C.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Constipation<\/p>\n<p>D.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Irritable bowel syndrome<br \/>\nQuestion 3<br \/>\nWhich of the following describes a third degree internal hemorrhoid?<\/p>\n<p>A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bulge, but not prolapsed through anal orifice<\/p>\n<p>B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prolapsed during defecation requiring manual reinsertion<\/p>\n<p>C.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prolapsed during defecation and reduce spontaneously<\/p>\n<p>D.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Less likely to bleed, but positive edema and pain<br \/>\nQuestion 4<br \/>\nA 65-year-old female with a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and polymyalgia rheumatica presents to urgent care with new onset left lower quadrant pain. Her current medications include omeprazole 20 milligrams po daily, lisinopril 20 milligrams po daily, simvastatin 20 milligrams po daily, and prednisone 12 milligrams po daily. The nurse practitioner suspects acute diverticulitis and possibly an abscess. The most appropriate diagnostic test for this patient at this time is:<\/p>\n<p>A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CBC\/diff<\/p>\n<p>B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate<\/p>\n<p>C.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Abdominal ultrasound<\/p>\n<p>D.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CT scan<\/p>\n<p>Question 5<br \/>\nA 58-year-old man is diagnosed with Barrett\u2019s esophagus after an endoscopy. He has no known allergies. Which of the following medications is MOST appropriate to treat this patient\u2019s disorder?<\/p>\n<p>A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Omeprazole<\/p>\n<p>B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ranitidine<\/p>\n<p>C.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 An antacid<\/p>\n<p>D.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 None of the above<br \/>\nQuestion 6<br \/>\nRisk factor(s) associated with inflammatory bowel disease include:<\/p>\n<p>A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Smoking<\/p>\n<p>B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Alcohol ingestion<\/p>\n<p>C.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Greek heritage<\/p>\n<p>D.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 None of the above<br \/>\nQuestion 7<br \/>\nTreatment of H.pylori includes which of the following?<\/p>\n<p>A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Proton pump inhibitor<\/p>\n<p>B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Antibiotic therapy<\/p>\n<p>C.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bismuth subsalicylate<\/p>\n<p>D.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A and B<\/p>\n<p>E.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A, B, and C<br \/>\nQuestion 8<br \/>\nAn AST that is more than twice the level of ALT is suggestive of:<\/p>\n<p>A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A hemolytic disorder<\/p>\n<p>B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cholestasis<\/p>\n<p>C.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Infiltrative liver disease<\/p>\n<p>D.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Alcoholic liver injury<br \/>\nQuestion 9<br \/>\nPruritus ani is related to<\/p>\n<p>A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Corynebacterium minutissimum<\/p>\n<p>B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pinworm infestation<\/p>\n<p>C.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stahphylococcus aureus<\/p>\n<p>D.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B only<\/p>\n<p>E.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A, B, and C<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>An 83-year-old female presents to the office complaining of diarrhea for several days. She explains she has even had fecal incontinence one time. She describes loose stools 3\u20134 times a day for several weeks and denies fever, chills, pain, recent antibiotic use. The history suggests that the patient has:<\/p>\n<p>A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Acute diarrhea<\/p>\n<p>B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chronic diarrhea<\/p>\n<p>C.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Irritable bowel<\/p>\n<p>D.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Functional bowel disease<\/p>\n<p>\u2022Question 1<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>An 80-year-old male admits to difficulty swallowing during the review of systems. The nurse practitioner recognizes the differential diagnosis for this patient\u2019s dysphagia is:<\/p>\n<p>GERD and Cancer<\/p>\n<p>\u2022Question 2<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following describes a third degree internal hemorrhoid?<br \/>\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bulge, but not prolapsed through anal orifice<br \/>\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prolapsed during defecation requiring manual reinsertion<br \/>\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prolapsed during defecation and reduce spontaneously<br \/>\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Less likely to bleed, but positive edema and pain<\/p>\n<p>\u2022Question 3<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 65-year-old female with a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and polymyalgia rheumatica presents to urgent care with new onset left lower quadrant pain. Her current medications include omeprazole 20 milligrams po daily, lisinopril 20 milligrams po daily, simvastatin 20 milligrams po daily, and prednisone 12 milligrams po daily. The nurse practitioner suspects acute diverticulitis and possibly an abscess. The most appropriate diagnostic test for this patient at this time is:<\/p>\n<p>CT scan<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>\u2022Question 4<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 76-year-old male complains of weight loss, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping and pain. Physical findings include an abdominal mass and stool positive for occult blood. The nurse practitioner pain suspects a tumor in the small intestine. The best diagnostic test for this patient is:<\/p>\n<p>Answer: short-bowel follow through<\/p>\n<p>\u2022Question 5<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Potential causes of diarrhea include which of the following:<br \/>\nAll of the above: meds, infection, constipation<\/p>\n<p>\u2022Question 6<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following disorders is associated with obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia?<\/p>\n<p>Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis<\/p>\n<p>\u2022Question 7<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>An 83-year-old female presents to the office complaining of diarrhea for several days. She explains she has even had fecal incontinence one time. She describes loose stools 3\u20134 times a day for several weeks and denies fever, chills, pain, recent antibiotic use. The history suggests that the patient has:<\/p>\n<p>Chronic Diarrhea<\/p>\n<p>\u2022Question 8<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 33-year-old female is admitted with acute pancreatitis. The nurse practitioner knows that the most common cause of pancreatitis is:<\/p>\n<p>Gallstones<\/p>\n<p>\u2022Question 9<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>Treatment of H.pylori includes which of the following?<\/p>\n<p>A, B, C : bismuth, PPI, and antibiotic<\/p>\n<p>\u2022Question 10<br \/>\n1 out of 1 points<\/p>\n<p>A 58-year-old man is diagnosed with Barrett\u2019s esophagus after an endoscopy. He has no known allergies. Which of the following medications is MOST appropriate to treat this patient\u2019s disorder?<\/p>\n<p>Omeprazole<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 28: Health care<\/p>\n<p>Esther Park Shadow Health Assignment<br \/>\nEsther Park Shadow Health Assignment<br \/>\nEsther Park Shadow Health Assignment<\/p>\n<p>Question 29: Health care<\/p>\n<p>NURS 6660 Final Exam Walden University<br \/>\nNURS 6660 Final Exam Walden University<br \/>\nNURS 6660 Final Exam Walden University<\/p>\n<p>Question 30: Health Care<\/p>\n<p>A baccalaureate nurse understands, relates, and values the fundamental elements of research, process, and designs as a foundation for an evidence-based practice (AACN, 2008; QSEN, 2018).<br \/>\nPurpose:<br \/>\nThis assignment provides a learning activity for students to demonstrate understanding of quantitative and qualitative research, the purpose and importance of designs, and how research is critical for creating a credible evidence-based nursing practice.<br \/>\nCourse Outcomes:<br \/>\nThis assignment enables the student to meet the following Course Outcomes.<br \/>\nCO 1:\u00a0 Examine the sources of evidence that contribute to professional nursing practice. (PO 7)<br \/>\nCO 2:\u00a0 Apply research principles to the interpretation of the content of published research studies. (PO 4 &amp; 8)<br \/>\nCO 5:\u00a0 Recognize the role of research findings in evidence-based practice. (PO 7 &amp; 8)<br \/>\nDue Date<br \/>\nSubmit the completed Research Designs Assignment by Sunday, 11:59 p.m. MT at the end of\u00a0Week 5.<br \/>\nPoints<br \/>\nThis assignment is worth\u00a0225 points.<br \/>\nDirections for Preparing the Scholarly Paper:<br \/>\nRead each of these instructions.<br \/>\nRead the assignment grading rubric criteria.<br \/>\nThis assignment is completed as an APA paper. APA resources can be found in your Resources Tab. You are required to complete the paper using the productivity tools required by Chamberlain University, which is Microsoft Office Word 2013 (or later version), or Windows and Office 2011 (or later version) for MAC. You must save the file in the &#8220;.docx&#8221; format. Do NOT save as Word Pad. A later version of the productivity tool includes Office 365, which is available to Chamberlain students for FREE by downloading from the student portal at\u00a0http:\/\/my.chamberlain.edu\u00a0(Links to an external site.)\u00a0. Click on the envelope at the top of the page.<br \/>\nYou are required to use the grading rubric criteria to ensure you are meeting all grading requirements of the paper.<br \/>\nThe guideline below is a\u00a0recommended\u00a0outline only\u00a0and does not substitute for your assignment grading rubric; your paper will be graded using the assignment grading rubric criteria.<br \/>\nFor the introduction paragraph section, summarize your learning\u00a0using mostly your own words\u00a0(see the grading rubric for details):<br \/>\nThe need for nursing research.<br \/>\nThe importance for nurses to understand the basic principles of research.<br \/>\nThe purpose of your paper.<br \/>\nFor the quantitative research section, summarize your learning\u00a0using mostly your own words\u00a0(see the grading rubric for details):<br \/>\nThe importance of quantitative research.<br \/>\nOne type of quantitative design; explain one important feature of this type of design.<br \/>\nHow quantitative research can help improve nursing practice.<br \/>\nFor the qualitative research section, your learning\u00a0using mostly your own words\u00a0(see the grading rubric for details):<br \/>\nThe importance of qualitative research.<br \/>\nOne type of qualitative design; explain one important feature of this type of design.<br \/>\nHow qualitative research can help improve nursing practice.<br \/>\nFor the research sampling section, your learning\u00a0using mostly your own words\u00a0(see the grading rubric for details):<br \/>\nWhat is sampling and why is sampling important.<br \/>\nOne sampling strategy used in quantitative research.<br \/>\nOne other sampling strategy that you learned.<br \/>\nFor the credible nursing practice section, your learning\u00a0using mostly your own words\u00a0(see the grading rubric for details):<br \/>\nHow reOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<br \/>\nsearch can help to make nursing practice safer.<br \/>\nWhy research is critical for creating an evidence-based nursing practice.<br \/>\nFor the conclusion section, summarize your learning\u00a0using mostly your own words\u00a0(see the grading rubric for details):<br \/>\nShort, concise, thorough summary of the main points of the paper.<br \/>\nDouble check your work with the grading rubric to ensure you have met all grading criteria for this assignment.<br \/>\nTwo or more supporting scholarly references are required.\u00a0 Textbooks\u00a0are not allowed\u00a0and\u00a0should not\u00a0be used as a scholarly source.\u00a0 Use the Chamberlain Library to locate relevant, scholarly sources.<br \/>\nNo more than two direct quotes are allowed.\u00a0 You should be using mostly your own words to demonstrate your understanding of the topics\/criteria for this assignment.\u00a0 Citations and references must be included.<br \/>\nThis is a short, scholarly paper. The assignment should be 3-4 pages in length\u00a0not\u00a0including the title page and references page.<br \/>\nSubmit the completed assignment on the Week 5: Assignment page.<br \/>\n**Academic Integrity Reminder**<br \/>\nChamberlain College of Nursing values honesty and integrity. All students should be aware of the Academic Integrity policy and follow it in all discussions and assignments.<br \/>\nBy submitting this assignment, I pledge on my honor that all content contained is my own original work except as quoted and cited appropriately. I have not received any unauthorized assistance on this assignment.<br \/>\nNote:\u00a0Please use your browser&#8217;s File menu to save or print this page.<br \/>\nReferences<br \/>\nAmerican Association of Colleges of Nurses (AACN). (2008). Executive\u00a0summary: The essentials of baccalaureate education for professional nursing practice(2008). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.aacnnursing.org\/Education-Resources\/AACN-Essentials<br \/>\nQuality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN). (2018).\u00a0QSEN knowledge, skills, and attitude competencies. Retrieved from http:\/\/qsen.org\/competencies\/pre-licensure-ksas\/<br \/>\nRubric<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>NR439 Research Designs Assignment Rubric<br \/>\nNR439 Research Designs Assignment Rubric<br \/>\nCriteria<br \/>\nRatings<br \/>\nPts<br \/>\nThis criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Introduction<br \/>\nWrite a paragraph introduction incorporating your learning and using mostly your own words to summarize: a) The need for nursing research. b) The importance for nurses to understand the basic principles of research. c) The purpose of your paper.<br \/>\n32.0 pts<br \/>\nThoroughly summarizes criteria in the first column. Excellent details are provided.<br \/>\n28.0 pts<br \/>\nMostly summarizes criteria in the first column or one criteria lacks details or is missing.<br \/>\n25.0 pts<br \/>\nMinimally summarizes criteria from first the column or two criteria lack details or is missing.<br \/>\n11.0 pts<br \/>\nPoorly summarizes criteria from the first column or all criteria lack details.<br \/>\n0.0 pts<br \/>\nAll criteria from the first column are missing.<br \/>\n32.0 pts<br \/>\nThis criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Quantitative Research<br \/>\nWrite a paragraph incorporating your learning and using mostly your own words to summarize: a) The importance of quantitative research. b) One type of quantitative design; explain one important feature of this type of design. c) How quantitative research can help improve nursing practice.<br \/>\n34.0 pts<br \/>\nThoroughly summarizes criteria in the first column. Excellent details are provided.<br \/>\n30.0 pts<br \/>\nMostly summarizes criteria in the first column or one criteria lacks details or is missing.<br \/>\n27.0 pts<br \/>\nMinimally summarizes criteria from first the column or two criteria lack details or is missing.<br \/>\n13.0 pts<br \/>\nPoorly summarizes criteria from the first column or all criteria lack details.<br \/>\n0.0 pts<br \/>\nAll criteria from the first column are missing.<br \/>\n34.0 pts<br \/>\nThis criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Qualitative Research<br \/>\nWrite a paragraph incorporating your learning and using mostly your own words to summarize: a) The importance of qualitative research. b) One type of qualitative design; explain one important feature of this type of design. c) How qualitative research can help improve nursing practice.<br \/>\n34.0 pts<br \/>\nThoroughly summarizes criteria in the first column. Excellent details are provided.<br \/>\n30.0 pts<br \/>\nMostly summarizes criteria in the first column or one criteria lacks details or is missing.<br \/>\n27.0 pts<br \/>\nMinimally summarizes criteria from first the column or two criteria lack details or is missing.<br \/>\n13.0 pts<br \/>\nPoorly summarizes criteria from the first column or all criteria lack details.<br \/>\n0.0 pts<br \/>\nAll criteria from the first column are missing.<br \/>\n34.0 pts<br \/>\nThis criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Research Sampling<br \/>\nWrite a paragraph incorporating your learning and using mostly your own words to summarize: a) What is sampling and why is sampling important. b) One sampling strategy used in quantitative research. c) One other sampling strategy that you learned.<br \/>\n34.0 pts<br \/>\nThoroughly summarizes all criteria in the first column. Thorough details are provided.<br \/>\n30.0 pts<br \/>\nMostly summarizes criteria in the first column or one criteria lacks details or is missing.<br \/>\n27.0 pts<br \/>\nMinimally summarizes criteria from the first column or two criteria lack details or is missing.<br \/>\n13.0 pts<br \/>\nVaguely summarizes all criteria from the first column or all criteria lack details.<br \/>\n0.0 pts<br \/>\nAll criteria from the first column are missing.<br \/>\n34.0 pts<br \/>\nThis criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Credible Nursing Practice<br \/>\nWrite a paragraph incorporating your learning and using mostly your own words to summarize: a) How research can help to make nursing practice safer. b) Why research is critical for creating an evidence-based nursing practice.<br \/>\n34.0 pts<br \/>\nThoroughly summarizes criteria in the first column. Thorough details are provided.<br \/>\n30.0 pts<br \/>\nMostly summarizes criteria in the first column. Good details.<br \/>\n27.0 pts<br \/>\nMinimally summarizes criteria in the first column or one criteria lack details or is missing.<br \/>\n13.0 pts<br \/>\nPoorly summarizes criteria from the first column or both criteria lack details.<br \/>\n0.0 pts<br \/>\nBoth criteria from the first column are missing.<br \/>\n34.0 pts<br \/>\nThis criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Conclusion<br \/>\nWrite a short, concise, thorough summary of the main points of the paper.<br \/>\n32.0 pts<br \/>\nSummarizes a short, concise, thorough summary of the main points of the paper.<br \/>\n28.0 pts<br \/>\nMostly summarizes the main points of the paper. Good details.<br \/>\n25.0 pts<br \/>\nWrites a vague summary of the paper. Fair details.<br \/>\n11.0 pts<br \/>\nWrites a poor summary of the paper. Poor details.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>0.0 pts<br \/>\nDid not sufficiently provide any of the conclusion criteria or conclusion not discussed.<br \/>\n32.0 pts<br \/>\nThis criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Scholarly Writing, Mechanics, Organization, Spelling, Sentence Structure, Grammar.<br \/>\n8.0 pts<br \/>\nExcellent scholarly writing, mechanics, organization, spelling, sentence structure, grammar. No errors noted.<br \/>\n6.0 pts<br \/>\nGood writing, mechanics, organization, spelling, sentence structure, grammar. A few errors.<br \/>\n3.0 pts<br \/>\nFair writing, mechanics, organization, Spelling, sentence structure, grammar. Some errors noted.<br \/>\n2.0 pts<br \/>\nPoor writing, mechanics, organization, spelling sentence structure, grammar. Many errors noted.<br \/>\n0.0 pts<br \/>\nVery poor writing, mechanics, and organization. Errors throughout are noted. Writing is difficult to understand or follow.<br \/>\n8.0 pts<br \/>\nThis criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome APA Formatting<br \/>\n8.0 pts<br \/>\nExcellent APA formatting with no errors. Uses mostly own words. No more than 2 direct quotes used.<br \/>\n6.0 pts<br \/>\nGood APA formatting with a few errors noted. Three direct quotes used.<br \/>\n3.0 pts<br \/>\nFair APA formatting with some errors noted. Four direct quotes used.<br \/>\n2.0 pts<br \/>\nPoor APA formatting with many errors noted. Five or more direct quotes used.<br \/>\n0.0 pts<br \/>\nVery poor APA with errors noted throughout.<br \/>\n8.0 pts<br \/>\nThis criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Supporting Evidence<br \/>\nUses 2 or more relevant scholarly sources to support writing. Textbooks should not be used.<br \/>\n9.0 pts<br \/>\nUses 2 or more relevant scholarly sources to support writing. Textbooks are not used.<br \/>\n5.0 pts<br \/>\nUses at least 1 relevant scholarly source to support writing.<br \/>\n0.0 pts<br \/>\nNo relevant scholarly sources provided.<br \/>\n9.0 pts<br \/>\nTotal Points: 225.0<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 2:\u00a0\u00a0Silicon Valley Startup Companies<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Read the following articles about Silicon Valley startup companies (Focus on Theranos and Zenefits ).\u00a0 Each company discussed in the articles listed below eventually came under scrutiny for ethical and\/or legal issues.<\/p>\n<p>Griffith, E. (2017, December 16).\u00a0 The other tech bubble.\u00a0 Wired.\u00a0 Retrieved from<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/the-other-tech-bubble\/\">https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/the-other-tech-bubble\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Griffith, E. (2017, December 28).\u00a0 The ugly unethical underside of Silicon Valley.\u00a0 Fortune.\u00a0 Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/venturebeat.com\/2016\/12\/28\/the-ugly-unethical-underside-of-silicon-valley\/\">https:\/\/venturebeat.com\/2016\/12\/28\/the-ugly-unethical-underside-of-silicon-valley\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Hartmans, A. (2018, September 5).\u00a0 The rise and fall of Elizabeth Holmes, who started Theranos when she was 19 and became the world&#8217;s youngest female billionaire before it all came crashing down.\u00a0\u00a0 Business Insider\u00a0 Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theranos-founder-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-life-story-bio-2018-4\">https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theranos-founder-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-life-story-bio-2018-4<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Suddath, C. and Newcomer, E. (2016, May 9).\u00a0 Zenefits was the perfect startup.\u00a0 Then it self-disrupted.\u00a0 Bloomberg.\u00a0 Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/features\/2016-zenefits\/\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/features\/2016-zenefits\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 3:\u00a0\u00a0Overview of Companies<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Provide a company overview for Zenefits and Theranos. \u00a0Describe the purpose(s) for the founding of the company; i.e., what problems was it formed to solve and\/or opportunities it was formed to exploit, who are the founders, home country or state, management, etc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 4:\u00a0\u00a0Ethical or Legal Issues<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>You will research each company to establish the facts of each situation.\u00a0 Once you have established the facts surrounding the decisions made by Theranos and Zenefits:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify and discuss the ethical issues associated with each company.<\/li>\n<li>Identify and discuss the legal issues associated with each company.<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 5:\u00a0\u00a0Stakeholders<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify the stakeholders associated with each company and explain the impact of the company\u2019s decisions on the specific stakeholders.<\/li>\n<li>Discuss how the stakeholders reacted to the decision(s) made by each company.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Step 6:\u00a0\u00a0Generate Alternatives<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>From what you have read, the startup culture poses a host of temptations creating a never-ending series of ethical choices and dilemmas.\u00a0 Companies are faced with the challenges of venture investors who expect hyper-growth and quick results.\u00a0 For privately-held companies, self-reporting, unaudited financials is an option as is not reporting, and the media serves to promote an attractive opportunity.\u00a0 Lastly, it is easy to rationalize behavior when the expectation is that entrepreneurs set the world on fire with innovative, disruptive technologies that promote overlooking rules and one\u2019s moral compass.<\/p>\n<p>Like many business people, some Silicon Valley decision makers need help in recognizing the ethical dilemmas they face when doing business and understanding the need for following rules and setting ethical standards.\u00a0 You will:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Generate and discuss at least three viable alternatives to help Silicon Valley startup companies operate and behave ethically.\u00a0 In doing so, it is necessary to consider the ethical and legal requirements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Step 7:\u00a0\u00a0Evaluate Each Alternative<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Examine the benefits and drawbacks of each proposed alternative.\u00a0 Provide careful consideration to the factors that influence the outcome of each alternative.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Step 8:\u00a0\u00a0Recommend the Best Alternative<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Once you have evaluated each alternative, recommend the best alternative that ensure appropriate business practices and accountability.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how Silicon Valley startup companies will effectively communicate this change to internal and external business stakeholders.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Step 9:\u00a0\u00a0Review the Paper\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Read the paper to ensure all required elements are present.\u00a0 Use the grading rubric to ensure that you gain the most points possible for this assignment.<\/p>\n<p>Proofread the paper for spelling and grammatical issues, and third person writing.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Read the paper aloud as a first measure;<\/li>\n<li>Use the spell and grammar check in Word as a second\u00a0measure;<\/li>\n<li>Have someone who has excellent English skills proofread the paper;<\/li>\n<li>Consider submitting the paper to the Effective Writing Center (EWC).\u00a0\u00a0The EWC will provide 4-6 areas that may need improvement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Step 10:\u00a0\u00a0Submit the paper in the Assignment Folder\u00a0<\/strong>(The assignment submitted to the Assignment Folder will be considered the\u00a0student&#8217;s final product and therefore ready for grading by the instructor.\u00a0 It is incumbent upon the student to verify the assignment is the correct submission.\u00a0 No exceptions will be considered by the instructor).<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>How to Set Up the Paper<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Create a Word or Rich Text Format (RTF) document that is double-spaced, 12-point font.\u00a0\u00a0The final product will be between 6-8 pages in length excluding the title page and reference page. \u00a0Write clearly and concisely.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Completing the Paper\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In order to complete this project, you will want to first read the module, Learn How to Support What You Write, as this assignment requires you to use the course material to support what you write.\u00a0 Also,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Read and use the grading rubric while completing the exercise to ensure all requirements are met that will lead to the highest possible grade.<\/li>\n<li>Third person writing is required.\u00a0\u00a0Third person means that there are no words such as \u201cI, me, my, we, or us\u201d (first person writing), nor is there use of \u201cyou or your\u201d (second person writing).\u00a0\u00a0If uncertain how to write in the third person, view this link:\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.quickanddirtytips.com\/education\/grammar\/first-second-and-third-person\">http:\/\/www.quickanddirtytips.com\/education\/grammar\/first-second-and-third-person<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Contractions are not used in business writing, so do not use them.<\/li>\n<li>Paraphrase and do not use direct quotation marks.\u00a0 Paraphrase means you do not use more than four consecutive words from a source document.\u00a0 Instead put a passage from a source document into your own words and attribute the passage to the source document.\u00a0 Not using direct quotation marks means that there should be no passages with quotation marks and instead the source material is paraphrased as stated above.\u00a0 Note that a reference within a reference list cannot exist without an associated in-text citation and vice versa.\u00a0 \u00a0You may not use more than four consecutive words from a source document, as doing so would require direct quotation marks.\u00a0 Changing words from a passage does not exclude the passage from having quotation marks.\u00a0\u00a0 If more than four consecutive words are used from source documents, this material will not be included in the grade and could lead to allegations of academic dishonesty.<\/li>\n<li>You are expected to use the case scenarios and weekly course material to develop the analysis and support the reasoning.\u00a0\u00a0 There should be a robust use of the course material and case scenario facts.\u00a0 Material used from a source document must be cited and referenced.\u00a0 A reference within a reference list cannot exist without an associated in-text citation and vice versa.\u00a0 Changing words from a passage does not exclude the passage from having quotation marks.\u00a0\u00a0 If more than four consecutive words are used from source documents, this material will not be included in the grade and could lead to allegations of academic dishonesty.<\/li>\n<li>Use in-text citations and provide a reference list that contains the reference associated with each in-text citation.<\/li>\n<li>The only book you may use is the course eBook.\u00a0 You may not use a dictionary or Wikipedia.<\/li>\n<li>Provide the page or paragraph number in every in-text citation presented.\u00a0 If the eBook does not have pages, provide the chapter title and topic heading.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Self-Plagiarism:\u00a0Self-plagiarism is the act of reusing significant, identical or nearly identical portions of one&#8217;s own work.\u00a0 You cannot re-use any portion of a paper or other graded work that was submitted to another class even if you are retaking this course.\u00a0\u00a0 You also will not reuse any portion of previously submitted work in this class.\u00a0 A zero will be assigned to the assignment if self-plagiarized.\u00a0 Faculty\u00a0<u>do<\/u>\u00a0<u>not<\/u>\u00a0have the discretion to accept self-plagiarized work.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/kantian-ethics-moral-philosophy-immanuel-kant-4045398\">https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/kantian-ethics-moral-philosophy-immanuel-kant-4045398<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This link, as well as the links that are attached inside of the instructions.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/p>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<p>This text was adapted by The Saylor Foundation under a Creative<\/p>\n<p>Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License without<\/p>\n<p>attribution as requested by the work\u2019s original creator or licensee.<\/p>\n<p>Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/p>\n<p>2<\/p>\n<p><strong>Preface<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ethics is about determining value; it\u2019s deciding what\u2019s worth doing and what doesn\u2019t matter so much.<\/p>\n<p>Business ethics is the way we decide what kind of career to pursue, what choices we make on the job,<\/p>\n<p>which companies we want to work with, and what kind of economic world we want to live in and then<\/p>\n<p>leave behind for those coming after. There are no perfect answers to these questions, but there\u2019s a<\/p>\n<p>difference between thinking them through and winging it. The Business Ethics Workshop provides a<\/p>\n<p>framework for identifying, analyzing, and resolving ethical dilemmas encountered through working life.<\/p>\n<p>This text\u2019s principles:<\/p>\n<p>\uf0b7 It\u2019s your call. Some of the book\u2019s case studies ask for defenses of ethical positions that few agree with<\/p>\n<p>(for example, the claim that a drug dealer\u2019s job is better than a police officer\u2019s). Exercises like this align<\/p>\n<p>with the textbook\u2019s aim: provoking reasoning freed from customary divisions between right and wrong. In<\/p>\n<p>the end, no one completely resists their own habits of thinking or society\u2019s broad pressures, but testing the<\/p>\n<p>limits sharpens the tools of ethical analysis. These tools can be relied on later on when you face decisions<\/p>\n<p>that you alone have to make. The aim of this book is to help make those decisions with coherent,<\/p>\n<p>defensible reasoning.<\/p>\n<p>\uf0b7 Keep it mostly real. Ethics is an everyday activity. It\u2019s not mysterious, head-in-the-clouds ruminating<\/p>\n<p>but determining the worth of things around us: Working at an advertising agency is exciting\u2014actors,<\/p>\n<p>lights, cameras, and TV commercials\u2014but do I really want to hock sugary breakfast cereals to children?<\/p>\n<p>Should I risk my reputation by hiring my college roommate, the one who\u2019s habits of showing up late and<\/p>\n<p>erratically to class have carried over to working life? These are the immediate questions of business ethics,<\/p>\n<p>and while any textbook on the subject must address broad, impersonal questions including the<\/p>\n<p>responsibilities of massive corporations in modern societies, this book\u2019s focus stays as often as possible on<\/p>\n<p>ordinary people in normal but difficult circumstances.<\/p>\n<p>\uf0b7 Be current. The rules of ethical thinking don\u2019t change much, but the world is a constant revolution. The<\/p>\n<p>textbook and its cases follow along as closely as possible, citing from blog posts and recent news stories.<\/p>\n<p>As a note here, to facilitate reading some of these citations have been slightly and silently modified.<\/p>\n<p>Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/p>\n<p>3<\/p>\n<p>\uf0b7 Let\u2019s talk about our problem. Case studies are the most important components of this text because it<\/p>\n<p>was written for a discussion-intensive class. Ethics isn\u2019t something we know; it\u2019s something we do, and<\/p>\n<p>trying out our reasoning is the best way to confirm that it\u2019s actually working.<\/p>\n<p>Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/p>\n<p>4<\/p>\n<p>Chapter 1<\/p>\n<p>What Is Business Ethics?<\/p>\n<p>Chapter Overview<\/p>\n<p>Chapter 1 &#8220;What Is Business Ethics?&#8221; defines business ethics and sketches how debates within the field<\/p>\n<p>happen. The history of the discipline is also considered, along with the overlap between business and<\/p>\n<p>personal ethics.<\/p>\n<p>1.1 What Is Business Ethics?<\/p>\n<p>L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Define the components of business ethics.<\/li>\n<li>Outline how business ethics works.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Captive Customers<\/p>\n<p>Ann Marie Wagoner studies at the University of Alabama (UA). She pays $1,200 a year for books, which is<\/p>\n<p>exasperating, but what really ticks her off is the text for her composition class. Called A Writer\u2019s Reference<\/p>\n<p>(Custom Publication for the University of Alabama), it\u2019s the same Writer\u2019s Reference sold everywhere<\/p>\n<p>else, with slight modifications: there are thirty-two extra pages describing the school\u2019s particular writing<\/p>\n<p>program, the Alabama A is emblazoned on the front cover, there\u2019s an extra $6 on the price tag (compared<\/p>\n<p>with the price of the standard version when purchased new), and there\u2019s an added sentence on the back:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis book may not be bought or sold used.\u201d The modifications are a collective budget wrecker. Because<\/p>\n<p>she\u2019s forced to buy a new copy of the customized Alabama text, she ends up paying about twice what she\u2019d<\/p>\n<p>pay for a used copy of the standard, not-customized book that\u2019s available at Chegg.com and similar usedbook<\/p>\n<p>dealers.<\/p>\n<p>For the extra money, Wagoner doesn\u2019t get much\u2014a few additional text pages and a school spirit cover.<\/p>\n<p>Worse, those extra pages are posted free on the English department\u2019s website, so the cover\u2019s the only<\/p>\n<p>unambiguous benefit. Even there, though, it\u2019d be cheaper to just buy a UA bumper sticker and paste it<\/p>\n<p>Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/p>\n<p>5<\/p>\n<p>across the front. It\u2019s hard to see, finally, any good reason for the University of Alabama English<\/p>\n<p>Department to snare its own students with a textbook costing so much.<\/p>\n<p>Things clear up when you look closely at the six-dollar difference between the standard new book cost and<\/p>\n<p>the customized UA version. Only half that money stays with the publisher to cover specialized printing<\/p>\n<p>costs. The other part kicks back to the university\u2019s writing program, the one requiring the book in the first<\/p>\n<p>place. It turns out there\u2019s a quiet moneymaking scheme at work here: the English department gets some<\/p>\n<p>straight revenue, and most students, busy with their lives, don\u2019t notice the royalty details. They get their<\/p>\n<p>books, roll their eyes at the cash register, and get on with things.<\/p>\n<p>Wagoner noticed, though. According to an extensive article in the Wall Street Journal, she calls the cost<\/p>\n<p>of new custom books \u201cridiculous.\u201d She\u2019s also more than a little suspicious about why students aren\u2019t more<\/p>\n<p>openly informed about the royalty arrangement: \u201cThey\u2019re hiding it so there isn\u2019t a huge uproar.\u201d [1]<\/p>\n<p>While it may be true that the Tuscaloosa University is hiding what\u2019s going on, they\u2019re definitely not doing<\/p>\n<p>a very good job since the story ended up splattered across the Wall Street Journal. One reason the story<\/p>\n<p>reached one of the United States\u2019 largest circulation dailies is that a lot of universities are starting to get in<\/p>\n<p>on the cash. Printing textbooks within the kickback model is, according to the article, the fastest growing<\/p>\n<p>slice of the $3.5 billion college textbook market.<\/p>\n<p>The money\u2019s there, but not everyone is eager to grab it. James Koch, an economist and former president<\/p>\n<p>of Old Dominion University and the University of Montana, advises schools to think carefully before<\/p>\n<p>tapping into customized-textbook dollars because, he says, the whole idea \u201ctreads right on the edge of<\/p>\n<p>what I would call unethical behavior. I\u2019m not sure it passes the smell test.\u201d [2]<\/p>\n<p>What Is Business Ethics?<\/p>\n<p>What does it mean to say a business practice doesn\u2019t \u201cpass the smell test\u201d? And what would happen if<\/p>\n<p>someone read the article and said, \u201cWell, to me it smells all right\u201d? If no substance fills out the idea, if<\/p>\n<p>there\u2019s no elaboration, then there probably wouldn\u2019t be much more to say. The two would agree to<\/p>\n<p>disagree and move on. Normally, that\u2019s OK; no one has time to debate everything. But if you want to get<\/p>\n<p>involved\u2014if you\u2019re like Wagoner who sounds angry about what\u2019s going on and maybe wants to change it\u2014<\/p>\n<p>you\u2019ll need to do more than make comments about how things hit the nose.<\/p>\n<p>Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/p>\n<p>6<\/p>\n<p>Doing business ethics means providing reasons for how things ought to be in the economic world. This<\/p>\n<p>requires the following:<\/p>\n<p>\uf0b7 Arranging values to guide decisions. There needs to be a clearly defined and well-justified set of<\/p>\n<p>priorities about what\u2019s worth seeking and protecting and what other things we\u2019re willing to compromise or<\/p>\n<p>give up. For example, what\u2019s more important and valuable: consumers (in this case students paying for an<\/p>\n<p>education) getting their books cheaply or protecting the right of the university to run the business side of<\/p>\n<p>its operation as it sees fit?<\/p>\n<p>\uf0b7 Understanding the facts. To effectively apply a set of values to any situation, the situation itself must be<\/p>\n<p>carefully defined. Who, for example, is involved in the textbook conflict? Students, clearly, as well as<\/p>\n<p>university administrators. What about parents who frequently subsidize their college children? Are they<\/p>\n<p>participants or just spectators? What about those childless men and women in Alabama whose taxes go to<\/p>\n<p>the university? Are they involved? And how much money are we talking about? Where does it go? Why?<\/p>\n<p>How and when did all this get started?<\/p>\n<p>\uf0b7 Constructing arguments. This shows how, given the facts, one action serves our values better than other<\/p>\n<p>actions. While the complexities of real life frequently disallow absolute proofs, there remains an absolute<\/p>\n<p>requirement of comprehensible reasoning. Arguments need to make sense to outside observers. In simple,<\/p>\n<p>practical terms, the test of an ethical argument resembles the test of a recipe for a cook: others need to be<\/p>\n<p>able to follow it and come to the same result. There may remain disagreements about facts and values at<\/p>\n<p>the end of an argument in ethics, but others need to understand the reasoning marking each step taken on<\/p>\n<p>the way to your conclusion.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, the last word in ethics is a determination about right and wrong. This actual result, however, is<\/p>\n<p>secondary to the process: the verdict is only the remainder of forming and debating arguments. That\u2019s<\/p>\n<p>why doing ethics isn\u2019t brainwashing. Conclusions are only taken seriously if composed from clear values,<\/p>\n<p>recognized facts, and solid arguments.<\/p>\n<p>Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>7<\/p>\n<p>Bringing Ethics to Kickback Textbooks<\/p>\n<p>The Wall Street Journal article on textbooks and kickbacks to the university is a mix of facts, values, and<\/p>\n<p>arguments. They can be sorted out; an opportunity to do the sorting is provided by one of the article\u2019s<\/p>\n<p>more direct assertions:<\/p>\n<p>Royalty arrangements involving specially made books may violate colleges\u2019 conflict-of-interest<\/p>\n<p>rules because they appear to benefit universities more than students.<\/p>\n<p>A conflict of interest occurs when a university pledges to serve the interest of students but finds that its<\/p>\n<p>own interest is served by not doing that. It doesn\u2019t sound like this is a good thing (in the language of the<\/p>\n<p>article, it smells bad). But to reach that conclusion in ethical terms, the specific values, facts, and<\/p>\n<p>arguments surrounding this conflict need to be defined.<\/p>\n<p>Start with the values. The priorities and convictions underneath the conflict-of-interest accusation are<\/p>\n<p>clear. When university takes tuition money from a student and promises to do the best job possible in<\/p>\n<p>providing an education to the student, then it better do that. The truth matters. When you make a<\/p>\n<p>promise, you\u2019ve got to fulfill it. Now, this fundamental value is what makes a conflict of interest<\/p>\n<p>worrisome. If we didn\u2019t care about the truth at all, then a university promising one thing and doing<\/p>\n<p>something else wouldn\u2019t seem objectionable. In the world of poker, for example, when a player makes a<\/p>\n<p>grand show of holding a strong hand by betting a pile of chips, no one calls him a liar when it\u2019s later<\/p>\n<p>revealed that the hand was weak. The truth isn\u2019t expected in poker, and bluffing is perfectly acceptable.<\/p>\n<p>Universities aren\u2019t poker tables, though. Many students come to school expecting honesty from their<\/p>\n<p>institution and fidelity to agreements. To the extent these values are applied, a conflict of interest becomes<\/p>\n<p>both possible and objectionable.<\/p>\n<p>With the core value of honesty established, what are the facts? The \u201cwho\u2019s involved?\u201d question brings in<\/p>\n<p>the students buying the textbooks, the company making the textbooks (Bedford\/St. Martin\u2019s in Boston),<\/p>\n<p>and the University of Alabama. As drawn from the UA web page, here\u2019s the school\u2019s purpose, the reason it<\/p>\n<p>exists in the first place: \u201cThe University of Alabama is a student-centered research university and an<\/p>\n<p>academic community united in its commitment to enhancing the quality of life for all Alabamians.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Moving to the financial side, specific dollar amounts should be listed (the textbook\u2019s cost, the cost for the<\/p>\n<p>non-customized version). Also, it may be important to note the financial context of those involved: in the<\/p>\n<p>Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/p>\n<p>8<\/p>\n<p>case of the students, some are comfortably wealthy or have parents paying for everything, while others<\/p>\n<p>live closer to their bank accounts edge and are working their way through school.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, the actual book-selling operation should be clearly described. In essence, what\u2019s going on is that<\/p>\n<p>the UA English Department is making a deal with the Bedford\/St. Martin\u2019s textbook company. The<\/p>\n<p>university proposes, \u201cIf you give us a cut of the money you make selling textbooks, we\u2019ll let you make<\/p>\n<p>more money off our students.\u201d Because the textbooks are customized, the price goes up while the supply<\/p>\n<p>of cheap used copies (that usually can be purchased through the Internet from stores across the nation)<\/p>\n<p>goes way down. It\u2019s much harder for UA students to find used copies, forcing many to buy a new version.<\/p>\n<p>This is a huge windfall for Bedford\/St. Martin\u2019s because, for them, every time a textbook is resold used,<\/p>\n<p>they lose a sale. On the other side, students end up shelling out the maximum money for each book<\/p>\n<p>because they have to buy new instead of just recycling someone else\u2019s from the previous year. Finally, at<\/p>\n<p>the end of the line there is the enabler of this operation, the English department that both requires the<\/p>\n<p>book for a class and has the book customized to reduce used-copy sales. They get a small percentage of<\/p>\n<p>Bedford\/St. Martin\u2019s extra revenue.<\/p>\n<p>With values and facts established, an argument against kickback textbooks at Alabama can be drawn up.<\/p>\n<p>By customizing texts and making them mandatory, UA is forcing students to pay extra money to take a<\/p>\n<p>class: they have to spend about thirty dollars extra, which is the difference between the cost of a new,<\/p>\n<p>customized textbook and the standard version purchased, used. Students generally don\u2019t have a lot of<\/p>\n<p>money, and while some pass through school on the parental scholarship, others scrape by and have to<\/p>\n<p>work a Mc Job to make ends meet. So for at least some students, that thirty dollars directly equals time<\/p>\n<p>that could be spent studying, but that instead goes to flipping burgers. The customized textbooks,<\/p>\n<p>consequently, hurt these students\u2019 academic learning in a measurable way. Against that reality there\u2019s the<\/p>\n<p>university\u2019s own claim to be a \u201cstudent-centered\u201d institution. Those words appear untrue, however, if the<\/p>\n<p>university is dragging its own students out of the library and forcing them to work extra hours. To comply<\/p>\n<p>with its own stated ideals\u2014to serve the students\u2019 interests\u2014UA should suspend the kickback textbook<\/p>\n<p>practice. It\u2019s important to do that, finally, because fulfilling promises is valuable; it\u2019s something worth<\/p>\n<p>doing.<\/p>\n<p>Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/p>\n<p>9<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Argument and Counterargument<\/p>\n<p>The conclusion that kickback textbooks turn universities into liars doesn\u2019t end debate on the question. In<\/p>\n<p>fact, because well-developed ethical positions expose their reasoning so openly (as opposed to \u201cit doesn\u2019t<\/p>\n<p>smell right\u201d), they tend to invite responses. One characteristic, in other words, of good ethical arguments<\/p>\n<p>is that, paradoxically but not contradictorily, they tend to provoke counterarguments.<\/p>\n<p>Broadly, there are three ways to dispute an argument in ethics. You can attack the<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>facts,<\/li>\n<li>values,<\/li>\n<li>reasoning,<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>In the textbook case, disputing the facts might involve showing that students who need to work a few<\/p>\n<p>extra hours to afford their books don\u2019t subtract that time from their studying; actually, they subtract it<\/p>\n<p>from late-night hours pounding beers in dank campus bars. The academic damage done, therefore, by<\/p>\n<p>kickback textbooks is zero. Pressing this further, if it\u2019s true that increased textbook prices translate into<\/p>\n<p>less student partying, the case could probably be made that the university actually serves students\u2019<\/p>\n<p>interests\u2014at least those who drink too much beer\u2014by jacking up the prices.<\/p>\n<p>The values supporting an argument about kickback textbooks may, like the facts, be disputed. Virginia<\/p>\n<p>Tech, for example, runs a text-customization program like Alabama\u2019s. According to Tech\u2019s English<\/p>\n<p>Department chair Carolyn Rude, the customized books published by Pearson net the department about<\/p>\n<p>$20,000 a year. Some of that cash goes to pay for instructors\u2019 travel stipends. These aren\u2019t luxury retreats<\/p>\n<p>to Las Vegas or Miami; they\u2019re gatherings of earnest professors in dull places for discussions that reliably<\/p>\n<p>put a few listeners to sleep. When instructors\u2014who are frequently graduate students\u2014attend, they\u2019re<\/p>\n<p>looking to burnish their curriculum vitae and get some public responses to their work. Possibly, the trip<\/p>\n<p>will help them get a better academic job later on. Regardless, it won\u2019t do much for the undergraduates at<\/p>\n<p>Virginia Tech. In essence, the undergrads are being asked to pay a bit extra for books to help graduate<\/p>\n<p>students hone their ideas and advance professionally.<\/p>\n<p>Can that tradeoff be justified? With the right values, yes. It must be conceded that Virginia Tech is<\/p>\n<p>probably rupturing a commitment to serve the undergrads\u2019 interest. Therefore, it\u2019s true that a certain<\/p>\n<p>Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/p>\n<p>10<\/p>\n<p>amount of dishonesty shadows the process of inflating textbook costs. If, however, there\u2019s a higher value<\/p>\n<p>than truth, that won\u2019t matter so much. Take this possibility: what\u2019s right and wrong isn\u2019t determined by<\/p>\n<p>honesty and fidelity to commitments, but the general welfare. The argument here is that while it\u2019s true<\/p>\n<p>that undergrads suffer a bit because they pay extra, the instructors receiving the travel stipends benefit a<\/p>\n<p>lot. Their knowledge grows, their career prospects improve, and in sum, they benefit so much that it<\/p>\n<p>entirely outweighs the harm done to the undergrads. As long as this value\u2014the greatest total good\u2014<\/p>\n<p>frames the assessment of kickback textbooks, the way is clear for Tech or Alabama to continue the<\/p>\n<p>practice. It\u2019s even recommendable.<\/p>\n<p>The final ground on which an ethical argument can be refuted is the reasoning. Here, the facts are<\/p>\n<p>accepted, as well as the value that universities are duty bound to serve the interests of the tuition-paying<\/p>\n<p>undergraduate students since that\u2019s the commitment they make on their web pages. What can still be<\/p>\n<p>debated, however, is the extent to which those students may actually be benefitted by customizing<\/p>\n<p>textbooks. Looking at the Wall Street Journal article, several partially developed arguments are presented<\/p>\n<p>on this front. For example, at Alabama, part of the money collected from the customized texts underwrites<\/p>\n<p>teaching awards, and that, presumably, motivates instructors to perform better in the classroom, which<\/p>\n<p>ends up serving the students\u2019 educational interests. Similarly, at Virginia Tech, part of the revenue is<\/p>\n<p>apportioned to bring in guest speakers, which should advance the undergraduate educational cause. The<\/p>\n<p>broader argument is that while it\u2019s true that the students are paying more for their books than peers at<\/p>\n<p>other universities, the sequence of reasoning doesn\u2019t necessarily lead from that fact to the conclusion that<\/p>\n<p>there\u2019s a reproachable conflict of interest. It can also reach the verdict that students\u2019 educational<\/p>\n<p>experience is improved; instead of a conflict of interest, there\u2019s an elevated commitment to student<\/p>\n<p>welfare inherent in the kickback practice.<\/p>\n<p>Conclusion. There\u2019s no irrefutable answer to the question about whether universities ought to get involved<\/p>\n<p>in kickback textbooks. What is clear, however, is that there\u2019s a difference between responding to them by<\/p>\n<p>asserting that something doesn\u2019t smell right, and responding by uniting facts, values, and reasoning to<\/p>\n<p>produce a substantial ethical argument.<\/p>\n<p>KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/p>\n<p>\uf0b7 Business ethics deals with values, facts, and arguments.<\/p>\n<p>Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/p>\n<p>11<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Well-reasoned arguments, by reason of their clarity, invite counterarguments.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. What is the difference between brainwashing and an argument?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. What does it mean to dispute an argument on the basis of the facts?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. What does it mean to dispute an argument on the basis of the values?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. What does it mean to dispute an argument on the basis of the reasoning?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[1] John Hechinger, \u201cAs Textbooks Go \u2018Custom,\u2019 Students Pay: Colleges Receive Royalties for School-Specific<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Editions; Barrier to Secondhand Sales,\u201d Wall Street Journal, July 10, 2008, accessed May 11,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/online.wsj.com\/article\/SB121565135185141235.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[2] John Hechinger, \u201cAs Textbooks Go \u2018Custom,\u2019 Students Pay: Colleges Receive Royalties for School-Specific<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Editions; Barrier to Secondhand Sales,\u201d Wall Street Journal, July 10, 2008, accessed May 11,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/online.wsj.com\/article\/SB121565135185141235.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">12<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1.2 The Place of Business Ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Distinguish the place of business ethics within the larger field of decision making.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Sketch the historical development of business ethics as a coherent discipline.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Boundaries and History of Business Ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Though both economic life and ethics are as old as history, business ethics as a formal area of study is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">relatively new. Delineating the specific place of today\u2019s business ethics involves<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 distinguishing morality, ethics, and meta-ethics;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 dividing normative from descriptive ethics;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 comparing ethics against other forms of decision making;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 sketching some inflection points in the histories of ethics and business ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Morality, Ethics, and Meta-ethics: What\u2019s the Difference?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The back and forth of debates about kickback textbooks occurs on one of the three distinct levels of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">consideration about right and wrong. Morals occupy the lowest level; they\u2019re the direct rules we ought to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">follow. Two of the most common moral dictates are don\u2019t lie and don\u2019t steal. Generally, the question to ask<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about a moral directive is whether it was obeyed. Specifically in the case of university textbooks, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">debate about whether customized textbooks are a good idea isn\u2019t morality. It\u2019s not because morality<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doesn\u2019t involve debates. Morality only involves specific guidelines that should be followed; it only begins<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">13<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">when someone walks into a school bookstore, locates a book needed for a class, strips out the little<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">magnetic tag hidden in the spine, and heads for the exit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Above all morality there\u2019s the broader question about exactly what specific rules should be instituted and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">followed. Answering this question is ethics. Ethics is the morality factory, the production of guidelines<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that later may be obeyed or violated. It\u2019s not clear today, for example, whether there should be moral rule<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">prohibiting kickback textbooks. There are good arguments for the prohibition (universities are betraying<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their duty to serve students\u2019 interests) and good arguments against (schools are finding innovative sources<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of revenue that can be put to good use). For that reason, it\u2019s perfectly legitimate for someone like Ann<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Marie Wagoner to stand up at the University of Alabama and decry the practice as wrong. But she\u2019d be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">going too far if she accused university administrators of being thieves or immoral. They\u2019re not; they\u2019re on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the other side of an ethical conflict, not a moral one.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Above both morality and ethics there are debates about meta-ethics. These are the most abstract and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">theoretical discussions surrounding right and wrong. The questions asked on this level include the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">following: Where do ethics come from? Why do we have ethical and moral categories in the first place? To<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whom do the rules apply? Babies, for example, steal from each other all the time and no one accuses them<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of being immoral or insufficiently ethical. Why is that? Or putting the same question in the longer terms<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of human history, at some point somewhere in the past someone must have had a light bulb turn on in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their mind and asked, \u201cWait, is stealing wrong?\u201d How and why, those interested in meta-ethics ask, did<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that happen? Some believe that morality is transcendent in nature\u2014that the rules of right and wrong<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">come from beyond you and me and that our only job is to receive, learn, and obey them. Divine command<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">theory, for example, understands earthly morality as a reflection of God. Others postulate that ethics is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">very human and social in nature\u2014that it\u2019s something we invented to help us live together in communities.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Others believe there\u2019s something deeply personal in it. When I look at another individual I see in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">depth of their difference from myself a requirement to respect that other person and his or her<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">uniqueness, and from there, ethics and morality unwind. These kinds of meta-ethical questions, finally,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">are customarily studied in philosophy departments.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion. Morality is the rules, ethics is the making of rules, and meta-ethics concerns the origin of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">entire discussion. In common conversation, the words morality and ethics often overlap. It\u2019s hard to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">change the way people talk and, in a practical field like business ethics, fostering the skill of debating<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">14<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">arguments is more important than being a stickler for words, but it\u2019s always possible to keep in mind that,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">strictly speaking, morality and ethics hold distinct meanings.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What\u2019s the Difference between Normative Ethics and Descriptive Ethics?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Business ethics is normative, which means it concerns how people ought to act. Descriptive ethics depicts<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">how people actually are acting.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">At the University of Alabama, Virginia Tech, and anywhere kickback textbooks are being sold, there are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">probably a few students who check their bank accounts, find that the number is low, and decide to mount<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their own kickback scheme: refund the entire textbook cost to themselves by sneaking a copy out of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">store. Trying to make a decision about whether that\u2019s justified\u2014does economic necessity license theft in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">some cases?\u2014is normative ethics. By contrast, investigating to determine the exact number of students<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">walking out with free books is descriptive. So too is tallying the reasons for the theft: How many steal<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because they don\u2019t have the money to pay? How many accuse the university of acting dishonestly in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">first place and say that licenses theft? How many question the entire idea of private property?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The fields of descriptive ethics are many and varied. Historians trace the way penalties imposed for theft<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">have changed over time. Anthropologists look at the way different cultures respond to thievery.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Sociologists study the way publications, including Abbie Hoffman\u2019s incendiary book titled Steal This<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Book, have changed public attitudes about the ethics of theft. Psychologists are curious about the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">subconscious forces motivating criminals. Economists ask whether there\u2019s a correlation between<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">individual wealth and the kind of moral rules subscribed to. None of this depends on the question about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whether stealing may actually be justifiable, but all of it depends on stealing actually happening.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ethics versus Other Forms of Decision<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When students stand in the bookstore flipping through the pages of a budget buster, it\u2019s going to cross a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">few minds to stick it in the backpack and do a runner. Should they? Clear-headed ethical reflection may<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">provide an answer to the question, but that\u2019s not the only way we make decisions in the world. Even in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">face of screaming ethical issues, it\u2019s perfectly possible and frequently reasonable to make choices based on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">other factors. They include:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The law<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">15<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Prudence (practicality)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Religion<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Authority figures<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Peer pressure<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Custom<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Conscience<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When the temptation is there, one way to decide whether to steal a book is legal: if the law says I can\u2019t, I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">won\u2019t. Frequently, legal prohibitions overlap with commonly accepted moral rules: few legislators want to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sponsor laws that most believe to be unjust. Still, there are unjust laws. Think of downloading a text (or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">music, or a video) from the web. One day the downloading may be perfectly legal and the next, after a bill<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is passed by a legislature, it\u2019s illegal. So the law reverses, but there\u2019s no reason to think the ethics\u2014the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">values and arguments guiding decisions about downloading\u2014changed in that short time. If the ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">didn\u2019t change, at least one of the two laws must be ethically wrong. That means any necessary connection<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">between ethics and the law is broken. Even so, there are clear advantages to making decisions based on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the law. Besides the obvious one that it\u2019ll keep you out of jail, legal rules are frequently cleaner and more<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">direct than ethical determinations, and that clarity may provide justification for approving (or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">disapproving) actions with legal dictates instead of ethical ones. The reality remains, however, that the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">two ways of deciding are as distinct as their mechanisms of determination. The law results from the votes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of legislators, the interpretations of judges, and the understanding of a policeman on the scene. Ethical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">conclusions result from applied values and arguments.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Religion may also provide a solution to the question about textbook theft. The Ten Commandments, for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">example, provide clear guidance. Like the law, most mainstream religious dictates overlap with generally<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accepted ethical views, but that doesn\u2019t change the fact that the rules of religion trace back to beliefs and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">faith, while ethics goes back to arguments.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Prudence, in the sense of practical concern for your own well-being, may also weigh in and finally guide a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">decision. With respect to stealing, regardless of what you may believe about ethics or law or religion, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">possibility of going to jail strongly motivates most people to pay for what they carry out of stores. If that\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the motivation determining what\u2019s done, then personal comfort and welfare are guiding the decision more<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">than sweeping ethical arguments.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">16<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Authority figures may be relied on to make decisions: instead of asking whether it\u2019s right to steal a book,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">someone may ask themselves, \u201cWhat would my parents say I should do? Or the soccer coach? Or a movie<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">star? Or the president?\u201d While it\u2019s not clear how great the overlap is between decisions based on authority<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and those coming from ethics, it is certain that following authority implies respecting the experience and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">judgment of others, while depending on ethics means relying on your own careful thinking and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">determinations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Urges to conformity and peer pressure also guide decisions. As depicted by the startling and funny Asch<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">experiments (see Video Clip 1.1), most of us palpably fear being labeled a deviant or just differing from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">those around us. So powerful is the attraction of conformity that we\u2019ll deny things clearly seen with our<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">own eyes before being forced to stand out as distinct from everyone else.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Custom, tradition, and habit all also guide decisions. If you\u2019re standing in the bookstore and you\u2019ve never<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">stolen a thing in your life, the possibility of appropriating the text may not even occur to you or, if it does,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">may seem prohibitively strange. The great advantage of custom or tradition or just doing what we\u2019ve<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">always done is that it lets us take action without thinking. Without that ability for thoughtlessness, we\u2019d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be paralyzed. No one would make it out of the house in the morning: the entire day would be spent<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wondering about the meaning of life and so on. Habits\u2014and the decisions flowing from them\u2014allow us to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">get on with things. Ethical decisions, by contrast, tend to slow us down. In exchange, we receive the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">assurance that we actually believe in what we\u2019re doing, but in practical terms, no one\u2019s decisions can be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethically justified all the time.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, the conscience may tilt decisions in one direction or another. This is the gut feeling we have about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whether swiping the textbook is the way to go, coupled with the expectation that the wrong decision will<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">leave us remorseful, suffering palpable regret about choosing to do what we did. Conscience,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fundamentally, is a feeling; it starts as an intuition and ends as a tugging, almost sickening sensation in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the stomach. As opposed to those private sensations, ethics starts from facts and ends with a reasoned<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">argument that can be publicly displayed and compared with the arguments others present. It\u2019s not clear,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">even to experts who study the subject, exactly where the conscience comes from, how we develop it, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">what, if any, limits it should place on our actions. Could, for example, a society come into existence where<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people stole all the time and the decision to not shoplift a textbook carries with it the pang of remorse? It\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">17<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hard to know for sure. It\u2019s clear, however, that ethics is fundamentally social: it\u2019s about right and wrong as<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">those words emerge from real debates, not inner feelings.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">History and Ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conflicts, along with everything necessary to approach them ethically (mainly the ability to generate and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">articulate reasoned thoughts), are as old as the first time someone was tempted to take something from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">another. For that reason, there\u2019s no strict historical advance to the study: there\u2019s no reason to confidently<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">assert that the way we do ethics today is superior to the way we did it in the past. In that way, ethics isn\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">like the physical sciences where we can at least suspect that knowledge of the world yields technology<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">allowing more understanding, which would\u2019ve been impossible to attain earlier on. There appears to be, in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">other words, marching progress in science. Ethics doesn\u2019t have that. Still, a number of critical historical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">moments in ethics\u2019 history can be spotted.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In ancient Greece, Plato presented the theory that we could attain a general knowledge of justice that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">would allow a clear resolution to every specific ethical dilemma. He meant something like this: Most of us<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">know what a chair is, but it\u2019s hard to pin down. Is something a chair if it has four legs? No, beds have four<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">legs and some chairs (barstools) have only three. Is it a chair if you sit on it? No, that would make the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">porch steps in front of a house a chair. Nonetheless, because we have the general idea of a chair in our<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mind, we can enter just about any room in any home and know immediately where we should sit. What<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Plato proposed is that justice works like that. We have\u2014or at least we can work toward getting\u2014a general<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">idea of right and wrong, and when we have the idea, we can walk into a concrete situation and correctly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">judge what the right course of action is.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Moving this over to the case of Ann Marie Wagoner, the University of Alabama student who\u2019s outraged by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">her university\u2019s kickback textbooks, she may feel tempted, standing there in the bookstore, to make off<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with a copy. The answer to the question of whether she ought to do that will be answered by the general<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sense of justice she\u2019s been able to develop and clarify in her mind.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a distinct idea of fundamental ethics took hold: natural<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rights. The proposal here is that individuals are naturally and undeniably endowed with rights to their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">own lives, their freedom, and to pursue happiness as they see fit. As opposed to the notion that certain<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">acts are firmly right or wrong, proponents of this theory\u2014including John Locke and framers of the new<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">18<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">American nation\u2014proposed that individuals may sort things out as they please as long as their decisions<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and actions don\u2019t interfere with the right of others to do the same. Frequently understood as a theory of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">freedom maximization, the proposition is that your freedom is only limited by the freedoms others<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">possess.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For Wagoner, this way of understanding right and wrong provides little immediate hope for changing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">textbook practices at the University of Alabama. It\u2019s difficult to see how the university\u2019s decision to assign<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a certain book at a certain price interferes with Wagoner\u2019s freedom. She can always choose to not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">purchase the book, to buy one of the standard versions at Amazon, or to drop the class. What she<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">probably can\u2019t justify choosing, within this theory, is responding to the kickback textbooks by stealing a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">copy. Were she to do that, it would violate another\u2019s freedom, in this case, the right of the university (in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">agreement with a publisher) to offer a product for sale at a price they determine.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A third important historical direction in the history of ethics originated with the proposal that what you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">do doesn\u2019t matter so much as the effects of what you do. Right and wrong are found in the consequences<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">following an action, not in the action itself. In the 1800s John Stuart Mill and others advocated the idea<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that any act benefitting the general welfare was recommendable and ethically respectable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Correspondingly, any act harming a community\u2019s general happiness should be avoided. Decisions<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about good or bad, that means, don\u2019t focus on what happens now but what comes later, and they\u2019re not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about the one person making the decision but the consequences as they envelop a larger community.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For someone like Wagoner who\u2019s angry about the kickback money hidden in her book costs, this<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">consequence-centered theory opens the door to a dramatic action. She may decide to steal a book from the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bookstore and, after alerting a reporter from the student newspaper of her plan, promptly turn herself<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">into the authorities as a form of protest. \u201cI stole this book,\u201d she could say, \u201cbut that\u2019s nothing compared<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with the theft happening every day on this campus by our university.\u201d This plan of action may work out\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">or maybe not. But in terms of ethics, the focus should be on the theft\u2019s results, not the fact that she<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sneaked a book past security. The ethical verdict here is not about whether robbery is right or wrong but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whether the protest stunt will ultimately improve university life. If it does, we can say that the original<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">theft was good.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, ethics is like most fields of study in that it has been accompanied from the beginning by skeptics,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">by people suspecting that either there is no real right and wrong or, even if there is, we\u2019ll never have much<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">19<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">luck figuring out the difference. The twentieth century has been influenced by Friedrich Nietzsche\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">affirmation that moral codes (and everything else, actually) are just interpretations of reality that may be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accepted now, but there\u2019s no guarantee things will remain that way tomorrow. Is stealing a textbook right<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">or wrong? According to this view, the answer always is, \u201cIt depends.\u201d It depends on the circumstances, on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the people involved and how well they can convince others to accept one or another verdict. In practical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">terms, this view translates into a theory of cultural or contextual relativism. What\u2019s right and wrong only<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reflects what a particular person or community decides to believe at a certain moment, and little more.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Historical Development of Business Ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The long philosophical tradition of ethical thought contains the subfield of business ethics. Business<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethics, in turn, divides between ethics practiced by people who happen to be in business and business<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethics as a coherent and well-defined academic pursuit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">People in business, like everyone else, have ethical dimensions to their lives. For example, the company<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">W. R. Grace was portrayed in the John Travolta movie A Civil Action as a model of bad corporate<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">behavior. [1] What not so many people know, however, is that the corporation\u2019s founder, the man named<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">W. R. Grace, came to America in the nineteenth century, found success, and dedicated a significant<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">percentage of his profits to a free school for immigrants that still operates today.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Even though questions stretch deep into the past about what responsibilities companies and their leaders<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">may have besides generating profits, the academic world began seriously concentrating on the subject<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">only very recently. The first full-scale professional conference on academic business ethics occurred in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1974 at the University of Kansas. A textbook was derived from the meeting, and courses began appearing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">soon after at some schools.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">By 1980 some form of a unified business ethics course was offered at many of the nation\u2019s colleges and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">universities.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Academic discussion of ethical issues in business was fostered by the appearance of several specialized<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">journals, and by the mid-1990s, the field had reached maturity. University classes were widespread,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">allowing new people to enter the study easily. A core set of ideas, approaches, and debates had been<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">established as central to the subject, and professional societies and publications allowed for advanced<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">research in and intellectual growth of the field.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">20<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The development of business ethics inside universities corresponded with increasing public awareness of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">problems associated with modern economic activity, especially on environmental and financial fronts. In<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the late 1970s, the calamity in the Love Canal neighborhood of Niagara Falls, New York, focused<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">international attention on questions about a company\u2019s responsibility to those living in the surrounding<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">community and to the health of the natural world. The Love Canal\u2019s infamy began when a chemical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">company dumped tons of toxic waste into the ground before moving away. Despite the company\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">warnings about the land\u2019s toxicity, residential development spread over the area. Birth defects and similar<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">maladies eventually devastated the families. Not long afterward and on the financial front, an insider<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">trading scandal involving the Wall Street titan Ivan Boesky made front pages, which led John Shad,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">former head of the Securities and Exchange Commission, to donate $20 million to his business school<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">alma mater for the purpose of ethics education. Parallel (though usually more modest) money infusions<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">went to university philosophy departments. As a discipline, business ethics naturally bridges the two<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">divisions of study since the theory and tools for resolving ethical problems come from philosophy, but the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">problems for solving belong to the real economic world.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Today, the most glamorous issues of business ethics involve massively powerful corporations and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">swashbuckling financiers. Power and celebrity get people\u2019s attention. Other, more tangible issues don\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">appear in so many headlines, but they\u2019re just as important to study since they directly reach so many of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">us: What kind of career is worth pursuing? Should I lie on my r\u00e9sum\u00e9? How important is money?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Personal History of Ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Moving from academics to individual people, almost every adult does business ethics. Every time people<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shake their exhausted heads in the morning, eye the clock, and decide whether they\u2019ll go to work or just<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pull up the covers, they\u2019re making a decision about what values guide their economic reality. The way<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethics is done, however, changes from person to person and for all of us through our lives. There\u2019s no<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">single history of ethics as individuals live it, but there\u2019s a broad consensus that for many people, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">development of their ethical side progresses in a way not too far off from a general scheme proposed by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Pre-conventional behavior\u2014displayed by children, but not only by them\u2014is about people calculating to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">get what they want efficiently: decisions are made in accordance with raw self-interest. That\u2019s why many<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">21<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">children really do behave better near the end of December. It\u2019s not that they\u2019ve suddenly been struck by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">respect for others and the importance of social rules; they just figure they\u2019ll get more and better presents.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Moving up through the conventional stages, the idea of what you\u2019ll do separates from what you want.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">First, there are immediate conventions that may pull against personal desires; they include standards and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pressures applied by family and friends. Next, more abstract conventions\u2014the law and mass social<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">customs\u2014assert influence.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Continuing upward, the critical stages of moral development go from recognizing abstract conventions to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">actively and effectively comparing them. The study of business ethics belongs on this high level of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">individual maturity. Value systems are held up side by side, and reasons are erected for selecting one over<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">another. This is the ethics of full adulthood; it requires good reasoning and experience in the real world.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Coextensive with the development of ideas about what we ought to do are notions about responsibility\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about justifiably blaming people for what they\u2019ve done. Responsibility at the lowest level is physical. The<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">person who stole the book is responsible because they took it. More abstractly, responsibility attaches to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">notions of causing others to do a wrong (enticing someone else to steal a book) and not doing something<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that could have prevented a wrong (not acting to dissuade another who\u2019s considering theft is, ultimately, a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">way of acting). A mature assignment of responsibility is normally taken to require that the following<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">considerations hold:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The person is able to understand right and wrong.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The person acts to cause\u2014or fails to act to prevent\u2014a wrong.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The person acts knowing what they\u2019re doing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The person acts from their own free will.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Morality is the set of rules defining what ought to be done; ethics is the debate about what the rules<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">should be; meta-ethics investigates the origin of the entire field.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Normative ethics concerns what should be done, not what is done.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Ethics is only one of a number of ways of making decisions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Business ethics as an academic study is a recent development in the long history of ethical reflection.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">22<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 With respect to individuals, the development of ethical thought may be studied, as well as notions of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">responsibility.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. List two basic questions belonging to the field of morality.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. List two basic questions belonging to the field of ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. What is one basic question belonging to the field of meta-ethics?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. What is an example of normative ethics? And descriptive ethics?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Explain the difference between a decision based on ethics and one based on the law.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. Explain the difference between a decision based on ethics and one based on religion.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7. List two factors explaining the recent development and growth of business ethics as a coherent discipline.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[1] Steven Zaillian (director), A Civil Action (New York: Scott Rudin, 1998), film.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">23<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1.3 Is Business Ethics Necessary?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Articulate two extreme views of business ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Describe the sense in which business ethics is inevitable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Two Extreme Views of the Business World<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">At the boundaries of the question about whether business ethics is necessary, there are conflicting and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">extreme perceptions of the business world. In graphic terms, these are the views:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Business needs policing because it\u2019s a dirty enterprise featuring people who get ahead by being selfish<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">liars.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">24<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Successful businesses work well to enrich society, and business ethicists are interfering and annoying<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">scolds threatening to ruin our economic welfare.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A 1987 New York Times article titled \u201cSuddenly, Business Schools Tackle Ethics\u201d begins this way:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cInsider-trading scandals in the last year have badly tarnished the reputations of some of the nation\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">most prominent financial institutions. Nor has Wall Street been the only area engulfed in scandal;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">manufacturers of products from contraceptives to military weapons have all come under public scrutiny<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">recently for questionable\u2014if not actionable\u2014behavior.\u201d [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Slimy dealing verging on the illegal, the message is, stains the economic world from one end to the other.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A little further into the article, the author possibly gives away her deepest feelings about business when<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">she cracks that business ethics is \u201can oxymoron.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What will business leaders\u2014and anyone else for that matter\u2014do when confronted with the accusation of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sliminess? Possibly embrace it\u2014an attitude facilitated by an infamous article originally published in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the Harvard Business Review. In \u201cIs Business Bluffing Ethical?\u201d the author suggests businessmen and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">women should double down on the strategy of getting ahead through deceit because if you\u2019re in business,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">then everyone already knows you\u2019re a liar anyway. And since that\u2019s common knowledge, taking liberties<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with the truth doesn\u2019t even count as lying: there\u2019s no moral problem because that\u2019s just the way the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business game is played. In the author\u2019s words, \u201cFalsehood ceases to be falsehood when it is understood<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on all sides that the truth is not expected to be spoken\u2014an exact description of bluffing in poker,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">diplomacy, and business.\u201d [2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The basic argument is strong. Ethically, dishonesty stops being reproachable\u2014it stops being an attempt to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mislead\u2014when everyone knows that you\u2019re not telling the truth. If it weren\u2019t for that loophole, it\u2019d be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">difficult to enjoy movies. Spiderman swinging through New York City skyscrapers isn\u2019t a lie, it\u2019s just fun<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because everyone agrees from the beginning that the truth doesn\u2019t matter on the screen.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The problem with applying this logic to the world of commerce, however, is that the original agreement<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">isn\u2019t there. It\u2019s not true that in business everyone knows there\u2019s lying and accepts it. In poker, presumably,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the players choosing to sit down at the table have familiarized themselves with the rules and techniques of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the game and, yes, do expect others to fake a good hand from time to time. It\u2019s easy to show, however, that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the expectation doesn\u2019t generally hold in office buildings, stores, showrooms, and sales pitches. Take, for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">example, a car advertisement claiming a certain model has a higher resale value, has a lower sticker price,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">25<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">or can go from zero to sixty faster than its competition. People in the market for a new car take those<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">claims seriously. If they\u2019re prudent, they\u2019ll check just to make sure (an economic form of \u201ctrust but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">verify\u201d), but it\u2019s pretty rare that someone sitting in front of the TV at home chuckles and calls the claim<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">absurd. In poker, on the other hand, if another player makes a comparable claim (\u201cI have the highest hand<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">at the table!\u201d), people just laugh and tell the guy to keep drinking. Poker isn\u2019t like business.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The argument that bluffing\u2014lying\u2014in business is acceptable because everyone does it and everyone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">knows everyone\u2019s doing it doesn\u2019t hold up. However, the fact that someone could seriously make the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">argument (and get it published in the Harvard Business Review no less) certainly provides heavy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ammunition for those who believe that most high-level businesspeople\u2014like those who read the Harvard<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Business Review\u2014should have a hard time looking at themselves in the mirror in the morning.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Opposing the view that business life is corrupt and needs serious ethical policing, there\u2019s the view that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">economic enterprises provide wealth for our society while correcting their own excesses and problems<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">internally. How does the correction work? Through the marketplace. The pressures of demanding<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">consumers force companies into reputable behavior. If a car manufacturer lies about its product, there<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">may be a brief uptick in sales, but eventually people will figure out what\u2019s going on, spread the word at the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">water cooler and on Facebook, and in the end the company\u2019s sales will collapse. Similarly, bosses that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">abuse and mistreat subordinates will soon find that no one wants to work for them. Workers who cheat on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">expense reports or pocket money from the till will eventually get caught and fired. Of course it must be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">admitted that some people sometimes do get away with something, but over the long run, the forces of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">economic world inexorably correct abuses.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If this vision of business reality is correct, then adding another layer of academic ethics onto what\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">already going on in the real world isn\u2019t necessary. More, those who insist on standing outside corporate<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">offices and factory buildings preaching the need for oversight and remedial classes in morality become<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">annoying nags. That\u2019s especially true if the critics aren\u2019t directly doing business themselves. If they\u2019re<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ensconced in university towers and gloomy libraries, there may even be a suspicion that what really drives<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the call to ethics is a burning resentment of all the money Wall Street stars and captains of industry seem<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to make, along with their flashy cars, palatial homes, and luxurious vacations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">An issue of the Cato Institute\u2019s Policy Report from 2000 carries an article titled \u201cBusiness Ethics Gone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Wrong.\u201d It asserts that some proponents of business ethics aren\u2019t only bothersome envious\u2014their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">26<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">resentment-fueled scolding actually threatens our collective economic welfare. Business ethics, according<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to the author, \u201cis fundamentally antagonistic to capitalist enterprise, viewing both firm and manager as<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">social parasites in need of a strong reformative hand.\u201d[3]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">These reforms\u2014burdensome regulations, prying investigations, and similar ethical interventions\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">threaten to gum up the capitalist engine: \u201cIf the market economy and its cornerstone, the shareholderoriented<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">firm, are in no danger of being dealt a decisive blow, they at least risk death by a thousand<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cuts.\u201d [4]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There\u2019s a problem with this perspective on the business world. Even if, for the sake of argument, it\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">acknowledged that economic forces effectively police commerce, that doesn\u2019t mean business ethics is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unnecessary or a threat to the market economy. The opposite is the case: the view that the marketplace<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">solves most problems is an ethics. It\u2019s a form of egoism, a theory to be developed in later chapters but with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">values and rules that can be rapidly sketched here. What are most valued from this perspective is our<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">individual welfare and the freedom to pursue it without guilt or remorse. With that freedom, however,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">comes a responsibility to acknowledge that others may be guided by the same rules and therefore we\u2019re all<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bound by the responsibility to look out for ourselves and actively protect our own interests since no one<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">will be doing it for us. This isn\u2019t to confirm that all businesspeople are despicable liars, but it does mean<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">asserting that the collective force of self-interest produces an ethically respectable reality. Right and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wrong comes to be defined by the combined force of cautious, self-interested producers and consumers.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the face of this argument defending a free-for-all economic reality where everyone is doing the best<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they can for themselves while protecting against others doing the same, objections may be constructed. It<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">could be argued, for example, that the modern world is too complex for consumers to adequately protect<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their own interests all the time. No matter how that issue gets resolved, however, the larger fact remains<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that trusting in the marketplace is a reasonable and defensible ethical posture; it\u2019s a commitment to a set<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of values and facts and their combination in an argument affirming that the free market works to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">effectively resolve its own problems.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion. It\u2019s not true that doing business equals being deceitful, so it\u2019s false to assert that business<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethics is necessary to cure the ills of commerce. It is true that the business world may be left to control its<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">own excesses through marketplace pressure, but that doesn\u2019t mean business escapes ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">27<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Business Ethics Is Inevitable<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Business ethics is not about scolding, moralizing, or telling people to be nice. Ethics doesn\u2019t have to be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">annoying or intrusive. On the other hand, it can\u2019t just be dismissed altogether because ethics in business is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unavoidable. The values guiding our desires and aspirations are there whether they\u2019re revealed or not.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">They must be because no one can do anything without first wanting something. If you don\u2019t have a goal,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">something you\u2019re trying to achieve or get, then you won\u2019t have anything to do when you get out of bed in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the morning. Getting up in the morning and going, consequently, mean that you\u2019ve already selected<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">something as desirable, valuable, and worth pursuing. And that\u2019s doing ethics; it\u2019s establishing values.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The only real and durable difference, therefore, between those who understand ethics and those who don\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is that the former achieve a level of self-understanding about what they want: they\u2019ve compared their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">values with other possibilities and molded their actions to their decisions. The latter are doing the same<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">thing, just without fully realizing it. The question about whether ethics is necessary, finally, becomes a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">false one. You can choose to not understand the ethics you\u2019re doing (you can always drop this class), but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you can\u2019t choose to not do ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Views about the ethical nature of the business vary widely.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Because ethics is the arrangement of values guiding our aspirations and actions, some form of ethics is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unavoidable for anyone acting in the economic world.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Why might someone believe the business world needs exterior ethical monitoring and correction?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. What is the argument that the business world can regulate itself, and why is that an ethics?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. In your own words, why is business ethics unavoidable?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] Sandra Salmans, \u201cSuddenly, Business Schools Tackle Ethics,\u201d New York Times, August 2, 1987, accessed May 11,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1987\/08\/02\/education\/suddenly-business-schools-tackle-ethics.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] Albert Carr, \u201cIs Business Bluffing Ethical?,\u201d Harvard Business Review 46 (January\u2013February, 1968), 143\u201353.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">28<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[3] Alexei M. Marcoux, \u201cBusiness Ethics Gone Wrong,\u201d Cato Policy Report 22, no. 3 (May\/June 2000), accessed May<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">11, 2011,http:\/\/www.cato.org\/pubs\/policy_report\/v22n3\/cpr-22n3.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[4] Alexei M. Marcoux, \u201cBusiness Ethics Gone Wrong,\u201d Cato Policy Report 22, no. 3 (May\/June 2000), accessed May<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">11, 2011,http:\/\/www.cato.org\/pubs\/policy_report\/v22n3\/cpr-22n3.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1.4 Facebook and the Unavoidability of Business Ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Show how business ethics stretches beyond working life.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Facebook Firing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Business ethics in some form is inescapable inside factories, office buildings, and other places where work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gets done. The application of business ethics principles and guidance doesn\u2019t stop, though, when the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">workday ends or outside the company door. Because our economic lives mingle so intimately with our<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">private existences, the decisions and reasoning shaping our laboring eventually shape our lives generally.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Business ethics, as the problems bedeviling Dawnmarie Souza show, provides a way to examine and make<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sense of a large segment of our time, both on and off the job.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Souza\u2019s problems started when the ambulance she worked on picked up a \u201c17.\u201d That\u2019s code for a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">psychiatric case. This particular 17, as it happened, wasn\u2019t too crazy to form and submit a complaint about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">29<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the treatment received from Souza. Since this was the second grievance the ambulance service had<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">received on Souza in only ten days, she sensed that she\u2019d be getting a suspension. \u201cLooks like,\u201d she wrote<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on her Facebook page later that day, \u201cI\u2019m getting some time off. Love how the company allows a 17 to be a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">supervisor.\u201d She also referred to her real supervisor with some choice four-letter words.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A number of coworkers responded to her post with their own supportive and agreeing comments.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Management responded by firing her.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The termination decision came easily to the ambulance service, American Medical Response of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Connecticut, since their policy explicitly prohibited employees from identifying or discussing the company<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">or other employees in the uncontrolled public forum that is the Internet. Around the water cooler, at<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">home, or during weekend parties, people can say what they like. Given the semi-permanent record that is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the web, however, and the ambulance service\u2019s natural inclination to protect its public image, posting<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there was out of bounds.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">But, Souza responded, there\u2019s no difference. If people can talk at the water cooler and parties, why can\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they post on Facebook? She\u2019s not claiming to speak for the company, she\u2019s just venting with a keypad<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">instead of vocal chords.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The celebrity blogger and Facebook addict Perez Hilton came down on the company\u2019s side: \u201cWe think<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Dawnmarie should be fired, and we support the company\u2019s decision to let her go. When you post things<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">online, it\u2019s out there for the public to see, and it\u2019s a sign of disloyalty and disrespect to deal with a workrelated<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">grievance in such a manner.\u201d [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Reach of Business Ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When someone like Perez Hilton\u2014a blogger most comfortable deriding celebrities\u2019 bad hair days\u2014finds<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">himself wrapped in a business ethics debate, you\u2019ve got to figure the discipline is pretty much<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unavoidable. Regardless, the Souza episode displays many of the ways business ethics connects with our<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nonworking existence, whether we like it or not:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 It doesn\u2019t sound like Souza displayed any great passion about her job. Maybe she really doesn\u2019t care that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">she got fired. Or maybe she cares but only because it means a lost paycheck. On the other hand, it may<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">just have been a bad day; it\u2019s possible that she usually gets up in the morning eager to mount the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ambulance. It\u2019s hard to know, but it\u2019s certain that this\u2014the decision about what we want to do with our<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">30<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">professional lives\u2014is business ethics. When choosing a job, what has value? The money it provides?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Satisfaction from helping others? Status? Or do you just want something that gives you the most free time<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">possible? There are no rights or wrong answers, but these are all ethical decisions tangling your personal<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and professional lives together.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The mix between the personal and professional on the question of one\u2019s job tends to link tighter as people<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">get older. Many of us define who we and others are through work. When finding out about someone new,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the question\u2014embraced by some and dreaded by others\u2014inevitably comes up. When meeting a woman at<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a party, when being sent on a blind date, or when discussing old high school friends or the guy who just<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">moved into the next-door apartment, the question hums just below the surface, and it\u2019s never long until<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">someone comes out and asks. Of course, for collegians and young people working part-time jobs, it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doesn\u2019t matter so much because everyone knows that where you work isn\u2019t where you\u2019ll end up working.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Once someone hits the mid-twenties, though, the question \u201cwhat do you do?\u201d starts to press and it won\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">let up.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Perez Hilton wrote that Souza displayed disloyalty to her company when she trashed the management on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Facebook. The following questions are raised: What is loyalty? What is it worth? When should you feel it?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When do you have a right to demand it from others? Is there any difference among loyalty to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">company, to family, and to friends?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 One of Hilton\u2019s readers posted a pithy response to Hilton in the web page\u2019s comments section: \u201cI bet if she<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">were gay, and did the same exact thing, you would be singing a different tune!\u201d Perez Hilton, it\u2019s widely<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">known, is about as exuberantly gay as they come. As it happens, in his line of work that orientation isn\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">professionally harmful. For others, however, the revelation may be career damaging. Hilton, in fact, is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">despised by some in Hollywood for his habit of outing gay celebrities, people who hide part of themselves<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in the name of furthering their career. The business ethics question here is also a life one. Would you hide<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who you are to facilitate things at work? Should you? Doesn\u2019t everyone do that to some extent and in some<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ways?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Another reader posted this comment: \u201cIn the US, your employer owns you. I mean they can make you piss<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in a cup to check and see what you did over the weekend.\u201d Should employers be able to change what you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">do over the weekend?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">31<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 A number of readers defended Souza by upholding the right to free speech\u2014she should be able to say<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whatever she wants wherever she wants without fear of retribution. In response to those assertions, this<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">was posted, \u201cOf course we have freedom of speech. Employers also have the freedom to employ whoever<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they wish. Your decision is whether whatever is on your mind is more important than your job.\u201d Does<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">freedom of speech\u2014or any other basic liberty\u2014end or get conditioned when the workday begins?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 One commenter wrote, \u201cI\u2019m going to have to agree with the company on this one. An employer expects<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">proper business demeanor even while off the clock.\u201d What is \u201cproper demeanor\u201d? Who decides? On the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">basis of what?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Many people spend eight (or more) hours a day on the job. There\u2019s no shortage of women who see their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">boss more than their husband, of men who remember the birthday of the guy in the next cubicle before<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their own child\u2019s. Parties tend to include workmates; companies invite clients to ball games. The sheer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hours spent at work, along with the large overlaps between professional and social relationships, make<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">separating the ethics of the office and the home nearly impossible.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 This comment is aimed right at Perez Hilton and his Internet gossip column, which wins few points for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">checking and confirming claims but definitely gets the juicy and embarrassing rumors out about the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">private lives of celebrities: \u201cAre you insane? All you did for God knows how long is put nasty stuff up<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about people for the public to see as a sign of disloyalty and disrespect.\u201d Assuming that\u2019s a reasonable<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">depiction of Hilton\u2019s work, the question his career raises is: what are you willing to do to the lives of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">others to get yourself ahead at work?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Underlining all these questions is a distinction that\u2019s easy to make in theory but difficult to maintain in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">real life. It\u2019s one betweeninstitutional business ethics and personal business ethics. Institutional ethics in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business deals with large questions in generic and anonymous terms. The rules and discussions apply to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">most organizations and to individuals who could be anyone. Should companies be allowed to pollute the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">air? What counts as a firing offense? The personal level, by contrast, fills with questions for specific people<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">enmeshed in the details of their particular lives. If Perez Hilton has gotten rich dishing dirt on others, is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">he allowed to assert that others must treat their employers respectfully?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAY<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The questions pursued by business ethics cross back and forth between professional and personal lives.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">32<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. What are two reasons business ethics decisions tend to affect lives outside work?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. What are two ways business ethics decisions may affect lives outside work?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[1] \u201cFacebook-Related Firing Sparks Legal Drama!,\u201d PerezHilton.com (blog), accessed May 11,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/perezhilton.com\/2010-11-09-woman-fired-over-comments- she-made-about-her-boss-on-facebookbrings-<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about-court-case#respond.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1.5 Overview of The Business Ethics Workshop<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This textbook is organized into three clusters of chapters. The first group develops and explains the main<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">theories guiding thought in business ethics. The goals are to clarify the theoretical tools that may be used<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to make decisions and to display how arguments can be built in favor of one stance and against others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The questions driving the chapters include the following:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Are there fundamental rules for action that directly tell us what we ought to do? If so, are the imperatives<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">very specific, including dictates like \u201cdon\u2019t lie\u201d? Or are they more flexible, more like rules broadly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">requiring fairness and beneficence to others?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Are fundamental rights\u2014especially the conviction that we\u2019re all free to pursue the destinies we choose\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the key to thinking about ethics? If we have these rights, what happens when my free pursuit of happiness<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">conflicts with yours?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">33<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Could it be that what we do doesn\u2019t matter so much as the effects of what\u2019s done? How can a framework<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for decisions be constructed around the idea that we ought to undertake whatever action is necessary<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(even lying or stealing) in order to bring about a positive end, something like the greater happiness of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">society overall?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 To what extent are perspectives on right and wrong only expressions of the particular culture we live in?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Does it makes sense to say that certain acts\u2014say bribery\u2014are OK in some countries but wrong in others?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The second cluster of chapters investigates business ethics on the level of the individual. The goal is to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">show how the tools of ethical reasoning may be applied to personal decisions made in connection with our<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nine-to-five lives. The questions driving the chapters include the following:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 What values come into play when a career path is selected?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Can I justify lying on my r\u00e9sum\u00e9? How far am I willing to go to get a raise or promotion?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Besides a paycheck, what benefits will I seek at work? Money from a kickback? An office romance?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 What do I owe my employer? Is there loyalty in business, or is there nothing more than the money I\u2019m<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">paid and the duties I\u2019m assigned according to my work contract?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Do I have an obligation to report on someone else doing something I think is wrong?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 If people work for me, what responsibilities do I have toward them inside and outside the office?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 What values govern the way I hire, promote, and fire workers?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The third cluster of chapters considers institutional business ethics. These are general and sweeping<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">issues typically involving corporations, the work environments they promote, and the actions they take in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the economic world. Guiding questions include the following:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 What counts as condemnable discrimination in the workplace, and what remedies ought to be tried?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Which attitudes, requirements, and restrictions should attach to sex and drugs in the workplace?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Should there be limits to marketing techniques and strategies? Is there anything wrong with creating<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">consumer needs? What relationships should corporations form with their consumers?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Do corporations hold ethical responsibilities to the larger community in which they operate, to the people<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who aren\u2019t employees or consumers but live nearby?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Is there a corporate responsibility to defend the planet\u2019s environmental health?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Should the economic world be structured to produce individually successful stars or to protect the welfare<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of laboring collectives?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">34<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1.6 Case Studies<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Gray Matters<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">35<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Sasha Wolff, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/sashawolff\/3388815964.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">To foster ethical discussion and understanding in the workplace, the Lockheed Martin Company<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">developed a quiz for employees called \u201cGray Matters.\u201d The quiz is multiple choices, with a range of points<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">awarded (or subtracted) depending on the response. Subsequently, the approach has been adopted by a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wide range of corporations. Here\u2019s a typical question matched with its possible answers and the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">corresponding points:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Six months after you hired an assistant accountant who has been working competently and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">responsibly, you learn that she departed from the truth on her employment application: she<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">claimed she had a college degree when she didn\u2019t. You\u2019re her manager; what should you do?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Nothing because she\u2019s doing her job just fine. (\u201310 points)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Bring the issue to the human resources department to determine exactly how company policy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">determines the situation should be handled. (10 points)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Fire her for lying. (5 points)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Carefully weigh her work performance, her length of service, and her potential benefit to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">company before informing anyone of what happened or making any recommendations. (0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">points)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">36<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. The three principle components of business ethics are facts, values, and arguments. What are the facts<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pertinent to an ethical evaluation of this case? Is there any information not contained in the question that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you\u2019d like to have before making a decision about what should be done?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. From the facts and information provided, can you sketch a set of values and chain of reasoning justifying<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the answer that the quiz\u2019s original authors sanctioned as the right one? (Leave the decision in the hands of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the HR department and existing company policy.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. You get some points for C (firing her). What values and reasoning may lead to that determination?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. According to the quiz authors, the worst answer is A. Maybe they\u2019re wrong, though. What values and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reasoning may lead to the conclusion that doing \u201cnothing because she\u2019s doing her job just fine\u201d is an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">excellent response?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. One of the most important questions about a situation\u2019s facts is \u201cwho\u2019s involved?\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Would it be reasonable to say that, ethically, this is an issue just between you and the woman who<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you hired after she lied on her r\u00e9sum\u00e9?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o If you expand the answer about who\u2019s involved to include other workmates at the company, as<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">well as the company\u2019s clients and shareholders, does that change the ethical perspective you have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on what should be done with the lying (but capable) coworker?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. What\u2019s the difference between morality and ethics?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Would you categorize response B (bring the issue to HR to determine exactly how company policy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">determines the situation should be handled) as leading to a decision more based on morality or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">more based on ethics? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Would you categorize response D (carefully weigh her work performance, her length of service,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and her potential benefit to the company before informing anyone of what happened or making<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">any recommendations) as leading to a decision more based on morality or ethics? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Who made your iPhone?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">37<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Tobias Myrstrand Leander, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/s8an\/5207806926\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Connie Guglielmo, a reporter for Bloomberg news services, begins an article on Apple this way: \u201cApple<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Inc. said three of its suppliers hired 11 underage workers to help build the iPhone, iPod and Macintosh<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">computer last year, a violation it uncovered as part of its onsite audit of 102 factories.\u201d [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Her story adds details. The underage workers were fifteen in places where the minimum legal age for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employment is sixteen. She wasn\u2019t able to discover the specific countries, but learned the infractions<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">occurred in one or more of the following: China, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Czech Republic, and the Philippines.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Following the discovery, the employees were released, and disciplinary action was taken against a number<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of the foreign suppliers. In one case, Apple stopped contracting with the company entirely.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The story closes with this: \u201cApple raised $2.62 to $204.62 yesterday in Nasdaq Stock Market trading. The<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shares more than doubled last year.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">38<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. The ethical question is whether Apple ought to contract (through suppliers) fifteen-year-olds to work on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">factory floors. Is the fact that the stock price has been zooming up a pertinent fact, or does it not affect<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the ethics? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. From the information given and reasonable assumptions about these factories and the living conditions of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people working inside them, sketch an ethical argument against Apple enforcing the age workplace rule.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What fundamental values underwrite the argument?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. From the information given and reasonable assumptions about these factories and the living conditions of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people working inside them, sketch an argument in favor of Apple enforcing the age workplace rule. What<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fundamental values underwrite the argument?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Within the context of the Apple situation, what\u2019s the difference between making a decision in terms of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">law and in terms of ethics?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Assume that in the countries where fifteen-year-olds were working, it\u2019s customary for children<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">even younger to earn an adult-type living.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What is an advantage of following the local customs when making economic decisions like the one<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">confronting Apple?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Does the custom of employing young workers in some countries change your ethical consideration<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of the practice in those places? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. Attributing responsibility\u2014blaming another for doing wrong\u2014requires that the following<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">conditions hold:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o The person is able to understand right and wrong.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o The person acts to cause (or fails to act to prevent) a wrong.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o The person acts knowing what they\u2019re doing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o The person acts from their own free will.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Assuming it\u2019s unethical for fifteen-year-olds to work factory shifts making iPhones, who bears<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">responsibility for the wrong?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Do the fifteen-year-olds bear some responsibility? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Does Steve Jobs, the CEO of Apple? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Are shareholders guilty? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">39<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Do people who use iPhones bear responsibility? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I Swear<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Since 2006, students at the Columbia Business School have been required to pledge \u201cI adhere to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">principles of truth, integrity, and respect. I will not lie, cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This is a substantial promise, but it doesn\u2019t sound like it\u2019ll create too many tremendous burdens or require<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">huge sacrifices.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A somewhat more demanding pledge solidified in 2010 when a group of business school students from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Columbia, Duke Fuqua, Harvard, MIT Sloan, NYU Stern, Rensselaer Lally, Thunderbird, UNC Kenan-<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Flagler, and Yale met to formalize the following MBA Oath:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As a business leader I recognize my role in society.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 My purpose is to lead people and manage resources to create value that no single individual can<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">create alone.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 My decisions affect the well-being of individuals inside and outside my enterprise, today and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tomorrow.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Therefore, I promise that:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 I will manage my enterprise with loyalty and care, and will not advance my personal interests at<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the expense of my enterprise or society.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">40<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 I will understand and uphold, in letter and spirit, the laws and contracts governing my conduct<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and that of my enterprise.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 I will refrain from corruption, unfair competition, or business practices harmful to society.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 I will protect the human rights and dignity of all people affected by my enterprise, and I will<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">oppose discrimination and exploitation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 I will protect the right of future generations to advance their standard of living and enjoy a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">healthy planet.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 I will report the performance and risks of my enterprise accurately and honestly.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 I will invest in developing myself and others, helping the management profession continue to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">advance and create sustainable and inclusive prosperity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In exercising my professional duties according to these principles, I recognize that my behavior<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">must set an example of integrity, eliciting trust and esteem from those I serve. I will remain<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accountable to my peers and to society for my actions and for upholding these standards. [2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. The second introductory clause of the MBA Oath is \u201cMy decisions affect the well-being of individuals inside<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and outside my enterprise, today and tomorrow.\u201d [3] What\u2019s the difference between seeing this as a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">positive ethical stand in favor of a broad social responsibility held by those in business, and seeing it as<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">arrogance?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Looking at the MBA Oath, can you list a set of values that are probably shared by those responsible for its<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">creation?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. All this pledging and oathing suddenly popping up at business schools drew the attention of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the New York Times, and soon after, an article appeared: \u201cA Promise to Be Ethical in an Era of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Immorality.\u201d[4] Many of the readers\u2019 comments at the end are interesting. The commenter paulnyc<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">writes that \u201cmost students go to MBA programs to advance their careers and to earn more<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money, pure and simple, and there is nothing wrong with it.\u201d [5]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What values underlie paulnyc\u2019s perspective?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">41<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o How is paulnyc\u2019s vision different from the one espoused in the oath?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. The commenter JerryNY wrote, \u201cGreed IS good as long as it is paired with the spirit of fairness.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Virtually all of the major advances in science and technology were made with greed as one of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">motivating factors. Gugliemo [sic] Marconi, Alexander Graham Bell, Bill Gates, Henry Ford and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Steve Jobs would not have given us the life changing technological advances of our time were it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not for personal greed. Remove that element, and your class is destined for mediocrity.\u201d [6]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Is it plausible to assert that JerryNY shares most of the values of those who wrote the MBA Oath,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it\u2019s just that he sees a different business attitude as the best way to serve those values? If so,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">explain. If not, why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Eric writes,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I would refuse to take that oath\u2026on principle. The idea that an individual\u2019s proper motive<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">should be to serve \u201cthe greater good\u201d is highly questionable. This altruistic ethic is what<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">supported the collectivist of communism and National Socialism. If my life belongs first and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">foremost to \u201cthe greater good,\u201d it follows that the greatest virtue is to live as a slave. A<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">slave\u2019s existence, after all, is devoted primarily for the benefit of his master. The master can<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be a plantation owner or a King or an oligarchy or a society that demands your servitude.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The only oath I\u2019d be willing to take is, \u201cI swear, by my life and my love of it, that I will never<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">live for the sake of another man, nor ask another man to live for mine.\u201d [7]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In your own words, contrast the values the MBA Oath supporters espouse with the values the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">commenter Eric espouses.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. The commenter Clyde Wynant is skeptical. He writes this about those who take the MBA Oath:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cCall me hyper-cynical, but I can\u2019t help wondering if a lot of these kids aren\u2019t hoping that having<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">this \u2018pledge\u2019 on their r\u00e9sum\u00e9 might help them look good.\u201d [8]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Is it unethical to take the pledge without expecting to adhere to it simply because you think it will<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">help in your job search, or is that strategy just a different kind of ethics? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7. The commenter Mikhail is skeptical. He writes, \u201cGive me a break\u2026With the next upswing of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">economy, these leeches will be sucking the lifeblood out of our collective economies like the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">42<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">champions they truly are!!! Yes, perhaps opportunistic parasites every last one of them\u2014but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">really, it\u2019s not their fault\u2014they\u2019re just programmed that way.\u201d [9]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When he says business school students are programmed, what does he mean? If someone is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">programmed to be an opportunistic parasite in business, can we blame them for what they do? If<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">so, how? If not, who should be blamed?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">8. The commenter as is skeptical. He writes, \u201cDon\u2019t make me laugh. If they are so concerned about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the \u2018greater good,\u2019 go into teaching and nursing.\u201d [10]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Assume the MBA Oath does stress the importance of the greater good, and you too are going into<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the economic world with that as a privileged value. How could you respond to the argument that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you really should be doing nursing or something more obviously serving the general good?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">9. According to the Times, B-schoolers aren\u2019t lining up for the MBA Oath: only about 20 percent take the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pledge. How could you convince the other 80 percent to sign on?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I.M.P. (It\u2019s My Party)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cLook at them!\u201d he said, his eyes dancing. \u201cThat\u2019s what it\u2019s all about, the way the people feel. It\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not about the sellout performances and the caliber of the bands that appear here. It\u2019s about the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people who buy tickets, having a good time.\u201d [11]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Kevin Dooley, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/pagedooley\/4530723795\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">43<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">That\u2019s Seth Hurwitz quoted in the Washington Post, talking about his 9:30 Club, a small venue playing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">over-the-hill bands on the way down, and fresh acts scratching their way up.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The story\u2019s curious detail is that even though Hurwitz calls his company I.M.P. (It\u2019s My Party), he doesn\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">spend much time at his club. In fact, he\u2019s almost never there. Part of the reason is that his workday begins<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">at 6 a.m., so he\u2019s actually back in bed preparing for the next day before his enterprise gets going in earnest<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">each night. His job is straightforward: sitting in the second floor office of his suburban DC home, he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">scrutinizes the music publications and statistics, probing for bands that people want to see and that won\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">charge too much to appear. He told the Post that he won\u2019t book an act as a favor, and he won\u2019t flatter a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">group into playing his club to keep them away from the competition by overpaying them. \u201cI don\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">subscribe,\u201d he says, \u201cto doing shows that will lose money.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Hurwitz has been connected with music in one way or another for almost as long as he can remember.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Post relates some of his early memories:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He rigged a system to broadcast radio from his basement to his parents and brothers in the living<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">room. \u201cI used to bring my singles into class and play them,\u201d Hurwitz said. When he was 16, he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">decided he wanted to be a deejay and got his chance when alternative rock station WHFS gave<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">him a spot. \u201cIt was from 7:45 to 8\u2014fifteen minutes,\u201d he said, laughing. \u201cBut that was okay<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because I wanted to be on the radio, and I had my own show, as a high school student.\u201d He said<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">he was fired \u201cfor being too progressive.\u201d [12]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It\u2019s a long way from getting fired for playing music too obscure for alternative radio to where Hurwitz is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">now: putting on concerts by bands selected because they\u2019ll make money.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Hurwitz is brutally honest about the fact that he\u2019ll only contract bands capable of turning a profit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When he was younger and a deejay, he insisted on playing the music he judged best no matter<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">how many people turned off the radio when his show came on (an attitude that cost him the job).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What, if anything, is Hurwitz the older concert promoter compromising to get ahead? Is there an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethical objection that could be raised here? If so, what? If not, why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">44<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o When Hurwitz was a deejay, he played records that led people to change the station. Then the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">station changed him. Is this an example of business regulating itself? Is there an ethical side to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">this, or is it just the way money works? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o From the information given, would you judge that Hurwitz is successful in business? Why or why<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Are all these questions part of institutional business ethics or personal business ethics? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Hurwitz says that he doesn\u2019t book bands as favors. Presumably at least some of the favors he\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">talking about would be to friends.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Do people who run their own company have an ethical responsibility to separate friends from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. One nice thing about Hurwitz working upstairs in his own house is that he can show up for work in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">morning in his pajamas. Should all places of business be like that\u2014with people free to wear whatever they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">want for work? Explain your answer from an ethical perspective.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Most of Hurwitz\u2019s shows are on weeknights. Some concertgoers may have such a good time that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they can\u2019t make it in to work the next day.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o If you go to a concert on a Wednesday and are too hung over to make it to work on Thursday,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">what should you tell your boss on Friday? That you were hung over? That your car broke down?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Something else? Justify.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Should Hurwitz accept some responsibility and blame for absent employees? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[1] Connie Guglielmo, \u201cApple Says Children Were Used to Build iPhone, iPod (Update1),\u201d Bloomberg,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">February 27, 2010, accessed May 11, 2011,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=newsarchive&amp;sid=aiEeeQNHkrOY.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[2] \u201cThe MBA Oath,\u201d MBA Oath, accessed May 11, 2011, http:\/\/mbaoath.org\/about\/the-mba-oath.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[3] \u201cThe MBA Oath,\u201d MBA Oath, accessed May 11, 2011, http:\/\/mbaoath.org\/about\/the-mba-oath.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[4] Leslie Wayne, \u201cA Promise to Be Ethical in an Era of Immorality,\u201d New York Times, May 29, 2009,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accessed May 11, 2011, http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/05\/30\/business\/30oath.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">45<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[5] paulnyc, May 30, 2009 (10:58 a.m.), comment on Leslie Wayne, \u201cA Promise to Be Ethical in an Era of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Immorality,\u201d New York Times, May 29, 2009, accessed May 11, 2011,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">http:\/\/community.nytimes.com\/comments\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/05\/30\/business\/30oath.html?sort<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">=oldest.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[6] JerryNY, May 30, 2009 (10:51 a.m.), comment on Leslie Wayne, \u201cA Promise to Be Ethical in an Era of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Immorality,\u201d New York Times, May 29, 2009, accessed May 11, 2011,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">http:\/\/community.nytimes.com\/comments\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/05\/30\/business\/30oath.html?sort<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">=oldest.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[7] Eric, May 30, 2009 (10:35 a.m.), comment on Leslie Wayne, \u201cA Promise to Be Ethical in an Era of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Immorality,\u201d New York Times, May 29, 2009, accessed May 11, 2011,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">http:\/\/community.nytimes.com\/comments\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/05\/30\/business\/30oath.html?sort<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">=oldest.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[8] Clyde Wynant, May 30, 2009 (10:55 a.m.), comment on Leslie Wayne, \u201cA Promise to Be Ethical in an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Era of Immorality,\u201d New York Times, May 29, 2009, accessed May 11, 2011,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">http:\/\/community.nytimes.com\/comments\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/05\/30\/business\/30oath.html?sort<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">=oldest.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[9] Mikhail, May 30, 2009 (10:35 a.m.), comment on Leslie Wayne, \u201cA Promise to Be Ethical in an Era of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Immorality,\u201d New York Times, May 29, 2009, accessed May 11, 2011,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">http:\/\/community.nytimes.com\/comments\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/05\/30\/business\/30oath.html?sort<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">=oldest.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[10] as, May 30, 2009 (10:35 a.m.), comment on Leslie Wayne, \u201cA Promise to Be Ethical in an Era of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Immorality,\u201d New York Times, May 29, 2009, accessed May 11, 2011,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">http:\/\/community.nytimes.com\/comments\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/05\/30\/business\/30oath.html?sort<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">=oldest.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[11] Avis Thomas-Lester, \u201cA Club Owner\u2019s Mojo,\u201d Washington Post, December 28, 2009, accessed May<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">11, 2011, http:\/\/views.washingtonpost.com\/on-success\/what-it-takes\/2009\/12\/seth_hurwitz.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[12] Avis Thomas-Lester, \u201cA Club Owner\u2019s Mojo,\u201d Washington Post, December 28, 2009, accessed May<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">11, 2011, http:\/\/views.washingtonpost.com\/on-success\/what-it-takes\/2009\/12\/seth_hurwitz.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">46<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter 2<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Theories of Duties and Rights: Traditional Tools for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Making Decisions in Business When the Means Justify<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the Ends<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter Overview<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter 2 &#8220;Theories of Duties and Rights: Traditional Tools for Making Decisions in Business When the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Means Justify the Ends&#8221; examines some theories guiding ethical decisions in business. It considers ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">defined by duties and rights.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">47<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2.1 The Means Justify the Ends versus the Ends Justify the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Means<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Distinguish ethical theory centered on means from theory centered on ends.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Foundational Question<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In business ethics, do the means justify the ends, or do the ends justify the means? Is it better to have a set<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of rules telling you what you ought to do in any particular situation and then let the chips fall where they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">may, or should you worry more about how things are going to end up and do whatever\u2019s necessary to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reach that goal?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Until recently, Eddy Lepp ran an organic medicine business in Northern California. His herbal product<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">soothed nausea and remedied vomiting, especially as suffered by chemo patients. He had a problem,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">though. While his business had been OK\u2019d by California regulators, federal agencies hadn\u2019t approved: on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the national level, selling his drug was breaking the law. On the other hand, not selling his remedy had a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">significant downside: it was consigning his clients to debilitating suffering. So when federal agents came<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">knocking on his door, he had to make a decision.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If the means justify the ends\u2014if you should follow the rules no matter the consequences\u2014then when the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">agents ask Lepp point blank whether he\u2019s selling the medicine, the ethical action is to admit it. He should<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tell the truth even though that will mean the end of his business. On the other hand, if the ends justify the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">means\u2014if your ethical interest focuses on the consequences of an act instead of what you actually do\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">then the ethics change. If there are a law forcing people to suffer unnecessarily, it should be broken. And<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">when the agents ask him whether he\u2019s selling, he\u2019s going to have an ethical reason to lie.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Across the entire field of traditional ethics, this is a foundational distinction. Is it what you do that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">matters, or the consequences? It\u2019s hard to get oriented in ethics without making a preliminary decision<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">between these two. No one can make the decision for you, but before anyone can make it, an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">understanding of how each works should be reached. This chapter will consider ethics as focusing on the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">specific act and not the consequences. Theories of duties and rights center discussion.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">48<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter 3 &#8220;Theories of Consequence Ethics: Traditional Tools for Making Decisions in Business when the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ends Justify the Means&#8221; is about ethics as looking at the consequences instead of the act.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 When the means justify the ends, ethical consideration focuses on what you do, not the consequences of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">what you\u2019ve done.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Traditionally, focusing on means instead of ends leads to an ethics based on duties or rights.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Your mother is ill with diabetes, and you can\u2019t afford her medicine. In the pharmacy one day, you notice<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the previous customer forgot that same prescription on the counter when she left. Why might the premise<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that the ends justify the means lead you to steal the pills?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Why might the premise that the means justify the ends lead you to return the pills?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2.2 Perennial Duties<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define an ethical duty.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Distinguish specific duties.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Show how ethical duties work in business.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Consider advantages and drawbacks of an ethics based on duties.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Duties<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cShould I steal that?\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cNo, stealing\u2019s wrong.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Basic ethics. There are things that are right and others that are wrong, and the discussion ends. This level<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of clarity and solidity is the main strength of an ethics based on duties. We all have a duty not to steal, so<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">we shouldn\u2019t do it. More broadly, when we\u2019re making moral decisions, the key to deciding well is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">understanding what our duties are and obeying them. An ethics based on duties is one where certain rules<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tell us what we ought to do, and it\u2019s our responsibility to know and follow those rules.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Madoff Family<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If we\u2019re supposed to obey our duties, then what exactly are they? That\u2019s a question Andrew Madoff faced<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in December 2008 when he learned that some\u2014maybe most, maybe all\u2014of the money he and his family<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">had been donating to the charitable Lymphoma Research Foundation and similar medical investigation<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">enterprises was, in fact, stolen.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It was big money\u2014in the millions\u2014channeled to dedicated researchers hot on the trail of a remedy for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lymphoma, a deadly cancer. Andrew, it should be noted, wasn\u2019t only a cancer altruist; he was also a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">victim, and the charitable money started flowing to the researchers soon after he was diagnosed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It\u2019s unclear whether Andrew knew the money was stolen, but there\u2019s no doubt that his dad did. Dad\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Bernard \u201cBernie\u201d Madoff\u2014was the one who took it. The largest Ponzi scheme in history, they call it.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Ponzi scheme\u2014named after the famous perpetrator Charles Ponzi\u2014makes suckers of investors by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">briefly delivering artificially high returns on their money. The idea is simple: You take $100 from client A,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">50<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">promising to invest the money cleverly and get a massive profit. You spend $50 on yourself, and at the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">end of the year, you send the other $50 back to the client along with a note saying that the original $100<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">investment is getting excellent results and another $50 should come in next year and every year from then<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on. Happy client A recommends friends, who become clients B, C, and D. They bring in a total of $300, so<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it\u2019s easy to make good on the original promise to send a $50 return the next year to client A. And you\u2019ve<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">now got $250 remaining from these three new clients, $150 of which you will soon return to them ($50<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for each of the three new clients), leaving you with $100 to spend on yourself. The process repeats, and it\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not long before people are lining up to hand over their money. Everyone makes off like bandits.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Bandit is the right term for Madoff, who ran his Ponzi empire for around fifteen years. So many people<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">handed over so much cash, and the paper trail of fake stock-purchase receipts and the rest grew so<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">complicated that it\u2019s impossible to determine exact numbers of victims and losses. Federal authorities<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">have estimated the victims were around five thousand and the losses around $65 billion, which works out<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to about $13 million squeezed from each client.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;\">Madoff had, obviously, rich clients. He met them at his home in New York City; at his mansion<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in hyperwealthy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Palm Beach, Florida; or on his fifty-five-foot yacht cleverly named Bull. He impressed them with a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">calm demeanor and serious knowledge. While it\u2019s true that he was mostly taking clients\u2019 money and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sticking it in his wallet, the investments he claimed to engineer were actually quite sophisticated; they had<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to do with buying stock in tandem with options to buy and sell that same stock on the futures market. He<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">threw in technical words like \u201cput\u201d and \u201ccall\u201d and left everyone thinking he was either crazy or a genius.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Since he was apparently making money, \u201cgenius\u201d seemed the more likely reality. People also found him<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">trustworthy. He sat on the boards of several Wall Street professional organizations and was known on the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">charity circuit as a generous benefactor. Health research was a favorite, especially after Andrew\u2019s cancer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">was diagnosed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Exactly how much money Madoff channeled to Andrew and other family members isn\u2019t clear. By late<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2008, however, Andrew knew that his father\u2019s investment company had hit a rough patch. The stock<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">market was crashing, investors wanted their money back, and Madoff was having trouble rounding up the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cash, which explains why Andrew was surprised when his father called him in and said he\u2019d decided to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">distribute about $200 million in bonuses to family members and employees.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">51<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It didn\u2019t make sense. How could there be a cash-flow crisis but still enough cash to pay out giant bonuses?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The blunt question\u2014according to the Madoff family\u2014broke Madoff down. He spilled the truth: there was<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">little money left; it was all a giant lie.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The next day, Andrew reported the situation to the authorities.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Madoff sits in jail now. He\u2019ll be there for the rest of his life. He claims his scheme was his project alone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and his children had no knowledge or participation in it, despite the fact that they were high executives in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">his fraudulent company. Stubbornly, he has refused to cooperate with prosecutors interested in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">determining the extent to which the children may have been involved. His estate has been seized. His<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wife, though, was left with a small sum\u2014$2.5 million\u2014to meet her day-to-day living expenses. Bilked<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">investors got nearly nothing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One of those investors, according to ABC News, was Sheryl Weinstein. She and her family are now looking<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for a place to live because after investing everything with Madoff and losing it, they were unable to make<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their house payments. At Madoff\u2019s sentencing hearing, and with her husband seated beside her, she spoke<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">passionately about their plight and called Madoff a \u201cbeast.\u201d The hearing concluded with the judge calling<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Madoff \u201cevil.\u201d [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Weinstein was well remembered by Madoff\u2019s longtime secretary, Eleanor Squillari. Squillari reported that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Weinstein would often call Madoff and that \u201che would roll his eyes and then they\u2019d go meet at a hotel.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Their affair lasted twenty years, right up until the finance empire collapsed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Do I Owe Myself? Historically Accumulated Duties to the Self<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Over centuries of thought and investigation by philosophers, clergy, politicians, entrepreneurs, parents,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">students\u2014by just about everyone who cares about how we live together in a shared world\u2014a limited<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">number of duties have recurred persistently. Called perennial duties, these are basic obligations we have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">as human beings; they\u2019re the fundamental rules telling us how we should act. If we embrace them, we can<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be confident that in difficult situations we\u2019ll make morally respectable decisions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Broadly, this group of perennial duties falls into two sorts:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Duties to ourselves<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Duties to others<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">52<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Duties to the self-begin with our responsibility to develop our abilities and talents. The abilities we find<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">within us, the idea is, aren\u2019t just gifts; it\u2019s not only a strike of luck that some of us are born with a knack<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for math, or an ear for music, or the ability to shepherd conflicts between people into agreements. All<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">these skills are also responsibilities. When we receive them, they come with the duty to develop them, to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not let them go to waste in front of the TV or on a pointless job.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Most of us have a feeling for this. It\u2019s one thing if a vaguely clumsy girl in a ballet class decides to not sign<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">up the next semester and instead use the time trying to boost her GPA, but if someone who\u2019s really good\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who\u2019s strong, and elegant, and a natural\u2014decides to just walk away, of course the coach and friends are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">going to encourage her to think about it again. She has something that so few have, it\u2019s a shame to waste<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it; it\u2019s a kind of betrayal of her own uniqueness. This is the spot where the ethics come in: the idea is that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">she really should continue her development; it\u2019s a responsibility she has to herself because she really can<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">develop.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What about Andrew Madoff, the cancer sufferer? He not only donated money to cancer research charities<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but also dedicated his time, serving as chairman of the Lymphoma Research Foundation (until his dad<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">was arrested). This dedication does seem like a duty because of his unique situation: as a sufferer, he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">perfectly understood the misery caused by the disease, and as a wealthy person, he could muster a serious<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">force against the suffering. When he did, he fulfilled the duty to exploit his particular abilities.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The other significant duty to oneself is nearly a corollary of the first: the duty to do ourselves no harm. At<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">root, this means we have a responsibility to maintain ourselves healthily in the world. It doesn\u2019t do any<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">good to dedicate hours training the body to dance beautifully if the rest of the hours are dedicated to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">alcoholism and Xanax. Similarly, Andrew should not only fight cancer publicly by advocating for medical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">research but also fight privately by adhering to his treatment regime.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">At the extreme, this duty also prohibits suicide, a possibility that no doubt crosses Bernie Madoff\u2019s mind<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">from time to time as he contemplates spending the rest of his life in a jail cell.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">53<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Do I Owe Others? Historically Accumulated Duties to Others<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The duties we have to ourselves be the most immediate, but the most commonly referenced duties are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">those we have to others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Avoid wronging others are the guiding duty to those around us. It\u2019s difficult, however, to know exactly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">what it means to wrong another in every particular case. It does seem clear that Madoff wronged his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">clients when he pocketed their money. The case of his wife is blurrier, though. She was allowed to keep<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">more than $2 million after her husband\u2019s sentencing. She claims she has a right to it because she never<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">knew what her husband was doing, and anyway, at least that much money came to her from other<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">perfectly legal investment initiatives her husband undertook. So she can make a case that the money is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hers to keep and she\u2019s not wronging anyone by holding onto it. Still, it\u2019s hard not to wonder about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">investors here, especially ones like Sheryl Weinstein, who lost everything, including their homes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Honesty is the duty to tell the truth and not leave anything important out. On this front, obviously, Madoff<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wronged his investors by misleading them about what was happening with their money.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Respect others are the duty to treat others as equals in human terms. This doesn\u2019t mean treating everyone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the same way. When a four-year-old asks where babies come from, the stork is a fine answer. When adult<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">investors asked Madoff where the profits came from, what they got was more or less a fairy tale. Now, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">first case is an example of respect: it demonstrates an understanding of another\u2019s capacity to comprehend<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the world and an attempt to provide an explanation matching that ability. The second is a lie; but more<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">than that, it\u2019s a sting of disrespect. When Madoff invented stories about where the money came from, he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">disdained his investors as beneath him, treating them as unworthy of the truth.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Beneficence is the duty to promote the welfare of others; it\u2019s the Good Samaritan side of ethical duties.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">With respect to his own family members, Madoff certainly fulfilled this obligation: every one of them<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">received constant and lavish amounts of cash. There\u2019s also beneficence in Andrew\u2019s work for charitable<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">causes, even if there\u2019s a self-serving element, too. By contrast, Madoff displayed little beneficence for his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">clients.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Gratitude is the duty to thank and remember those who help us. One of the curious parts of Madoff\u2019s last<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">chapter is that in the end, at the sentencing hearing, a parade of witnesses stood up to berate him. But<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">even though Madoff had donated millions of dollars to charities over the years, not a single person or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">54<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">representative of a charitable organization stood up to say something on his behalf. That\u2019s ingratitude, no<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doubt.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">But there\u2019s more here than ingratitude; there\u2019s also an important point about all ethics guided by basic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">duties: the duties don\u2019t exist alone. They\u2019re all part of a single fabric, and sometimes they pull against each<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">other. In this case, the duty Madoff\u2019s beneficiaries probably felt to a man who\u2019d given them so much was<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">overwhelmed by the demand of another duty: the duty to respect others, specifically those who lost<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">everything to Madoff. It\u2019s difficult to imagine a way to treat people more disdainfully than to thank the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">criminal who stole their money for being so generous. Those who received charitable contributions from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Madoff were tugged in one direction by gratitude to him and in another by respect for his many victims.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">All the receivers opted, finally, to respect the victims.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Fidelity is the duty to keep our promises and hold up our end of agreements. The Madoff case is littered<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with abuses on this front. On the professional side, there\u2019s the financier who didn\u2019t invest his clients\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money as he\u2019d promised; on the personal side, there\u2019s Madoff and Weinstein staining their wedding vows.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">From one end to the other in terms of fidelity, this is an ugly case.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Reparation is the duty to compensate others when we harm them. Madoff\u2019s wife, Ruth, obviously didn\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">feel much of this. She walked away with $2.5 million.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The judge overseeing the case, on the other hand, filled in some of what Ruth lacked. To pay back bilked<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">investors, the court seized her jewelry, her art, and her mink and sable coats. Those things, along with the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">couple\u2019s three multimillion-dollar homes, the limousines, and the yacht, were all sold at public auction.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Concept of Fairness<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The final duty to be considered\u2014fairness\u2014requires more development than those already listed because<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of its complexity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">According to Aristotle, fairness is treating equals equally and un-equals unequally. The treat equals<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">equally part means, for a professional investor like Madoff, that all his clients get the same deal: those<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who invest equal amounts of money at about the same time should get an equal return. So even though<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Madoff was sleeping with one of his investors, this shouldn\u2019t allow him to treat her account distinctly from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the ones belonging to the rest. Impartiality must govern the operation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">55<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The other side of fairness is the requirement to treat un-equals unequally. Where there\u2019s a meaningful<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">difference between investors\u2014which means a difference pertaining to the investment and not something<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">extraneous like a romantic involvement\u2014there should correspond a proportional difference in what<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">investors receive. Under this clause, Madoff could find justification for allowing two distinct rates of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">return for his clients. Those that put up money at the beginning when everything seemed riskier could<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">justifiably receive a higher payout than the one yielded to more recent participants. Similarly, in any<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">company, if layoffs are necessary, it might make sense to say that those who\u2019ve been working in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organization longest should be the last ones to lose their jobs. In either case, the important point is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that fairness doesn\u2019t mean everyone gets the same treatment; it means that rules for treating people<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">must be applied equally. If a corporate executive decides on layoffs according to a last-in-first-out<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">process, that\u2019s fine, but it would be unfair to make exceptions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One of the unique aspects of the idea of fairness as a duty is its hybrid status between duties to the self<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and duties to others. While it would seem strange to say that we have a duty of gratitude or fidelity to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ourselves, it clearly makes sense to assert that we should be fair to ourselves. Impartiality\u2014the rule of no<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">exceptions\u2014means no exceptions. So a stock investor who puts his own money into a general fund he runs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">should receive the same return as everyone else. A poor investment that loses 10 percent should cost him<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">no more than 10 percent (he has to be fair to himself), and one that gains 10 percent shouldn\u2019t net him<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">any more than what the others receive (he has to be fair to others).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Modern Fairness: Rawls<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The recent American philosopher John Rawls proposes a veil of ignorance as a way of testing for fairness,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">especially with respect to the distribution of wealth in general terms. For example, in society as Madoff<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">knew it, vast inequalities of wealth weren\u2019t only allowed, they were honored: being richer than anyone else<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">was something to be proud of, and Madoff lived that reality full tilt. Now, if you asked Madoff whether<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">we should allow some members of society to be much wealthier than others, he might say that\u2019s fair:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">everyone is allowed to get rich in America, and that\u2019s just what he did. However, the guy coming into<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Madoff\u2019s office at 3 a.m. to mop up and empty the trash might see things differently. He may claim to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">work just as hard as Madoff, but without getting fancy cars or Palm Springs mansions. People making the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">big bucks, the suggestion could follow, should get hit with bigger taxes and the money used to provide<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">56<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">educational programs allowing guys from the cleaning crew to get a better chance at climbing the income<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ladder. Now, given these two perspectives, is there a way to decide what\u2019s really fair when it comes to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wealth and taxes?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Rawls proposes that we try to re-imagine society without knowing what our place in it would be. In the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">case of Madoff, he may like things as they are, but would he stick with the idea that everything\u2019s fair if he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">were told that a rearrangement was coming and he was going to get stuck back into the business world at<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">random? He might hesitate there, seeing that he could get dealt a bad hand and, yes, end up being the guy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who cleans offices. And that guy who cleans offices might figure that if he got a break, then he\u2019d be the rich<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one, and so he\u2019s no longer so sure about raising taxes. The veil of ignorance is the idea that when you set<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">up the rules, you don\u2019t get to know beforehand where you\u2019ll fall inside them, which is going to force you to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">construct things in a way that is really balanced and fair.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As a note here, nearly all children know the veil of ignorance perfectly. When two friends together buy a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">candy bar to split, they\u2019ll frequently have one person break it, and the other choose a half. If you\u2019re the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">breaker, you\u2019re under the veil of ignorance since you don\u2019t know which half you\u2019re going to get. The result<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is you break it fairly, as close to the middle as you can.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Balancing the Duties<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Duties include those to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 develop abilities and talents,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 do ourselves no harm,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 avoid wronging others,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 honesty,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 respect others,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 beneficence,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 gratitude,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 fidelity,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 reparation,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 fairness,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">57<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Taken on their own, each of these plugs into normal experience without significant problems. Real<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">troubles come, though, when more than one duty seems applicable and they\u2019re pulling in different<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">directions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Take Andrew Madoff, for example. Lying in bed at night and taking his ethical duties seriously, what<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">should he do in the wake of the revelation that his family business was in essence a giant theft? On one<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">side, there\u2019s an argument that he should just keep on keeping on by maintaining his life as a New York<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">financier. The route to justifying that decision starts with a duty to him:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Develop abilities and talents. As an expert in finance, someone with both knowledge of and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">experience in the field, Andrew should continue cultivating and perfecting his talents, at least those he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">had acquired on the legitimate side of the family\u2019s dealings.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Beyond the duty to himself, Andrew can further buttress his decision to keep his current life going by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">referencing a duty to others:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Beneficence. This may demand that Andrew continue along the lines he\u2019d already established because<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they enabled his involvement with cancer research. He\u2019s got money to donate to the cause and his very<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">personal experience with the disease allows rare insight into what can be done to help sufferers. To the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">extent that\u2019s true, beneficence supports Andrew\u2019s decision to go on living as he had been.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On the other side, what\u2019s the duty-based argument in favor of Andrew taking a different path by breaking<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">away from his old lifestyle and dedicating all his energy and time to doing what he can for the jilted<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">investors the family business left behind?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Respect. The duty to treat others as equals demands that Andrew take seriously the abilities and lives of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">all those who lost everything. Why should they be reduced to powerlessness and poverty while he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">continues maximizing his potential as a stock buyer and nonprofit leader? Respecting others and their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">losses may mean leaving his profession and helping them get back on their feet.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">58<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Reparation. This duty advances as the proposal for Andrew to liquidate his assets and divide the money<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">as fairly as possible among the ruined investors. It may be that Andrew didn\u2019t orchestrate the family Ponzi<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">scheme, but wittingly or not, he participated and that opens the way to the duty to repayment.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">So which path should Andrew follow? There\u2019s no certain answer. What duties do allow Andrew\u2014or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">anyone considering his situation\u2014to achieve is a solid footing for making a reasonable and defendable<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">decision. From there, the ethical task is to weigh the various duties and choose which ones pull harder and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">make the stronger demand.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Where Do Duties Come From?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The question about the origin of duties belongs to meta-ethics, to purified discussions about the theory of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethics as opposed to its application, so it falls outside this book\u2019s focus. Still, two commonly cited sources<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of duties can be quickly noted.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One standard explanation is that duties are written into the nature of the universe; they\u2019re part of the way<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">things are. In a sense, they\u2019re a moral complement to the laws of physics. We know that scientists form<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mathematical formulas to explain how far arrows will travel when shot at a certain speed; these formulas<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">describe the way the natural world is. So too in the realm of ethics: duties are the rules describing how the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">world is in moral terms. On this account, ethics isn\u2019t so different from science; it\u2019s just that scientists<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">explore physical reality and ethicists explore moral reality. In both cases, however, the reality is already<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there; we\u2019re just trying to understand it.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another possible source for the duties is humanity in the sense that part of what it means to be human is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to have this particular sense of right and wrong. Under this logic, a computer-guided robot may beat<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">humans in chess, but no machine will ever understand what a child does when mom asks, \u201cDid you break<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the vase? Tell me the truth.\u201d Maybe this moral spark children are taken to feel is written into their genetic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">code, or maybe it\u2019s something ineffable, like a soul. Whichever, the reason it comes naturally is because<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it\u2019s part of our nature.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Are the Advantages and Drawbacks of an Ethics Based on Duties?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One of the principal advantages of working with an ethics of duties is simplicity: duties are fairly easy to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">understand and work with. We all use them every day. For many of us these duties are the first thing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">coming to mind when we hear the word ethics. Straightforward rules about honesty, gratitude, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">59<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">keeping up our ends of agreements\u2014these are the components of a common education in ethics, and most<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of us are well experienced in their use.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The problem, though, comes when the duties pull against each other: when one says yes and the other<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">says no. Unfortunately, there\u2019s no hard-and-fast rule for deciding which duties should take precedence<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">over the others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Duties include responsibilities to one self and to others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Duties do not exist in isolation but in a network, and they sometimes pull against each other.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Bernie Madoff was a very good\u2014though obviously not a perfect\u2014fraudster. He got away with a lot for a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">long time. How could the duty to develop one\u2019s own abilities be mustered to support his decision to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">become a criminal?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. In the Madoff case, what duties could be mustered to refute the conclusion that he did the right thing by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">engaging in fraud?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Madoff gave up most of his money and possessions and went to jail for his crimes. Is there anything else<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">he should have done to satisfy the ethical duty of reparation?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. In your own words, what does it mean to treat equals equally and un-equals unequally?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[1] Brian Ross, Anna Schecter, and Kate McCarthy, \u201cBernie Madoff&#8217;s Other Secret: His Hadassah CFO<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Mistress,\u201d ABCNews.com, April 16, 2011, accessed May 11,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Blotter\/Madoff\/story?id=8319695&amp;page=1.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">60<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2.3 Immanuel Kant: The Duties of the Categorical Imperative<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define Immanuel Kant\u2019s categorical imperative.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Show how the categorical imperative functions in business.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Consider advantages and drawbacks of an ethics based on the categorical imperative.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Kant<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724\u20131804) accepted the basic proposition that a theory of duties\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a set of rules telling us what we\u2019re obligated to do in any particular situation\u2014was the right approach to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethical problems. What he set out to add, though, was a stricter mechanism for the use of duties in our<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">everyday experience. He wanted a way to get all these duties we\u2019ve been talking about to work together, to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">produce a unified recommendation, instead of leaving us confused between loyalty to one principle and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">another. At least on some basic issues, Kant set out to produce ethical certainty.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lying is about as primary as issues get in ethics, and the Madoff case is shot through with it:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Bernie Madoff always claimed that the Ponzi scheme wasn\u2019t the original idea. He sought money from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">investors planning to score big with complicated financial maneuvers. He took a few losses early on,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">though, and faced the possibility of everyone just taking their cash and going home. That\u2019s when he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">started channeling money from new investors to older ones, claiming the funds were the fruit of his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">excellent stock dealing. He always intended, Madoff says, to get the money back, score some huge<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">successes, and they\u2019d let him get on the straight and narrow again. It never happened. But that doesn\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">change the fact that Madoff thought it would. He was lying temporarily, and for the good of everyone in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the long run.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Sheryl Weinstein had a twenty-year affair with Madoff. She also invested her family\u2019s life savings with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">him. When the Ponzi scheme came undone, she lost everything. To get some money back, she considered<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">writing a tell-all, and that led to a heart-wrenching decision between money and her personal life. Her<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">twenty-year dalliance was not widely known, and things could have remained that way: her husband and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">son could\u2019ve gone on without the whole world knowing that the husband was a cuckold and the son the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">product of a poisoned family. But they needed money because they\u2019d lost everything, including their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">61<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">home, in Madoff\u2019s scam. So does she keep up the false story or does she turn the truth into a profit<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">opportunity?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What does Kant say about all this? The answer is his categorical imperative. An imperative is something<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you need to do. A hypothetical imperative is something you need to do, but only in certain circumstances;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for example, I have to eat, but only in those circumstances where I\u2019m hungry. A categorical imperative, by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">contrast, is something you need to do all the time: there are ethical rules that don\u2019t depend on the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">circumstances, and it\u2019s the job of the categorical imperative to tell us what they are. Here, we will consider<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">two distinct expressions of Kant\u2019s categorical imperative, two ways that guidance is provided.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">First Version of the Categorical Imperative<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The first version or expression of the categorical imperative: Act in a way that the rule for your action<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">could be universalized. When you\u2019re thinking about doing something, this means you should imagine<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that everyone did it all the time. Now, can this make sense? Can it happen? Is there a world you can<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">imagine where everyone does this thing that you\u2019re considering at every opportunity? Take the case of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Madoff asking himself, \u201cShould I lie to keep investor money flowing in?\u201d What we need to do is imagine<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">this act as universalized: everyone lies all the time. Just imagine that. You ask someone whether it\u2019s sunny<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">outside. It is sunny, but they say, \u201cNo, it\u2019s raining.\u201d The next day you ask someone else. Again, it\u2019s sunny,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but they say, \u201cNo, it\u2019s snowing.\u201d This goes on day after day. Pretty soon, wouldn\u2019t you just give up listening<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to what people say? Here\u2019s the larger point: if everyone lies all the time, pretty soon people are going to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">stop listening to anyone. And if no one\u2019s listening, is it possible to lie to them?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Kant\u2019s categorical imperative shows is that lying cannot be universalized. The act of lying can\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">survive in a world where everyone\u2019s just making stuff up all the time. Since no one will be taking anyone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">else seriously, you may try to sell a false story but no one will be buying.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Something similar happens in comic books. No one accuses authors and illustrators of lying when Batman<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kicks some bad guys into the next universe and then strips off his mask and his hair is perfect. That\u2019s not a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lie; it\u2019s fiction. And fictional stories can\u2019t lie because no one expects they\u2019ll tell the truth. No one asks<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whether it\u2019s real or fake, only whether it\u2019s entertaining. The same would go in the real world if everyone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lied all the time. Reality would be like a comic: it might be fun, or maybe not, but accusing someone of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lying would definitely be absurd.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">62<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Bringing this back to Madoff, as Kant sees it he has to make a basic decision: should I lie to investors to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">keep my operation afloat? The answer is no. According to the categorical imperative, it must be no, not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because lying is directly immoral, but because lying cannot be universalized and therefore it\u2019s immoral.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The same goes for Sheryl Weinstein as she wonders whether she should keep the lid on her familywrecking<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">affair. The answer is no because the answer is always no when the question is whether I should<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lie. You might want to respond by insisting, \u201cShe\u2019s already done the deed and Bernie\u2019s in jail so it\u2019s not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">going to happen again. The best thing at this point would be for her to just keep her mouth shut and hold<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;\">her family together as<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"background: yellow; margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">as<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"> best she can.\u201d That\u2019s a fair argument. But for Kant it\u2019s also a loser because the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">categorical imperative gives the last word. There\u2019s no appeal. There\u2019s no lying, no matter what.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One more point about the universalization of acts: even if you insist that a world could exist where<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">everyone lied all the time, would you really want to live there? Most of us don\u2019t mind lying so much as<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">long as we\u2019re the ones getting away with it. But if everyone\u2019s doing it, that\u2019s different. Most of us might<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">agree that if we had a choice between living in a place where everyone told the truth and one where<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">everyone lied, we\u2019d go for the honest reality. It just makes sense: lying will help you only if you\u2019re the sole<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">liar, but if everyone\u2019s busy taking advantage of everyone else, then there\u2019s nothing in it for you, and you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">might just as well join everyone in telling the truth.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion. The first expression of the categorical imperative\u2014act in such a way that the rule for your<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">action could be universalized\u2014is a consistency principle. Like the golden rule (treat others as you\u2019d like to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be treated), it forces you to ask how things would work if everyone else did what you\u2019re considering doing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Objections to the First Version of the Categorical Imperative<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One of the objections to this ethical guidance is that a reality without lying can be awfully uncomfortable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If your boss shows up for work on a Friday wearing one of those designer dresses that looks great on a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">supermodel and ridiculous everywhere else, and she asks what you think, what are you going to say?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cHideous\u201d? Telling the truth no matter what, whether we\u2019re at work or anywhere else, is one of those<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">things that sounds good in the abstract but is almost impossible to actually live by.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Then the problem gets worse. A deranged addict storms into your office announcing that he\u2019s just received<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a message from the heavens. While chewing manically on dirty fingernails, he relates that he\u2019s supposed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">63<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to attack someone named Jones\u2014anyone named Jones. \u201cWhat,\u201d he suddenly demands, \u201cis your name?\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Unfortunately, you happen to be named Sam Jones. Now what?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Second Version of the Categorical Imperative<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The second expression of the categorical imperative is: Treat people as an end, and never as a means to an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">end. To treat people as ends, not means is to never use anyone to get something else. People can\u2019t be tools<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">or instruments; they can\u2019t be things you employ to get to what you really want. A simple example of using<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">another as a means would be striking up a friendship with Chris because you really want to meet his wife<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who happens to be a manager at the advertising company you desperately want to work for.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It\u2019d be hard to imagine a clearer case of this principle being broken than that of Madoff\u2019s Ponzi scheme.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He used the money from each new investor to pay off the last one. That means every investor was nothing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but a means to an end: everyone was nothing more than a way to keep the old investors happy and attract<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">new ones.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Madoff\u2019s case of direct theft is clear cut, but others aren\u2019t quite so easy. If Weinstein goes ahead and writes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">her tell-all about life in bed with Madoff, is she using him as a means to her end (which is making<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money)? Is she using book buyers? What about her husband and the suffering he would endure? It can be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">difficult to be sure in every case exactly what it means to \u201cuse\u201d another person.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another example comes from Madoff\u2019s son, Andrew, who donated time and money to the cause of treating<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cancer. On one hand, this seems like a generous and beneficial treatment of others. It looks like he\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">valuing them as worthwhile and good people who deserve to be saved from a disease. On the other hand,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">though, when you keep in mind that Andrew too had cancer, you wonder whether he\u2019s just using other<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">peoples\u2019 suffering to promote research so that he can be saved.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Summarizing, where the first of the categorical imperative\u2019s expressions was a consistency principle (treat<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">others the way you want to be treated), this is a dignity principle: treat others with respect and as holding<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">value in themselves. You will act ethically, according to Kant, as long as you never accept the temptation<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to treat others as a way to get something else.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">64<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Objections to the Second Version of the Categorical Imperative<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The principal objection to this aspect of Kant\u2019s theory is that, like the previous, it sounds good in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">abstract, but when you think about how it would actually work, things become difficult.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Almost all businesses require treating people as means and not as ends. In the grocery store, the cashier<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">isn\u2019t waiting there to receive your respectful attention. She\u2019s there to run your items through the scanner<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and that\u2019s it. The same goes for the guy in the produce section setting up the banana display. Really,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">just paying someone to do a job\u2014no matter what the job might be\u2014is treating them as a means to an end,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">as little more than a way to get the work done.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If that\u2019s right, then you\u2019re not going too far by wondering whether the entire modern world of jobs and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money would unravel if we all suddenly became Kantians. Paying a janitor to clean up after hours, a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">paralegal to proofread a lawyer\u2019s briefs, a day-care worker to keep peace among children at recess, all<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">these treatments of others seem to fail Kant\u2019s test.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Defenders of Kant understand all this perfectly and can respond. One argument is that providing someone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with a job is not treating them as a means to your ends; instead, by allowing them the opportunity to earn<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a living, you\u2019re actually supporting their projects and happiness. Seen this way, hiring people is not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">denigrating them, it\u2019s enabling. And far from being immoral in the Kantian sense, it\u2019s ethically<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">recommendable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The first expression of Kant\u2019s categorical imperative requires that ethical decisions be universalizable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The second expression of Kant\u2019s categorical imperative requires that ethical decisions treat others as ends<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and not means.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Kant\u2019s conception of ethical duties can provide clear guidance but at the cost of inflexibility: it can be hard<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to make the categorical imperative work in everyday life.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">65<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Imagine Madoff lied to attain his clients\u2019 money as he did, but instead of living the high life, he donated<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">everything to charity. For Kant, does this remove the ethical stain from his name? Why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Think back to your first job, whatever it was. Did you feel like you were used by the organization, or did<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you feel like they were doing you a favor, giving you the job? How does the experience relate to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">imperative to treat others as an end and not a means?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">66<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2.4 Rights<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define an ethical right.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Distinguish specific rights.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Show how ethical rights work in business.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Consider advantages and drawbacks of an ethics based on rights.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Rights<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">An ethics based on rights is similar to an ethics based on duties. In both cases specific principles provide<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethical guidance for your acts, and those principles are to be obeyed regardless of the consequences<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">further down the line. Unlike duties, however, rights-based ethics concentrate their force in delineating<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">your possibilities. The question isn\u2019t so much What are you morally required to do; it\u2019s more about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">defining exactly where and when you\u2019re free to do whatever you want and then deciding where you need<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to stop and make room for other people to be free too. Stated slightly differently, duties tend to be ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">as what you can\u2019t do, and rights tend to be about what you can do.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">My Property, My Religion, My Nonprofit Organization, My Health Care, My<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Grass<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Charles Edward \u201cEddy\u201d Lepp is in jail now, in a prison not too far away from the site of the business that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">got him in trouble: Eddy\u2019s Medicinal Gardens and Ministry. What was Eddy Lepp the gardener and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">minister up to on his twenty-acre property near a lake in California, about a hundred miles north from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">San Francisco? Here are the highlights:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Ministry. Lepp claims\u2014and there doesn\u2019t seem to be anyone who disputes him\u2014that he\u2019s an authentic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Rastafarian reverend.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Rastafarianism. Developed over the last century in Africa and the Caribbean, the religion works within<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the basic structure of Christianity but contains important innovations. Haile Selassie I was the emperor of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974 and, according to the faith, was also the reincarnation of Jesus Christ.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">67<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Further, marijuana\u2014called ganja by believers\u2014accompanies religious meetings and ceremonies; it brings<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">adherents closer to God.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Lepp\u2019s Medicinal Gardens. In fact, this wasn\u2019t a garden so much as a collective farm. Lepp oversaw<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the work of volunteers\u2014their numbers totaling about two hundred\u2014and did some harvesting and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">planting himself. Many of the farm\u2019s marijuana leaves were smoked by the 2,500 members of his zonkedout<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">church as part of Rastafarian celebrations and meetings, and the rest was, according to Lepp,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">distributed to individuals with serious health problems.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Marijuana and health care. Studies indicate that in some patients marijuana may alleviate nausea<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and vomiting, especially as connected with chemotherapy. There\u2019s also a list of further symptoms and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">maladies the drug could relieve, according to some evidence. It should be noted here that many suspect<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the persons conducting these studies (not to mention the patients receiving the testing) are favorably<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">predisposed toward marijuana in the first place, and the prejudice may contaminate conclusions. What\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">certain is that from a strictly medical perspective, the question about marijuana\u2019s utility remains<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">controversial. Among those who are convinced, however, smoking is a good remedy. That\u2019s why in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">California patients have been granted a legal right to possess and use marijuana medicinally, as long as<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they\u2019ve got a doctor\u2019s approval. Unfortunately for Lepp, California law can\u2019t bar federal prosecutions, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it was the US Drug Enforcement Administration from all the way out in Washington, DC, that eventually<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">came after him. [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">About retirement age now, Eddy Lepp is one of those guys who never really left Woodstock. Before being<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">incarcerated, he slumped around in tie-dyes and jeans. He liked wearing a hat emblazoned with the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">marijuana leaf. Out on his semirural farm, he passed the days smoking joints and listening to Bob Marley<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">music.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Everyone seems to like the guy. A longtime activist for the legalization of marijuana, he\u2019s even something<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of a folk hero in Northern California. At his sentencing, the crowd (chanting \u201cfree Eddy!\u201d) spilled out into<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the courthouse hallways. The judge didn\u2019t seem to mind the spectacle, and she went out of her way to say<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">68<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">she didn\u2019t want to hit him with ten years of jail time, but federal guidelines gave her no choice. Now<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there\u2019s talk of a pardon.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Like Bernie Madoff, Lepp was touched by cancer. Madoff\u2019s son Andrew was stricken and so was Lepp\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wife. She died. Also, like Madoff, Lepp was a businessman. Madoff made millions and lived in luxury<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">while robbing investors; Lepp made enough to scrape by from his ministry and farming enterprises.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What\u2019s a Right?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One definition of a right in ethics is a justified claim against others. I have the right to launch a gardening<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business or a church enterprise or both on my property, and you\u2019re not allowed to simply storm in and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ruin things. You do have the right, however, to produce your own garden company and church on your<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">property. On my side, I have the right to free speech, to say whatever I want no matter how outrageous<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and you can\u2019t stop me. You can, however, say whatever you want, too; you can respond to my words with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whatever comes into your head or just ignore me completely. A right, in sum, is something you may do if<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you wish, and others are morally obligated to permit your action.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Duties tend to be protective in nature; they\u2019re about assuring that people aren\u2019t mistreated. Rights are the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">flip side; they\u2019re liberating in nature, they\u2019re about assuring that you\u2019re as free as possible.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Because rights theory maximizes choices in the name of ethics, it\u2019s not surprising that Lepp built his court<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">defense on that ground. Lepp fought the law by maintaining that his medical gardens business and church<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">operations involved his land and his religion. It wasn\u2019t that he had a right to grow pot or pray to a specific<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">God; that had nothing to do with it. The point is he had a right to do whatever he wanted on that land,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and believe in whatever he wanted in his mind. That\u2019s what rights are about. As opposed to duties that fix<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on specific acts, rights ethics declares that there are places (like my land) where the acts don\u2019t matter. As<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">long as no one else\u2019s rights are being infringed on, I\u2019m free.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, duties tend to be community oriented: they\u2019re about how we get along with others. Rights tend to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">center on the individual and what he or she can do regardless of whether anyone else is around or not.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">That explains why a duty-based ethics coheres more easily with a scene like the one Madoff provoked, a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">situation that involves winners and losers, criminals and victims. On the other side, an ethics based on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rights is more convenient for Lepp and his gardening and religious enterprises. Though he ended up in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">69<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jail, there were no obvious victims of his crimes; at least no one complained that they\u2019d been mistreated or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">victimized as individuals.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Are the Characteristics of Rights?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">English philosopher John Locke (1632\u20131704) maintained that rights are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Universal. The fundamental rights don\u2019t transform as you move from place to place or change with the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">years.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Equal. They\u2019re the same for all, men and women, young and old.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Inalienable. They can\u2019t be taken, they can\u2019t be sold, and they can\u2019t be given away. We can\u2019t not have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">them. This leads to a curious paradox at the heart of rights theory. Freedom is a bedrock right, but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">we\u2019re not free to sell ourselves into slavery. We can\u2019t because freedom is the way we are; since freedom is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">part of my essence, it can\u2019t go away without me disappearing too.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Rights Do I Have?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The right to life is just what it sounds like: Lepp, you, and I should be able to go through our days without<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">worrying about someone terminating our existence. This right is so deeply embedded in our culture that it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">almost seems unnecessary to state, but we don\u2019t need to stretch too far away from our time and place to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">find scenes of the right\u2019s trampling. Between the world wars, Ukraine struggled for independence from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Joseph Stalin\u2019s neighboring Russia. Stalin sealed the borders and sent troops to destroy all food in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">country. Millions died from starvation. Less dramatically but more contemporaneously, the right to life<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">has been cited as an argument against capital punishment.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The right to freedom guarantees individuals that they may do as they please, assuming their actions don\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">encroach on the freedom of others. In a business environment, this assures entrepreneurs like Lepp and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Madoff that they may mount whatever business operation they choose. Lepp\u2019s garden and ministry were<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">surely unorthodox, but that can\u2019t be a reason for its prohibition.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">70<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Similarly, within a company, the right to freedom protects individuals against abuse. No boss can demand<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">more from an employee than what that employee has freely agreed\u2014frequently through a signed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">contract\u2014to provide.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On the other side, however, there are questions about how deeply this basic right extends through day-today<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">working life. For example, the freewheeling Lepp probably wasn\u2019t too concerned about the clothes his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">volunteer workers chose to wear out in the garden, but what about clothes in Madoff\u2019s investment house?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He was serving wealthy, urban clients in suits and ties. What would their reaction be to a junior<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">investment advisor just out of college who shows up for a meeting in a tie-dye and jeans? Some clients, it\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">safe to say, would head for the exit. Now, what recourse does boss Madoff have when the casual employee<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">says, \u201cLook, it\u2019s a free country; I can wear whatever I want\u201d? Within a rights theory of ethics, it must be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">conceded that the employee is correct. It\u2019s also true, however, that Madoff has rights too\u2014specifically, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">freedom to fire the guy. What can be taken from this is that, as a general rule, the enabling side of a right<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethics is that you can do whatever you want, but the limiting and controlling side is that the same goes for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">everyone else.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">From the right to freedom, other rights seem to derive naturally. The right to free speech is tremendously<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">important in the commercial world. Lepp\u2019s messages to his Rasta flock may have provoked skepticism in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">some listeners, but no one doubts that he had a right to voice his ideas. The same goes for Madoff\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">exuberant claims concerning his investing strategy. Crucially, the same also goes for those on the other<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">side of Madoff\u2019s claims; the same freedom Madoff enjoyed also allowed whistle-blowers to answer back<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that it\u2019s impossible to legitimately realize such constant and high profits. In fact, in the case of Madoff\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">investment company, whistle-blowers did say that, repeatedly. No one listened, though. The right of free<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">speech doesn\u2019t guarantee a hearing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The right to religious expression also follows from basic freedom. It guaranteed Lepp the space he needed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to pioneer his particular brand of gardening Rastafarianism in Northern California. His is, obviously, a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">weird case, but the right works in more traditional workplaces, too. USA Today [2] reported a case where<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Muslim workers were fired from their jobs in several meatpacking plants in the Midwest because they left<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the production line in the middle of the day without authorization to go outside and pray. The workers\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">response? They filed a lawsuit claiming their right to religious expression had been violated.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">No doubt it had been.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">71<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">But the company\u2019s response is also weighty. According to the article, \u201cThe problem with the Muslim<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">prayer request is that it\u2019s not one day or annual, it\u2019s every day and multiple times. Further, those times<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shift over the course of the year based on the sun\u2019s position.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The result, according to the company, is that scheduling becomes very difficult, and those who aren\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Muslim find it nearly impossible to keep working when they\u2019re getting abandoned so frequently during<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the day. Here we\u2019re confronted with a very basic conflict of rights. While no one doubts that freedom<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">exists to practice a religion, isn\u2019t it also true that the company\u2014or the company owners if we want to cast<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">this in personal terms\u2014have a right to set up a business in whatever manner they choose, with breaks<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">scheduled for certain times and worker responsibilities strictly defined? In the end, the question about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Muslim workers leaving the work floor to pray isn\u2019t about one kind of religion or another; it\u2019s not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Christians against Muslims or something similar. The question is about which right takes precedence: the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">owners\u2019 right to set up and run a company as they wish or the employees\u2019 right to express their beliefs how<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and when they choose.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">From an ethical perspective\u2014which doesn\u2019t necessarily correlate with a legal one\u2014the resolution to this<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dilemma and any clash about conflicting rights runs through the question of whether there\u2019s a way to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">protect the basic rights of both groups. It runs that way because rights are fundamentally about that,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about maximizing freedom. In this case, it seems that firing the workers does achieve that goal. The<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">owners\u2019 initiative inside their company is protected, and the workers are now able to pray when they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">desire.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">To be sure, other ethical approaches will yield different outcomes, but in the midst of rights theory where<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">individual liberty is the guiding rule and the maximization of freedom is the overriding goal, it\u2019s difficult<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for other concerns to get traction. So it may be that the community as a whole is better served by looking<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for a solution that allows Muslims to maintain their prayer schedule while also allowing the plant to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">continue functioning in a normal way. Even if that\u2019s true, however, it\u2019s not going to affect a rights-theory<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">resolution very much because this kind of ethics privileges what you and I can do over what we can do<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">together. It\u2019s an ethics of individualism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The right to pursue happiness sits beside the right to life and the right to freedom at the foundation of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rights ethics. The pursuit gives final direction and meaning to the broad theory. Here\u2019s how: it doesn\u2019t do<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">much good to be alive if you\u2019re not free, so freedom orients the right to life. It also doesn\u2019t do much good<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">72<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to be free if you can\u2019t pursue happiness, so the right to pursue happiness orients freedom. That\u2019s the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organizing reasoning of ethical rights; it\u2019s how the theory holds together. This reasoning leaves behind,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">however, the difficult question as to exactly where the pursuit of happiness leads.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In an economic context, one way of concretizing the pursuit of happiness is quite important: it\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">our right to possessions and the fruits of our work. What\u2019s ours, along with what we make or earn, we<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">have a right to keep and use as we wish. Among rights theorists, this particular right attracts a staunch<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">group of advocates. Called libertarians, they understand liberty as especially reflected in the right to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dominion over what\u2019s ours.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Libertarianism is arguably the most muscular area of rights theory, and it\u2019s the one where most conflicts\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and most stands in the name of personal rights and the pursuit of happiness\u2014take place. This is definitely<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">where Lepp made his stand. A frequently viewed YouTube video reveals exactly what standing up for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">libertarian rights looks like. In the clip, police have been called to Lepp\u2019s Medicinal Gardens. The squad<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">car pulls up the long dirt road, and Lepp goes out to stop it. This is their conversation:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lepp:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I am demanding that if you do not have a warrant that you leave. You are illegally on my<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">property and I am demanding that you leave!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Police<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">officer: (Into his radio) Can I get some help up here?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lepp: This is private property. This is a church function. Again, I am asking, if you do not\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Police<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">officer: You can ask all you want, Mr. Lepp, but I\u2019m not leaving.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lepp:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Please leave my property! Under what authority are you standing here? Sir, I am demanding<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that you tell me under what authority are you violating my rights!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Police<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">officer:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Under no authority, Mr. Lepp. As soon as my sergeant gets here, he\u2019ll advise you of whatever he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wants to advise you of.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lepp: Fine, then I suggests you go down and wait for him at the bottom of my property!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The officer stands there silently.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">73<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This is the kind of scene that makes libertarians\u2019 blood boil. Lepp, decked out in a t-shirt emblazoned with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a marijuana leaf, actually stays fairly mellow, but he makes his point. He makes two points actually, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they need to be distinguished. The first is a legal point; it\u2019s the question about whether the officer has a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">warrant. The officer doesn\u2019t, but the second point\u2014\u201cunder what authority are you violating my rights\u201d\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">goes beyond the legal and into the ethical. Lepp believes the land is his and he\u2019s not infringing on anyone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">else\u2019s freedoms, and therefore, he can do what he wants and the police should leave him alone.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The officer isn\u2019t quite sure how to reply to this, which is understandable. It is because this case displays a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">clear separation between the law on one side and an ethical reality on the other. Moreover, the two appear<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not only separate but also incompatible; it\u2019s difficult to see any way to bring them together. With respect<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to the law, the case is clear: Lepp was growing massive amounts of marijuana on his farm and growing it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for distribution. Federal law explicitly prohibits both the growing and the distributing. It\u2019s unambiguous.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It\u2019s also clear that Lepp was doing it since you could see the crop from the public highway passing by his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fields. Everyone saw that marijuana was growing, that people were harvesting it, and that they were<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">planting more. As far as the law goes, Lepp really had no leg to stand on. Once the DEA found out about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">him, they didn\u2019t have any choice but to bring him in. But ethically\u2014and in terms of rights theory\u2014there<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seems to be equal clarity going in the other direction. There were few complaints about Lepp\u2019s activities.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">No one was hurt, and it was his land. It\u2019s hard to see within a libertarian perspective any way to justify the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">police harassment, the legal proceedings, or the jail term Lepp ended up getting. This doesn\u2019t mean Lepp<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">was treated unjustly; it only means that whatever justice was served on him, it wasn\u2019t libertarian.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Libertarianism in the Economic World<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lepp wasn\u2019t a big-time businessman. His medicinal garden enterprise produced enough income to get<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">him through the day and little more. When he went to court, he needed a public assistance attorney (not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that it would\u2019ve made any difference). But the issues he brings forward reverberate through the business<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">world. Here are a few hypothetical scenarios where libertarian ethics comes into play:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 A massive brewery is constructed upstream from farmland and soaks up most of the water to make beer,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">leaving the downstream farms with almost nothing for irrigation. It\u2019s the brewery\u2019s land, so can\u2019t the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">owners do what they want with the water running through it?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">74<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A strong libertarian argument offers a reason to say yes. Even though it\u2019s true that others will be severely<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">harmed by the act, an ethics that begins with the freedom to have what\u2019s mine doesn\u2019t buckle before the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">demands of others. Now, compare this outcome with the guidance offered by Kant\u2019s categorical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">imperative, the idea that any act must be universalized. Within this framework the opposite conclusion is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reached because if everyone just dammed up the water channeling through his or her land, then the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">brewer wouldn\u2019t even have the choice: no water would be flowing across the land in the first place. So a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">duty-oriented ethics leads toward a solution that is more favorable for the larger community, where a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rights-based perspective leaves more room for individuality but at the cost of the interests of others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Bernie Madoff didn\u2019t start off rich. His father was a plumber in Queens. Even before launching his Ponzi<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">scheme, he became wealthy by working hard, being smart, and investing wisely. He grew an investment<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">house from scratch to being among the most prominent in New York. His annual income hit the millions<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">even without the Ponzi stuff. Possibly, there was an administrative assistant of some kind there with him<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">from the beginning. She was hired at, say, $32,000 annually. Years later, Madoff is rich, and she\u2019s at<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">$36,000. She still arrives at work in her beater car while Madoff gets the limousine treatment. Is this fair?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A strong libertarian position gives Madoff a reason to say yes. The wealth did accumulate from his efforts,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not hers. If Madoff hadn\u2019t been there the money wouldn\u2019t have come in, but, if she\u2019d quit on the first day,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">he would\u2019ve hired someone else and the end result probably wouldn\u2019t have been much different. The<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money, in other words, grew because of Madoff\u2019s efforts, therefore it\u2019s his, and therefore there\u2019s no ethical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">obligation to spread it around.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On the other hand, a duty-based orientation would generate concerns about gratitude and respect. These<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">perennial duties leave room for wealth redistribution. The argument is that Madoff owes the assistant a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">higher wage not because of her work performance but as a show of gratitude for her contribution over the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">years. Similarly, the duty of respect for others doesn\u2019t demand that everyone be treated equally. It doesn\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mean everyone should get the same wage, but it does demand that people be respected as equals. This<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">implies taking into account that the assistant\u2019s efforts were prolonged and significant, just like Madoff\u2019s,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and therefore she should receive a salary more commensurate with his.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">75<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Negative and Positive Rights<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The ethics of rights can be categorized as negative rights and positive rights. Negative rights are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fundamental. They require others to not interfere with me and whatever I\u2019m doing. The right to life is the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">requirement that others not harm me, the right to freedom is the requirement that others not interfere<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with me, the right to speech requires that others not silence me, the right to my possessions and the fruits<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of my labors require that others let me keep and use what\u2019s mine.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Positive rights, by contrast, are closer to traditional duties. They\u2019re obligations others have to help protect<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and preserve my basic, negative rights. For example, the right to life doesn\u2019t only require (negatively) that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people not harm me, but it also requires (positively) that they come to my aid in life-threatening<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">situations. If I\u2019m in a car wreck, my right to life requires bystanders to call an ambulance. So if an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">individual with a rights-based philosophy and an individual with a duty-based philosophy both arrive on a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">crash scene, they\u2019ll do the same thing\u2014just for different reasons. The rights person calls for help to protect<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the victim\u2019s right to life; the duties person calls to fulfill the duty to beneficence, the duty to look out for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the welfare of others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Positive rights can be drawn out to great lengths. For example, the argument is sometimes made that my<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">basic right to freedom is worthless if I don\u2019t have my health and basic abilities to operate in the world.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This may lead a rights theorist to claim that society owes its member\u2019s health care, education, housing,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and even money in the case of unemployment. Typically, these positive rights are called welfare rights.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Welfare, in this context, doesn\u2019t mean government handouts but minimal social conditions that allow the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">members to fully use their intrinsic liberty and pursue happiness with some reasonable hope for success.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The hard question accompanying positive rights is: where\u2019s the line? At what point does my responsibility<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to promote the rights of others impinge on my own freedom, my own pursuit of happiness, and my own<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">life projects?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Rights in Conflict<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The deepest internal problems with rights ethics arise when rights conflict. Abortion is a quick, hot-button<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">example. On one side (pro-life), support comes from the initial principle: a human being, born or not, has<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a right to life, which may not be breached. On the other side (pro-choice), every person\u2019s original freedom<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">over themselves and their bodies ends all discussion. Now, one of the reasons this debate is so intractable<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">76<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is that both sides find equally strong support within the same basic ethical framework. There\u2019s no way to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">decide without infringing on one right or the other.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A complementary case arose around Lepp\u2019s Rasta religious gatherings. Though many of his neighbors<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">didn\u2019t care, there were a few who objected to having what was essentially mini-Woodstock on the land<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">next door. It was impossible, of course, for Lepp to entirely contain the noise, the smoke from fires, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">traffic congestion, and the rest entirely on his property. The question is when does my right to do what I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">want on my land need to be curtailed so that your right to dominion over yours isn\u2019t soiled?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Broadening further, there\u2019s the question about Lepp growing marijuana for medicinal purposes. On one<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">side, a rights theory supports his inclination to grow what he wants on his land and sell the fruits of his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">labors to other adults for their consenting use. His is a farming business like any other. But on the other<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">side, a theory of rights can extend into the realm of positive requirements. The right to the pursuit of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happiness implies a right to health, and this may require government oversight of medical products so<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that society as a whole may be protected from fraudulent claims or harmful substances. The question of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">marijuana shoots up right here. What happens when socially sanctioned entities like the US Food and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Drug Administration decide that marijuana is harmful and should therefore be prohibited? Which rights<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">trump the others, the negative right to freedom or the positive right to oversee medical substances?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A similar question comes up between Madoff and his investors. A pure libertarian may say that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">individuals have the unfettered right to do as they choose, so if Bernie Madoff lies about investing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">strategies and his clients go along with it, well, that\u2019s their problem. As long as they weren\u2019t forced, they\u2019re<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">free to do whatever they wish with their money, even if that means turning it over to a charlatan. Again<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">here, however, a broader view of rights theory answers that in the complex world of finance and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">investment, the right to the pursuit of happiness is also a right to some governmental oversight designed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to make sure that everyone involved in the financial industry is playing by a single set of rules, ones<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">prohibiting Ponzi schemes and similar frauds.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Examples multiply easily. I have the right to free speech, but if I falsely yell \u201cfire!\u201d in a crowded theater<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and set off a life-threatening stampede, what\u2019s happening to everyone else\u2019s negative right to life and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">positive right to health? Leaving the specifics aside, the conclusion is that, in general, problems with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rights theory occur in one of two places:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. I have negative rights to life, freedom, and my possessions but they infringe on your rights to the same.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">77<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. I have a right to freedom and to do what I want but that right clashes with larger, society-level protections<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">put into place to assure everyone a reasonable shot at pursuing their happiness.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Justifies a Right?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One justification for an ethics of rights is comparable with the earlier-noted idea about duties being part<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of the logic of the universe. Both duties and rights exist because that\u2019s the way things are in the moral<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">world. Just like the laws of physics tell us how far a ball will fly when thrown at a certain speed, so too the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rules of rights tell us what ought to happen and not happen in ethical reality. The English philosopher<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">John Locke subscribed to this view when he called our rights \u201cnatural.\u201d He meant that they\u2019re part of who<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">we are and what we do and just by living we incarnate them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another justification for an ethics of rights is to derive them from the idea of duties. Kant reappears here,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">especially his imperative to treat others as ends and not as means to ends. If we are ends in ourselves, if<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">we possess basic dignity, then that dignity must be reflected somehow: it must have some content, some<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">meaning, and the case can be made that the content is our possession of certain autonomous rights.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Advantages and Drawbacks of an Ethics Based on Rights<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Because of its emphasis on individual liberties, rights theory is very attractive to open-roaders and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">individualists. One of the central advantages of a rights ethics is that it clears a broad space for you and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">me and everyone else to be ourselves or make ourselves in any way we choose. On the other side of that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">strength, however, there\u2019s a disadvantage: centering ethics on the individual leaves little space of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">agreement about how we can live together. An ethics of rights doesn\u2019t do a lot to help us resolve our<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">differences, it does little to promote tolerance, and it offers few guarantees that if I do something<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">beneficial for you now, you\u2019ll do something beneficial for me later on.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another strong advantage associated with an ethics of rights is simplicity in the sense that basic rights are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fairly easy to understand and apply. The problem, however, with these blunt and comprehensible rights<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">comes when two or more of them conflict. In those circumstances it\u2019s hard to know which rights trump<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the others. In the case of Lepp\u2019s business\u2014the Medicinal Gardens\u2014it\u2019s hard to be sure when his use of his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">land infringed on the rights of neighbors to enjoy their land, and it\u2019s difficult to know when the health<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">product he offered\u2014marijuana\u2014should be prohibited in the name of the larger right to health for all<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">78<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">individuals in a society. Most generally, it\u2019s difficult to adjudicate between claims of freedom: where does<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mine stop and yours begin?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Rights are universal and inalienable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Basic rights include those to life, freedom, and the pursuit of happiness.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Rights theory divides negative from positive rights.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Ethical rights provide for individual freedom but allow few guidelines for individuals living and working<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">together in a business or in society<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. How does the right to pursue happiness license Lepp\u2019s Medicinal Gardens?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. What is a libertarian argument against imprisoning Lepp?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. One justification Lepp cited for his farm was the health benefits marijuana could provide. Assuming Lepp<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">was right about those benefits, how could they be combined with a rights-based ethics to justify his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">activities?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. How could the rights to freedom and the pursuit of happiness be set against Lepp\u2019s business?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. What are positive rights and how could they be mustered against Lepp\u2019s farm?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. If someone drives away from Lepp\u2019s farm high as a kite and soon after drives off the road and into a tree,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">does Lepp bear any ethical responsibility for this within a rights ethics?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] Elizabeth Larson, \u201cLepp Sentenced to 10 Years in Federal Prison for Marijuana Case, \u201cLake County News, May<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">18, 2009, accessed May 11, 2011,http:\/\/lakeconews.com\/content\/view\/8703\/764\/; Bob Egelko, \u201cMedical Pot<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Grower Eddy Lepp Gets 10 Years,\u201d Cannabis Culture Magazine, May 18, 2009, accessed May 11,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/www.cannabisculture.com\/v2\/content\/medical-pot-grower-eddy-lepp-gets-10-years.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] Emily Bazar, \u201cPrayer Leads to Work Disputes,\u201d USA Today, October 16, 2008, accessed May 11,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/nation\/2008-10-15-Muslim_N.htm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">79<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2.5 Case Studies<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Skin and Money<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Leslie Adams, http:\/\/www.ugo.com\/the-goods\/calculator-tattoo.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the mid-1980s in Los Angeles, Somen \u201cSteve\u201d Banerjee and his friend Nick DeNoia pooled money to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">start a new kind of strip club: men baring it for women. Since they had no idea what they were doing, it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">didn\u2019t go well. What finally helped were a couple of showmen from Las Vegas. Steve Merrit and his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">partner (professional and romantic) Mark Donnelly came aboard and hatched the idea of a Vegas-type<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">song-and-dance show wrapped around the disrobing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">To find performers, they cruised the muscle beaches outside LA. They brought the guys back to a studio,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">applied some Village People\u2013style outfits (policeman, fireman, construction worker, and so on), and ran<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the group through a line-dancing routine.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Their idea was simple but innovative: sex sells; but instead of making the show lustful, they made it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">entertaining. Drawing on their Las Vegas experience, Merrit and Donnelly understood how to do it, how<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to produce a fun theatrical fantasy instead of a crude flesh show. The general concept made sense and the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">execution was professional, but on opening night, no one knew what would happen.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chippendales exploded. Women went crazy for the performances, first in the United States, then Europe,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and then everywhere as Banerjee and DeNoia rushed to form multiple traveling versions of their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">production. The time they didn\u2019t spend together mounting the shows they spent in court fighting over who<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">80<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">was entitled to how much of the profits and who really owned the suddenly very valuable Chippendales<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">name and concept. The dispute ended in 1987 after DeNoia was shot dead in his office.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One major problem Chippendales faced is that it wasn\u2019t a hard show to copy. Get some muscled guys,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">some uniform-store costumes, a pop music soundtrack, and pound it all together into a dance routine<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with a little teasing; you don\u2019t need a genius to do it. So others started.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Michael Fullington was a junior choreographer for Chippendales. He struck up a friendship with some of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the show guys, and they split away into a group called Club Adonis. The original choreographers\u2014Merrit<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and Donnelly\u2014also got in on the act, forming their own traveling revue called Night Dreams.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Unhappy with these copycat acts, Banerjee hired a hit man to go around killing the whole bunch. The hit<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">man, it turned out, was an FBI informant. Banerjee ended up in jail. The ensuing investigation led to more<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">charges. There was arson (he\u2019d burned down one of his own clubs for the insurance money some time<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">back) and also another count of conspiracy to murder since it was Banerjee who\u2019d arranged to have his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">original partner shot.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The case never got to trial. Banerjee agreed to plead guilty, absorb a twenty-six-year sentence, and give up<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">his rights to Chippendales along with nearly all his money and real estate holdings.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">While the lawyers worked out the details, Banerjee\u2019s wife Irene worked feverishly to organize a group of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">character witnesses. By bringing a parade of people to testify about her husband\u2019s good side at the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sentencing hearing, she was hoping to get the jail time reduced a little bit. Or maybe she was hoping to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hold on to more of the money and real estate they\u2019d accumulated.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">No one got the chance to testify. On the morning of the hearing, Banerjee hung himself in his cell.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Because the trial was never completed, the plea deal never went into effect. And because the guilty man<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">was dead, there was no one left to charge with any crime. Chippendales and all the money and property<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">associated with it went to Banerjee\u2019s wife Irene.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Is being a Chippendale\u2019s dancer honorable work?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o How could the perennial ethical duties to the self\u2014develop our abilities and talents and do<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ourselves no harm\u2014be mustered to support the idea that these men should be proud of what<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they do?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">81<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Ethically, how does this job compare with working for the Metropolitan Opera in New York, an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">outfit that calls itself \u201ca vibrant home for the world\u2019s most creative and talented artists working in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">opera\u201d?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Is hiring and training a Chippendale\u2019s dancer honorable? Imagine you were one of the original<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">choreographers cruising California beaches in search of beefcake and dance talent. You bring the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">guys in, choreograph their routine, and send them up on stage.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Thinking just of the perennial duties to the self is hiring and training them honorable? Under what<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">conditions?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Thinking just of the perennial duties to others\u2014avoiding wrongful actions toward others, honesty,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">respect, beneficence (promoting the welfare of others), gratitude, fidelity (keeping promises,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">honor agreements), and reparation (compensating others when we harm them)\u2014is hiring and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">training them honorable? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. With respect to the ethics of duties, is Chippendales a respectable company in terms of how it treats its<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">clients? How does this company compare with the Metropolitan Opera\u2019s treatment of its clients (note that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the Met occasionally replaces the word clients with the more flattering patrons)?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Leaving aside the legal issues and using only the perennial duties, what ethical case could be made<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in favor of Banerjee getting a hit man to eliminate the people who were copying his show?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Should he have hired someone or done the job himself? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What\u2019s the difference between hiring a hit man and hiring a beefcake dancer?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o How would Kant respond to these questions?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. The Club Adonis group worked for Chippendales before splitting to do the same thing elsewhere. Use<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Kant\u2019s categorical imperative to show that their action was wrong.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. According to the perennial duties, did Banerjee do the right thing hanging him in the end?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7. According to Kant, did Banerjee do the right thing hanging him?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">8. When Banerjee hung himself, he lost his life, but he did manage to preserves his life\u2019s property and wealth<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for his wife. Can a libertarian ethics be used to show that Banerjee did the right thing?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">82<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Two at the Same Time<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Robert Fairchild, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/coffeego\/3545289824.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On a real estate discussion board, [1] someone with the sign-in name BriGuy23 asks, \u201cDoes anyone on here<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">find any issue with submitting two offers to buy two different apartments at the same time? My friend<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">thinks that it\u2019s unfair due to the fact that one of the offers is definitely going to not go through which<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">means they\u2019re tying up the seller\u2019s time (and money in a way). From a seller\u2019s standpoint I think I would<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be annoyed but I really don\u2019t see anything wrong with it from a buyer\u2019s perspective. Thoughts?\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A response comes from middle-aged mom: \u201cSellers can negotiate multiple offers so there is no reason why<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a buyer could not make multiple offers on different places. Assuming you are represented by a buyer\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">agent, I would use the same agent to make both offers. Make certain that your contract gives you an out in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the unlikely event both are accepted.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. What does BriGuy23 suspect might be unethical about submitting two offers to buy two different<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">apartments at the same time? Can you wrap this suspicion in the language of the duties?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Is middle-aged mom appealing to the concept of fairness to justify making multiple offers at the same<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">time? If she is, then how? If she isn\u2019t, what is her reasoning?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. If Kant decided to make a contribution to this discussion board, what do you think he would write?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">83<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Middle-aged mom writes, \u201cMake certain that your contract gives you an out in the unlikely event both are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accepted.\u201d She means that when you make an offer to buy, you actually offer a signed contract to buy the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">apartment; but there\u2019s a catch, an escape clause that lets you pull out if you choose. Is that ethical,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">offering a signed contract offering to buy a property that includes an \u201cout\u201d?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. You need a date for Saturday night.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Would you have any problem with inviting two different people at the same time (by, say, leaving<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a message on both their phones)? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Would you leave yourself an out in case both answers were yes? If not, why not? If so, what would<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it be and how could it be justified ethically?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Working at American Apparel<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Photo courtesy of Natalia Rivera, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/96952704@N00\/317531326\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Dov Charney is an American immigrant success story, but he\u2019s not exactly a \u201cGive me your tired, your<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">poor\u201d kind of immigrant. He\u2019s a Canadian who came to America to attend an expensive private university.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He ended up founding American Apparel (AA), a clothing manufacturer producing trendy t-shirts and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">basics selling mainly to a young, edgy crowd.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Based in Los Angeles, their factory is among the biggest clothes-making operations in the nation. It<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employs almost five thousand workers. Those workers are well known for a number of reasons:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">84<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Just having workers sets AA apart. Nearly all US clothing manufacturers outsource their cutting and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sewing to poor countries. From Mexico to China, you can find factories paying locals fifty cents an hour to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">do the same kind of work they do at AA. The difference is the sewers working in Los Angeles typically get<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">around fifteen dollars an hour. That\u2019s not a lot in Southern California, but it\u2019s enough to make them\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">according to AA\u2014the best paid garment workers in the world.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The workers don\u2019t report to bosses so much as each other. They organize as independent teams paid a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">base wage of eight dollars an hour. On top of that they receive a bonus depending on how much they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">produce. So they get together, set their own targets, and go for them. This liberating of the workforce led<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to nearly a tripling of output and was matched by about a doubling of wages.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The company features a generous stock options program to help workers buy shares in the enterprise.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 On its own initiative, the company provides basic health-care services through a clinic tucked into a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">factory corner. It provides bikes to employees, helping them zip through the downtown traffic morass<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">without adding pollution to the infamous city smog. There are free telephones in the factory for employees<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to use to call family members at home.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Many of those employees\u2019 family members are in other countries; AA has a very large immigrant<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">workforce.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Many of those immigrants are in the country illegally, which partially explains why the company has been<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on the forefront of amnesty campaigns, organizing public rallies and media events of all kinds for the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">undocumented. Called Legalize LA, the campaign\u2019s title references the fact that a tremendous number of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Southern Californians outside AA are also illegal immigrants.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 In 2009, the federal government indicated to AA that 1,800 of its workers were using Social Security<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">numbers and other identifying documents that had been purchased, stolen, or just plain invented. In any<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">case, they didn\u2019t match up. The company was forced to fire the employees.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">85<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Workers at Charney\u2019s America Apparel are the highest-paid mass-production sewers in the world.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o In terms of Charney\u2019s duties to the self, what ethical case can be made in favor of this high pay?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o In terms of Charney\u2019s duties to others, what ethical case can be made in favor of this high pay?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Are these wages fair? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. In terms of duties\u2014either the perennial duties or Kant\u2019s categorical imperative\u2014which is more<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">recommendable: keeping the AA plant where and how it is, or moving it to Mexico and cutting the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">workers\u2019 wages in half? Why is the decision you\u2019ve made the better of the two?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A few factors to consider:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o In Mexico, the workers\u2019 real pay in terms of local buying power would be much higher, even<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">though the actual amount is less than what they receive here.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Many of the workers are illegal immigrants from Mexico; their legal situation would obviously be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">remedied and proximity to family would increase.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o The national Mexican economy would benefit more from AA\u2019s presence than does the US<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">economy.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Kant\u2019s categorical imperative requires that others be treated as ends and never as means.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o In what way could the argument be made that the employees at AA are being treated as means,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and therefore Charney\u2019s plant is unethical no matter how high his salaries may be?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Besides high pay, the company provides workers with considerable freedom to set their own work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pace and schedule. The company also provides a stock purchase program. Do either or both of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">these factors alleviate the charge that the workers are treated as means and not end? Why or why<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Eighteen hundreds of AA\u2019s five thousand workers were using false papers and Social Security<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">numbers to get their job. Charney knew all about that but chose to overlook it.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Leaving the law aside, how can that overlooking be justified ethically?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Leaving the law aside, how can Kant are used to cast that action as ethically wrong in terms of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lying? In terms of stealing? In terms of using people as means instead of ends?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">86<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Charney and AA support illegal immigrants in two ways: by giving them jobs and by organizing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">popular protests in favor of their legalization. Ethically, are these two activities recommendable or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not? Or is one recommendable and the other not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Assuming it\u2019s wrong for illegal immigrants to be working in America, who deserves the sterner ethical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reprobation, Charney or the illegal workers? Explain in ethical terms.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. The basic and natural rights of mainstream rights theory include the following:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Life<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Freedom<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Free speech<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Religious expression<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o The pursuit of happiness<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Possessions and the fruits of our work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o How can these rights be mustered to support Charney\u2019s hiring and keeping workers he knows are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in the country illegally?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o How can these rights be mustered to ethically denounce Charney for hiring and keeping workers<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">he knows are in the country illegally?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Thinking about those workers, do these rights give them an ethical license to use false Social<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Security numbers and identifying documents? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7. Eddy Lepp ended up in jail for his medicinal marijuana garden, yet Charney sleeps in a million-dollar beach<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">house. Is this fair?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Pirates<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Marco Gomes, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/marcogomes\/1346283989.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">87<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The following is from an online discussion: [2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">overstand:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I\u2019ve been having problems with copying cds and trying to burn them\u2026when the copy process<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gets to 4% the used read buffer will go down to zero and continue fluctuating\u2026will someone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">let me know the procedures on fixing this.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Retarded<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">chicken:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">May I ask what CDs are you copying? Usually big companies put copy protection on their CDs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">so people don\u2019t ILLEGALLY copy their CDs.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-=iNsAnE=-:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">why do people post worthless crap like this? its none of your business what cd\u2019s he\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">copying\u2026don\u2019t accuse him of making illegal copies of cd\u2019s\u2026maybe try posting something<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">useful next time<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Flipside:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It\u2019s not worthless crap mongloid\u2026Copyright protection does prevent the copying of some<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">disks especially in main-stream programs such as Nero. Try using Clone CD\u2014you may have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">better luck with a pure duplication program (No fuss).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. The unanswered question here is whether the CD being copied is copyright protected, in other words,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whether this is a piracy case. Assume it is. If retarded chicken had to fill out an ethical argument against CD<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">piracy that relied on either the perennial duties or Kant, what could he say?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. While overstand may be pirating, no one doubts that the original disc is legitimately his. Maybe he bought<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it or maybe someone gave it to him; either way, what\u2019s the libertarian argument against retarded chicken?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">How could a libertarian justify overstand\u2019s copying?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Would a libertarian believe that the company producing the disc has a right to lace it with code that makes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">duplication impossible? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">88<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. It sounds like Clone CD is specifically made to help pirates get around the copyright protections<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">manufacturers put on their discs.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What\u2019s the Kantian case for condemning Clone CD for their project?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What\u2019s the libertarian case for congratulating them?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Which of the two cases is stronger? Why?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Retarded chicken implies that overstand is a thief and -=iNsAnE=- calls retarded chicken\u2019s post<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cworthless crap.\u201d Flipside calls -=iNsAnE=- a \u201cmongloid.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Is there an ethical case that can be made against the tone of this discussion?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Does online interaction foster this tone? If so, can an ethical case be made against the existence of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Internet discussion boards?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Gun Shop under Attack<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of jaqian, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/jaqian\/478574894\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The headline from a local Oakland newspaper reported that a gun shop is closing due to unfair<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">taxes. [3] The gun shop\u2019s name was Siegle\u2019s Guns. Closing was inevitable, according to owner Mara Siegle,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">after Oakland residents passed Measure D, which levied a huge tax on gun dealers. They had to pay $24<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for every $1,000 earned, in comparison to the $1.20 per $1,000 that all the other retailers in Oakland fork<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">over. \u201cNo one can stay in business paying that kind of tax,\u201d Siegle said while preparing her going-out-ofbusiness<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sale. \u201cAnd that\u2019s exactly what Oakland wanted.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">No one disputes the point.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">89<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The disputes are about whether Oakland should want that and whether it\u2019s fair for the city to use taxes as<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a weapon.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Tracy Salkowitz says yes to both. \u201cExcept for hunting rifles, the sole purpose of weapons is to kill people.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Getting rid of gun shops, the logic follows, is a public welfare concern. And about the taxes that brought<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the store down? She\u2019s \u201cdelighted\u201d by them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Mara Siegle\u2019s opinion is that people who don\u2019t hunt and shoot for recreation don\u2019t understand that guns<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">are a legitimate pastime. \u201cThey don\u2019t see this side,\u201d she says, \u201cbecause they don\u2019t try to.\u201d Further, she<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">asserts, over the years gun owners have told her that they own guns to defend themselves.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Outside the store, mingling customers agreed with Siegle. They said closing gun stores was the wrong way<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to fight crime and then cursed the city for the unjust taxes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Amid the winners and losers, Mara Siegle certainly got the rottenest part of the deal. She has two sons,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fifteen and seventeen, and she doesn\u2019t know what she\u2019ll do for income. \u201cI need a job,\u201d she said.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A hand-lettered sign posted in the store\u2019s backroom for the benefit of Siegle\u2019s five full-time employees<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">displayed the phone number of the unemployment office. The sign said, \u201cYou paid for it, use it.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. With an eye on the concept of fairness, form an argument in favor of the drastically higher taxes imposed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on gun shops.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Kant\u2019s categorical imperative prohibits killing. Can it be transformed into an argument against a gun shop<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in Oakland?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Would an ethics of duties or an ethics of rights work better for Siegle as she defends her business? Why?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What might her argument look like?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Unemployment benefits are the result of unemployment insurance, which is not optional.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Workers are forced to pay a bit out of each paycheck to the federal government, and if they lose<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their job, they get a biweekly check partially covering lost wages.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Would a libertarian approve of the unemployment insurance program?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Would it be right for a libertarian gun shop owner\u2014someone defending her business on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">libertarian grounds\u2014to accept unemployment benefits after her shop is forced out of business by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">extreme taxes? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">90<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[1] \u201cEthical dilemma with submitting two offers at once? (contingency, clause, agent),\u201d City-Data, accessed May<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">11, 2011, http:\/\/www.city-data.com\/forum\/real-estate\/710433-ethical-dilemma-submitting-two-offers-once.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] \u201cMy cd-burner won\u2019t let me copy the cd&#8230;why&#8230;,\u201d Hard forum, accessed May 11,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/www.hardforum.com\/archive\/index.php\/t-711331.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[3] Alexandra J. Wall, \u201cJewish Gun shop Owner Closing Store; Cites Unfair Taxes,\u201d Jweekly, July 21, 2000, accessed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">May 11, 2011,http:\/\/www.jweekly.com\/article\/full\/13657\/jewish-gunshop-owner-closing-store-cites-unfair-taxes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">91<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter 3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Theories of Consequence Ethics: Traditional Tools for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Making Decisions in Business when the Ends Justify<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the Means<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">92<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter Overview<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter 3 &#8220;Theories of Consequence Ethics: Traditional Tools for Making Decisions in Business when the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ends Justify the Means&#8221; examines some theories guiding ethical decisions in business. It considers ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that focuses on the consequences of what is done instead of prohibiting or allowing specific acts.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3.1 What Is Consequentialism?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define consequentialism in ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">93<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Consequentialism Defined<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What\u2019s more important in ethics\u2014what you do or what happens afterward because of what you did?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">People who believe ethics should be about what happens afterward are labeled consequentialists. They<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">don\u2019t care so much about your act; they want to know about the consequences.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If someone asks, \u201cShould I lie?,\u201d one answer is, \u201cNo, lying\u2019s wrong. We all have a duty not to lie and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">therefore you shouldn\u2019t do it, no matter what.\u201d That\u2019s not the consequentialist answer, though.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Consequentialists will want to know about the effects. If the lie is about Bernie Madoff assuring everyone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that he\u2019s investing clients\u2019 money in stocks when really he plans to steal it, that\u2019s wrong. But if a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">defrauded, livid, and pistol-waving client tracks Madoff down on a crowded street and demands to know<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whether he\u2019s Bernie Madoff, the ethically recommendable response might be, \u201cPeople say I look like him,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but really I\u2019m Bill Martin.\u201d The question, finally, for a consequentialist isn\u2019t whether or not I should lie,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it\u2019s what happens if I do and if I don\u2019t?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Since consequentialists are more worried about the outcome than the action, the central ethical concern<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is what kind of outcome should I want? Traditionally, there are three kinds of answers: the utilitarian,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the altruist, and the egoist. Each one will be considered in this chapter.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAY<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Consequentialist ethicists focus on the results of what you do, not what you do.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Under what scenario could a consequentialist defend the act of stealing?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Could a consequentialist recommend that a toy company lie about the age level a toy is designed for?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What would be an example?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3.2 Utilitarianism: The Greater Good<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define utilitarian ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Show how utilitarianism works in business.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">94<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Distinguish forms of utilitarianism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Consider advantages and drawbacks of utilitarianism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The College Board and Karen Dillard<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cHave you seen,\u201d the blog post reads, \u201ctheir parking lot on a Saturday?\u201d [1] Its packed. The lot belongs to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Karen Dillard College Prep (KDCP), a test-preparation company in Dallas. Like the Princeton Review,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they offer high schoolers courses designed to boost performance on the SAT. Very little real learning goes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on in these classrooms; they\u2019re more about techniques and tricks for maximizing scores. Test takers<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">should know, for example, whether a test penalizes incorrect answers. If it doesn\u2019t, you should take a few<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">minutes at each section\u2019s end to go through and just fill in a random bubble for all the questions you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">couldn\u2019t reach so you\u2019ll get some cheap points. If there is a penalty, though, then you should use your time<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to patiently work forward as far as you can go. Knowing the right strategy here can significantly boost<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">your score. It\u2019s a waste of brain space, though, for anything else in your life.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Some participants in KDCP\u2014who paid as much as $2,300 for the lessons\u2014definitely got some score<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">boosting for their money. It was unfair boosting, however; at least that\u2019s the charge of the College Board,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the company that produces and administers the SAT.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Here\u2019s what happened. A KDCP employee\u2019s brother was a high school principal, and he was there when<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the SATs were administered. At the end of those tests, everyone knows what test takers are instructed to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">do: stack the bubble sheets in one pile and the test booklets in the other and leave. The administrators<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">then wrap everything up and send both the answer sheets and the booklets back to the College Board for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">scoring. The principal, though, was pulling a few test booklets out of the stack and sending them over to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">his brother\u2019s company, KDCP. As it turns out, some of these pilfered tests were \u201clive\u201d\u2014that is, sections of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">them were going to be used again in future tests. Now, you can see how getting a look at those booklets<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">would be helpful for someone taking those future tests.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Other stolen booklets had been \u201cretired,\u201d meaning the specific questions inside were on their final<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">application the day the principal grabbed them. So at least in these cases, students taking the test-prep<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">course couldn\u2019t count on seeing the very same questions come exam day. Even so, the College Board<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">didn\u2019t like this theft much better because they sell those retired tests to prep companies for good money.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">95<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When the College Board discovered the light-fingered principal and the KDCP advantage, they launched a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lawsuit for infringement of copyright. Probably figuring they had nothing to lose, KDCP sued back. [2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">College Board also threatened\u2014and this is what produced headlines in the local newspaper\u2014to cancel the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">scores of the students who they determined had received an unfair advantage from the KDCP course.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As Denton Record-Chronicle reported (and as you can imagine), the students and their families freaked<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">out. [3] The scores and full application packages had already been delivered to colleges across the country,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and score cancellation would have amounted to application cancellation. And since many of the students<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">applied only to schools requiring the SAT, the threat amounted to at least temporary college cancellation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cI hope the College Board thinks this through,\u201d said David Miller, a Plano attorney whose son was<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">apparently on the blacklist. \u201cIf they have a problem with Karen Dillard, that\u2019s one thing. But I hope they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">don\u2019t punish kids who wanted to work hard.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Predictably, the episode crescendo with everyone lawyered up and suits threatened in all directions. In the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">end, the scores weren\u2019t canceled. KDCP accepted a settlement calling for them to pay $600,000 directly to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the College Board and provide $400,000 in free classes for high schoolers who\u2019d otherwise be unable to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">afford the service. As for the principal who\u2019d been lifting the test booklets, he got to keep his job, which<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pays about $87,000 a year. The CEO of College Board, by the way, gets around $830,000. [4] KDCP is a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">private company, so we don\u2019t know how much Karen Dillard or her employees make. We do know they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">could absorb a million-dollar lawsuit without going into bankruptcy. Finally, the Plano school district in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Texas\u2014a well-to-do suburb north of Dallas\u2014continues to produce some of the nation\u2019s highest SAT score<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">averages.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One Thief, Three Verdicts<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethics\u2014the outcome matters, not the act. Among those who focus on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">outcomes, the utilitarian\u2019s distinguishing belief is that we should pursue the greatest good for the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">greatest number. So we can act in whatever way we choose\u2014we can be generous or miserly, honest or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dishonest\u2014but whatever we do, to get the utilitarian\u2019s approval, the result should be more people happier.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If that is the result, then the utilitarian needs to know nothing more to label the act ethically<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">recommendable. (Note: Utility is a general term for usefulness and benefit, thus the theory\u2019s name. In<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">96<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">everyday language, however, we don\u2019t talk about creating a greater utility but instead a greater good or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happiness.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In rudimentary terms, utilitarianism is a happiness calculation. When you\u2019re considering doing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">something, you take each person who\u2019ll be affected and ask whether they\u2019ll end up happier, sadder, or it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">won\u2019t make any difference. Now, those who won\u2019t change don\u2019t need to be counted. Next, for each person<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who\u2019s happier, ask, how much happier? Put that amount on one side. For each who\u2019s sadder, ask, how<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">much sadder? That amount goes on the other side. Finally, add up each column and the greater sum<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">indicates the ethically recommendable decision.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Utilitarian ethics function especially well in cases like this: You\u2019re on the way to take the SAT, which will<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">determine how the college application process goes (and, it feels like, more or less your entire life). Your<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">car breaks down and you get there very late and the monitor is closing the door and you remember<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that\u2026you forgot your required number 2 pencils. On a desk in the hall you notice a pencil. It\u2019s gnawed and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">abandoned but not yours. Do you steal it? Someone who believes it\u2019s an ethical duty to not steal will<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hesitate. But if you\u2019re a utilitarian you\u2019ll ask: Does taking it serve the greater good? It definitely helps you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a lot, so there\u2019s positive happiness accumulated on that side. What about the victim? Probably whoever<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">owns it doesn\u2019t care too much. Might not even notice it\u2019s gone. Regardless, if you put your increased<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happiness on one side and weigh it against the victim\u2019s hurt on the other, the end result is almost certainly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a net happiness gain. So with a clean conscience you grab it and dash into the testing room. According to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">utilitarian reasoning, you\u2019ve done the right thing ethically (assuming the pencil\u2019s true owner isn\u2019t coming<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">up behind you in the same predicament).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Pushing this theory into the KDCP case, one tense ethical location is the principal lifting test booklets and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sending them over to his brother at the test-prep center. Everything begins with a theft. The booklets do<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in fact belong to the College Board; they\u2019re sent around for schools to use during testing and are meant to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be returned afterward. So here there\u2019s already the possibility of stopping and concluding that the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">principal\u2019s act is wrong simply because stealing is wrong. Utilitarian\u2019s, however, don\u2019t want to move so<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">quickly. They want to see the outcome before making an ethical judgment. On that front, there are two<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">distinct outcomes: one covering the live tests, and the other the retired ones.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Live tests were those with sections that may appear again. When students at KDCP received them for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">practice, they were essentially receiving cheat sheets. Now for a utilitarian, the question is, does the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">97<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">situation serve the general good? When the testing\u2019s done, the scores are reported, and the college<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">admissions decisions made, will there be more overall happiness then there would\u2019ve been had the tests<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not been stolen? It seems like the answer has to be no. Obviously those with great scores will be smiling,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but many, many others will see their scores drop (since SATs are graded on a curve or as a percentile). So<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there\u2019s some major happiness for a few on one side balanced by unhappiness for many on the other. Then<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">things get worse. When the cheating gets revealed, the vast majority of test takers who didn\u2019t get the edge<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">are going to be irritated, mad, or furious. Their parents too. Remember, it\u2019s not only admission that\u2019s at<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">stake here but also financial aid, so the students who didn\u2019t get the KDCP edge worry not only that maybe<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they should\u2019ve gotten into a better school but also that they end up paying more too. Finally, the colleges<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">will register a net loss: all their work in trying to admit students on the basis of fair, equal evaluations gets<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">thrown into question.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion. The theft of live tests fails the utilitarian test. While a few students may come out better off<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and happier, the vast majority more than balances the effect with disappointment and anger. The greater<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">good isn\u2019t served.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the case of the theft of \u201cretired\u201d tests where the principal forwarded to KDCP test questions that won\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reappear on future exams, it remains true that the tests were lifted from the College Board and it remains<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">true that students who took the KDCP prep course will receive an advantage because they\u2019re practicing the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">SAT. But the advantage doesn\u2019t seem any greater than the one enjoyed by students all around the nation<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who purchased prep materials directly from the College Board and practiced for the exam by taking old<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tests. More\u2014and this was a point KDCP made in their countersuit against the College Board\u2014stealing the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">exams was the ethically right thing to do because it assured that students taking the KDCP prep course<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">got the same level of practice and expertise as those using official College Board materials. If the tests<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hadn\u2019t been stolen, then wouldn\u2019t KDCP kids be at an unfair disadvantage when compared with others<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because their test practices hadn\u2019t been as close to the real thing as others got? In the end, the argument<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">goes, stealing the tests assured that as many people as possible who took prep courses got to practice on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">real exams.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion. The theft of the exams by the high school principal may conceivably be congratulated by a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">utilitarian because it increases general happiness. The students who practiced on old exams purchased<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">98<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">from the College Board can\u2019t complain. And as for those students at KDCP, their happiness increases since<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they can be confident that they\u2019ve prepared as well as possible for the SAT.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The fact that a utilitarian argument can be used to justify the theft of test booklets, at least retired ones,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doesn\u2019t end the debate, however. Since the focus is on outcomes, all of them have to be considered. And<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one outcome that might occur if the theft is allowed is, obviously, that maybe other people will start<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">thinking stealing exam books isn\u2019t such a bad idea. If they do\u2014if everyone decides to start stealing\u2014it\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hard to see how anything could follow but chaos, anger, and definitely not happiness.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This discussion could continue as more people and consequences are factored in, but what won\u2019t change is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the basic utilitarian rule. What ought to be done is determined by looking at the big picture and deciding<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">which acts increase total happiness at the end of the day when everyone is taken into account.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Should the Scores Be Canceled?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">After it was discovered that KDCP students got to practice for the SATs with live exams, the hardest<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">question facing the College Board was, should their scores be canceled? The utilitarian argument<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for not canceling is straightforward. Those with no scores may not go to college at all next year. This is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">real suffering, and if your aim is to increase happiness, then counting the exams is one step in that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">direction. It\u2019s not the last step, though, because utilitarian\u2019s at the College Board need to ask<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about everyone else\u2019s happiness too: what\u2019s the situation for all the others who took the exam but has<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">never heard of KDCP? Unfortunately, letting the scores be counted is going to subtract from their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happiness because the SAT is graded comparatively: one person doing well means everyone getting fewer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">correct answers sees their score drop, along with college choices and financial aid possibilities. Certainly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it\u2019s true that each of these decreases will be small since there were only a handful of suspect tests. Still, a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">descent, no matter how tiny, is a descent, and all the little bits add up.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What\u2019s most notable, finally, about this decision is the imbalance. Including the scores of KDCP students<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">will weigh a tremendous increase in happiness for a very few against a slight decrease for very many.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conversely, a few will be left very sad, and many slightly happier. So for a utilitarian, which is it? It\u2019s hard<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to say. It is clear, however, that this uncertainty represents a serious practical problem with the ethical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">theory. In some situations you can imagine yourself in the shoes of the different people involved and,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">using your own experience and knowledge, estimate which decision will yield the most total happiness. In<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">99<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">this situation, though, it seems almost impossible because there are so many people mixed up in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">question.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Then things get still more difficult. For the utilitarian, it\u2019s not enough to just decide what brings the most<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happiness to the most individuals right now; the future needs to be accounted for too. Utilitarianism is a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">true global ethics; you\u2019re required to weigh everyone\u2019s happiness and weigh it as best as you can as far into<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the future as possible. So if the deciders at the College Board follow a utilitarian route in opting to include<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(or cancel) the scores, they need to ask themselves\u2014if we do, how will things be in ten years? In fifty?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Again, these are hard questions but they don\u2019t change anything fundamental. For the utilitarian, making<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the right decision continues to be about attempting to predict which choice will maximize happiness.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Utilitarianism and the Ethics of Salaries<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When he wasn\u2019t stealing test booklets and passing them on to KDCP, the principal in the elite Plano<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">school district was dedicated to his main job: making sure students in his building receive an education<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">qualifying them to do college-level work. Over at the College Board, the company\u2019s CEO leads a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">complementary effort: producing tests to measure the quality of that preparation and consequently<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">determine students\u2019 scholastic aptitude. The principal, in other words, is paid to make sure high schoolers<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">get an excellent education, and the CEO is paid to measure how excellent (or not) the education is.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Just from the job descriptions, who should get the higher salary? It\u2019s tempting to say the principal.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Doesn\u2019t educating children have to be more important than measuring how well they\u2019re educated?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Wouldn\u2019t we all rather be well educated and not know it than poorly educated and painfully aware of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fact?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Regardless, what\u2019s striking about the salary that each of these two actually receives isn\u2019t who gets more;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it\u2019s how much. The difference is almost ten times: $87,000 for the principal versus the CEO\u2019s $830,000.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Within the doctrine of utilitarianism, can such a divergence be justified?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Yes, but only if we can show that this particular salary structure brings about the greatest good, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">highest level of happiness for everyone considered as a collective. It may be, for example, that objectively<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">measuring student ability, even though it\u2019s less important than instilling ability, is also much harder. In<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that case, a dramatically higher salary may be necessary in order to lure high-quality measuring talent.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">From there, it\u2019s not difficult to fill out a utilitarian justification for the pay divergence. It could be that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">100<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">inaccurate testing would cause large amounts of unhappiness: students who worked hard for years would<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be frustrated when they were bettered by slackers who really didn\u2019t know much but managed to score well<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on a test.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">To broaden the point, if tremendous disparities in salary end up making people happier, then the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">disparities are ethical. Period. If they don\u2019t, however, then they can no longer be defended. This differs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">from what a libertarian rights theorist might say here. For a libertarian\u2014someone who believes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">individuals have an undeniable right to make and keep whatever they can in the world, regardless of how<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rich or poor anyone else may be\u2014the response to the CEO\u2019s mammoth salary is that he found a way to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">earn it fair and square, and everyone should quit complaining about it. Generalized happiness doesn\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">matter, only the individual\u2019s right to try to earn and keep as much as he or she can.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Can Money Buy Utilitarian Happiness? The Ford Pinto Case<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Basic questions in business tend to be quantitative, and money is frequently the bottom line: How many<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dollars is it worth? What\u2019s my salary? What\u2019s the company\u2019s profit? The basic question of utilitarianism<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is qualitative: how much happiness and sadness is there? Inevitably, it\u2019s going to be difficult when<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">businesses accustomed to bottom-line number decisions are forced to cross over and decide about general<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happiness. One of the most famous attempts to make the transition easier occurred back in the 1970s.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">With gas prices on the rise, American car buyers were looking for smaller, more efficient models than<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Detroit was manufacturing. Japanese automakers were experts in just those kinds of vehicles and they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">were seizing market share at an alarming rate. Lee Iacocca, Ford\u2019s president, wanted to rush a car into<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">production to compete. His model was the Pinto. [5]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A gas sipper slated to cost $2,000 (about $12,000 today); Ford rushed the machine through early<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">production and testing. Along the way, unfortunately, they noticed a design problem: the gas tank\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">positioning in the car\u2019s rump left it vulnerable to rear-end collisions. In fact, when the rear-end hit came<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">faster than twenty miles per hour, not only might the tank break, but gasoline could be splattered all the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">way up to the driver\u2019s compartment. Fire, that meant, ignited by sparks or anything else could engulf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">those inside.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">No car is perfectly safe, but this very scary vulnerability raised eyebrows. At Ford, a debate erupted about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">going ahead with the vehicle. On the legal end, the company stood on solid ground: government<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">101<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">regulation at the time only required gas tanks to remain intact at collisions under twenty miles per hour.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What about the ethics, though? The question about whether it was right to charge forward was<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unavoidable because rear-end accidents at speeds greater than twenty miles per hour happen\u2014every day.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The decision was finally made in utilitarian terms. On one side, the company totaled up the dollar cost of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">redesigning the car\u2019s gas tank. They calculated<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 12.5 million automobiles would eventually be sold,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 eleven dollars would be the final cost per car to implement the redesign.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Added up, that\u2019s $137 million total, with the money coming out of Pinto buyers\u2019 pockets since the added<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">production costs would get tacked onto the price tag. It\u2019s a big number but it\u2019s not that much per person:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">$11 is about $70 today. In this way, the Pinto situation faced by Ford executives is similar to the test<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cancellation question for the College Board: one option means only a little bit of suffering for specific<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">individuals, but there are a lot of them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On the other side of the Pinto question\u2014and, again, this resembles the College Board predicament\u2014if the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">decision is made to go ahead without the fix, there\u2019s going to be a lot of suffering but only for a very few<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people. Ford predicted the damage done to those few people in the following ways:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Death by burning for 180 buyers<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Serious burn injuries for another 180 buyers<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Twenty-one hundred vehicles burned beyond all repair<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">That\u2019s a lot of damage, but how do you measure it? How do you compare it with the hike in the price tag?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">More generally, from a utilitarian perspective, is it better for a lot of people to suffer a little or for a few<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people to suffer a lot?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ford answered both questions by directly attaching monetary values to each of the injuries and damages<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">suffered:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 At the time, 1970, US Government regulatory agencies officially valued a human life at $200,000. (That<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">would be about $1.2 million today if the government still kept this problematic measure.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Insurance companies valued a serious burn at $67,000.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The average resale value on subcompacts like the Pinto was $700, which set that as the amount lost after a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">complete burnout.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">102<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The math coming out from this is (180 deaths \u00c5~ $200,000) + (180 injuries \u00c5~ $67,000) + (2,100 burnedout<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cars \u00c5~ $700) = $49 million. The result here is $137 million worth of suffering for Pinto drivers if the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">car is redesigned and only $49 million if it goes to the streets as is.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ford sent the Pinto out. Over the next decade, according to Ford estimates, at least 60 people died in fiery<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accidents and at least 120 got seriously burned (skin-graft-level burns). No attempt was made to calculate<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the total number of burned vehicles. Shortly thereafter, the Pinto was phased out. No one has final<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">numbers, but if the first decade is any indication, then the total cost came in under the original $49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">million estimate. According to a utilitarian argument, and assuming the premises concerning dollar<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">values are accepted, Ford made the right decision back in 1970.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If every Pinto purchaser had been approached the day after buying the car, told the whole Ford story, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">been offered to change their car along with eleven dollars for another one without the gas tank problem,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">how many would\u2019ve handed the money over to avoid the long-shot risk? The number might\u2019ve been very<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">high, but that doesn\u2019t sway a utilitarian conclusion. The theory demands that decision makers stubbornly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">keep their eye on overall happiness no matter how much pain a decision might cause certain individuals.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Versions of Utilitarian Happiness<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Monetized utilitarianism attempts to measure happiness, to the extent possible, in terms of money. As the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ford Pinto case demonstrated, the advantage here is that it allows decisions about the greater good to be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">made in clear, objective terms. You add up the money on one side and the money on the other and the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">decision follows automatically. This is a very attractive benefit, especially when you\u2019re dealing with large<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">numbers of individuals or complex situations. Monetized utilitarianism allows you to keep your happiness<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">calculations straight.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Two further varieties of utilitarianism are hedonistic and idealistic. Both seek to maximize human<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happiness, but their definitions of happiness differ. Hedonistic utilitarian\u2019s trace back to Jeremy Bentham<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(England, around 1800). Bentham was a wealthy and odd man who left his fortune to the University<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">College of London along with the stipulation that his mummified body be dressed and present at the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">institution. It remains there today. He sits in a wooden cabinet in the main building, though his head has<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">been replaced by a wax model after pranking students repeatedly stole the real one. Bentham believed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that pleasure and happiness are ultimately synonymous. Ethics, this means, seeks to maximize the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">103<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pleasures\u2014just about any sensation of pleasure\u2014felt by individuals. But before dropping everything and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">heading out to the bars, it should be remembered that even the most hedonistic of the utilitarian\u2019s believe<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that getting pleasure right now is good but not as good as maximizing the feeling over the long term.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(Going out for drinks, in others words, instead of going to the library isn\u2019t recommendable on the evening<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">before midterms.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A contemporary of Bentham, John Stuart Mill, basically agreed that ethics is about maximizing pleasure,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but his more idealistic utilitarianism distinguished low and highbrow sensations. The kinds of raw, good<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">feelings that both we and animals can find, according to Mill, are second-rate pleasures. Pleasures with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">higher and more real value include learning and learnedness. These aren\u2019t physical joys so much as the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">delights of the mind and the imagination. For Mill, consequently, libraries and museums are scenes of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">abundant pleasure, much more than any bar.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This idealistic notion of utilitarianism fits quite well with the College Board\u2019s response to the KDCP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">episode. First, deciding against canceling student scores seems like a way of keeping people on track to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">college and headed toward the kind of learning that rewards our cerebral inclinations. Further, awarding<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">free prep classes to those unable to pay seems like another step in that direction, at least if it helps get<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">them into college.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Versions of Utilitarian Regulation<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A narrow distinction with far-reaching effects divides soft from hard utilitarianism. Soft utilitarianism is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the standard version; when people talk about a utilitarian ethics, that\u2019s generally what they mean. As a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">theory, soft utilitarianism is pretty laid back: an act is good if the outcome is more happiness in the world<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">than we had before. Hard utilitarianism, on the other hand, demands more: an act is ethically<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">recommendable only if the total benefits for everyone are greater than those produced by any other act.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">According to the hard version, it\u2019s not enough to do well; you must do the most good possible. As an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">example, think about the test-prep company KDCP under the microscope of utilitarian examination.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 When a soft utilitarian looks at KDCP, the company comes out just fine. High schoolers are learning testtaking<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">skills and tricks that they\u2019ll only use once but will help in achieving a better score and leave behind<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a sense that they\u2019ve done all they can to reach their college goals. That means the general happiness level<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">probably goes up\u2014or at worst holds steady\u2014because places like KDCP are out there.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">104<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 When a hard utilitarian looks at KDCP, however, the company doesn\u2019t come off so well. Can we really say<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that this enterprise\u2019s educational subject\u2014test taking\u2014is the very best use of teaching resources in terms<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of general welfare and happiness? And what about the money? Is SAT prep really the best way for society<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to spend its dollars? Wouldn\u2019t a hard utilitarian have to recommend that the tuition money collected by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the test-prep company get siphoned off to pay for, say, college tuition for students who otherwise wouldn\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be able to continue their studies at all?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If decisions about businesses are totally governed by the need to create the most happiness possible, then<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">companies like KDCP that don\u2019t contribute much to social well-being will quickly become endangered.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The demands of hard utilitarianism can be layered onto the ethical decision faced by the College Board in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their courtroom battle with KDCP. Ultimately, the College Board opted to penalize the test-prep company<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">by forcing it to offer some free classes for underprivileged students. Probably, the result was a bit more<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happiness in the world. The result wasn\u2019t, however, the most happiness possible. If hard utilitarianism<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">had driven the decision, then the College Board would\u2019ve been forced to go for the jugular against KDCP,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">strip away all the money they could, and then use it to do the most good possible, which might have meant<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">setting up a scholarship fund or something similar. That\u2019s just a start, though. Next, to be true to hard<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">utilitarianism, the College Board would need to focus on itself with hard questions. The costs of creating<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and applying tests including the SAT are tremendous, which makes it difficult to avoid this question:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wouldn\u2019t society as a whole be better off if the College Board were to be canceled and all their resources<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dedicated to, for example, creating a new university for students with learning disabilities?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Going beyond KDCP and the College Board, wouldn\u2019t almost any private company fall under the threat of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">appropriation if hard utilitarian\u2019s ran the world? While it\u2019s true, for example, that the money spent on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">steak and wine at expensive Las Vegas restaurants probably increases happiness a bit, couldn\u2019t that same<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cash do a lot more for the general welfare of people whose income makes Las Vegas an impossibly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">expensive dream? If it could, then the hard utilitarian will propose zipping up Las Vegas and rededicating<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the money.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, since utilitarianism is about everyone\u2019s total happiness, don\u2019t hard questions start coming up<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about world conditions? Is it possible to defend the existence of McDonald\u2019s in the United States while<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people are starving in other countries?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">105<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion. In theory, there\u2019s not much divergence between soft and hard utilitarianism. But in terms of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">what actually happens out in the world when the theory gets applied, that\u2019s a big difference. For private<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">companies, it\u2019s also a dangerous one.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Two further versions of utilitarian regulation are act and rule. Act utilitarianism affirms that a specific<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">action is recommended if it increases happiness. This is the default form of utilitarianism, and what<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people usually mean when they talk about the theory. The separate rule-based version asserts that an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">action is morally right if it follows a rule that, when applied to everyone, increases general happiness.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The rule utilitarian asks whether we\u2019d all be benefitted if everyone obeyed a rule such as \u201cdon\u2019t steal.\u201d If<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">we would\u2014if the general happiness level increases because the rule is there\u2014then the rule utilitarian<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">proposes that we all adhere to it. It\u2019s important to note that rule utilitarian\u2019s aren\u2019t against stealing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because it\u2019s intrinsically wrong, as duty theorists may propose. The rule utilitarian is only against stealing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">if it makes the world less happy. If tomorrow it turns out that mass stealing serves the general good, then<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">theft becomes the ethically right thing to do.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The sticky point for rule utilitarian\u2019s involves special cases. If we make the rule that theft is wrong,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">consider what happens in the case from the chapter\u2019s beginning: You forgot your pencil on SAT test day,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and you spot one lying on an abandoned desk. If you don\u2019t take it, no one\u2019s going to be any happier, but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you\u2019ll be a lot sadder. So it seems like rule utilitarianism verges on defeating its own purpose, which is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">maximizing happiness no matter what.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On the other hand, there are also sticky points for act utilitarian\u2019s. For example, if I go to Wal-Mart<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tonight and steal a six-pack of beer, I\u2019ll be pretty happy. And assuming I don\u2019t get caught, no one will be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">any sadder. The loss to the company\u2014a few dollars\u2014will disappear in a balance sheet so huge that it\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hard to count the zeros. Of course if everyone starts stealing beers, that will cause a problem, but in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">practical terms, if one person does it once and gets away with it, it seems like an act utilitarian would have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to approve. The world would be a happier place.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Advantages and Disadvantages of Utilitarian Ethics in Business<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Basic utilitarianism is the soft, act version. These are the theory\u2019s central advantages:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Clarity and simplicity. In general terms, it\u2019s easy to understand the idea that we should all act to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">increase the general welfare.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">106<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Acceptability. The idea of bringing the greatest good to the greatest number coheres with common and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">popular ideas about what ethical guidance is supposed to provide.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Flexibility. The weighing of individual actions in terms of their consequences allows for meaningful and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">firm ethical rules without requiring that everyone be treated identically no matter how different the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">particular situation. So the students whose scores were suspended by the College Board could see them<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reinstated, but that doesn\u2019t mean the College Board will take the same action in the future (if, say, large<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">numbers of people start stealing test booklets).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Breadth. The focus on outcomes as registered by society overall makes the theory attractive for those<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">interested in public policy. Utilitarianism provides a foundation and guidance for business regulation by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">government.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The central difficulties and disadvantages of utilitarianism include the following:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Subjectivity. It can be hard to make the theory work because it\u2019s difficult to know what makes happiness<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and unhappiness for specific individuals. When the College Board demanded that KDCP give free classes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to underprivileged high schoolers, some paying students were probably happy to hear the news, but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">others probably fretted about paying for what others received free. And among those who received the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">classes, probably the amount of resulting happiness varied between them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Quantification. Happiness can\u2019t be measured with a ruler or weighed on a scale; it\u2019s hard to know<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">exactly how much happiness and unhappiness any particular act produces. This translates into confusion<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">at decision time. (Monetized utilitarianism, like that exhibited in the case of the Ford Pinto, responds to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">this confusion.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Apparent injustices. Utilitarian principles can produce specific decisions that seem wrong. A quick<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">example is the dying grandmother who informs her son that she\u2019s got $200,000 stuffed into her mattress.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">She asks the son to divide the money with his brother. This brother, however, is a gambling alcoholic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who\u2019ll quickly fritter away his share. In that case, the utilitarian would recommend that the other<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">brother\u2014the responsible one with children to put through college\u2014just keep all the money. That would<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">produce the most happiness, but do we really want to deny grandma her last wish?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The utilitarian monster is a hypothetical individual who really knows how to feel good. Imagine that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">someone or a certain group of people were found to have a much greater capacity to experience happiness<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">107<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">than others. In that case, the strict utilitarian would have no choice but to put everyone else to work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">producing luxuries and other pleasures for these select individuals. In this hypothetical situation, there<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">could even be an argument for forced labor as long as it could be shown that the servants\u2019 suffering was<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">minor compared to the great joy celebrated by those few who were served. Shifting this into economic and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business terms, there\u2019s a potential utilitarian argument here for vast wage disparities in the workplace.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The utilitarian sacrifice is the selection of one person to suffer terribly so that others may be pleasured.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Think of gladiatorial games in which a few contestants suffer miserably, but a tremendous number of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">spectators enjoy the thrill of the contest. Moving the same point from entertainment into the business of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">medical research, there\u2019s a utilitarian argument here for drafting individuals\u2014even against their will\u2014to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">endure horrifying medical experiments if it could be shown that the experiments would, say, cure cancer,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and so create tremendous happiness in the future.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Utilitarianism judges specific decisions by examining the decision\u2019s consequences.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Utilitarianism defines right and wrong in terms of the happiness of a society\u2019s members.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Utilitarian ethics defines an act as good when its consequences bring the greatest good or happiness to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the greatest number of people.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 There are a variety of specific forms of utilitarianism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Theoretically, utilitarianism is straightforward, but in practical terms it can be difficult to measure the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happiness of individuals.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. What is a utilitarian argument in favor of a college education? How does it differ from other reasons you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">might want to go to college or graduate school?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. How could a utilitarian justify cheating on an exam?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. What is a \u201cglobal ethics\u201d?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. What practical problem with utilitarianism is (to some degree) resolved by monetized utilitarianism?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. What are two advantages of a utilitarian ethics when compared with an ethics of duties?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. What are two disadvantages of a utilitarian ethics when compared with an ethics of duties?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">108<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7. What\u2019s an example from today\u2019s world of a utilitarian monster?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">8. What\u2019s an example from today\u2019s world of a utilitarian sacrifice?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] \u201cCB-Karen Dillard Case Settled-No Cancelled Scores,\u201d College Confidential, accessed May 15,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/talk.collegeconfidential.com\/parents-forum\/501843-cb-karen-dillard-case-settled-no-cancelledscores.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] Paulina Mis, \u201cCollege Board Sues Test-Prep Company, Countersuit Filed,\u201d Scholarships.com, February 26, 2008,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accessed May 15, 2011,http:\/\/www.scholarships.com\/blog\/high-school\/college-board-sues-test-prep-companycountersuit-<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">filed\/161.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[3] Staci Hupp, \u201cSAT Scores for Students Who Used Test Prep Firm May Be Thrown Out, \u201cDenton Record Chronicle,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">February 22, 2008, accessed May 15, 2011.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[4] \u201cAETR Report Card,\u201d Americans for Educational Testing Reform, accessed May 15,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/www.aetr.org\/college-board.php.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[5] Case facts taken from Manuel Velasquez, Business Ethics, Concepts and Cases, 6th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006), 60\u201361.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3.3 Altruism: Everyone Else<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define altruistic ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Show how altruism works in and with business.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Consider advantages and drawbacks of altruism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">109<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">TOMS Shoes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There is no Tom at TOMS Shoes. The company\u2019s name actually came from the title for its social cause:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Shoes for Tomorrow. Tomorrow shoes\u2014TOMS Shoes. The shoes are given away to needy children in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Argentina at a one-to-one rate: for every pair bought in the United States, TOMS delivers a pair down<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">They\u2019re needed in Argentina\u2019s poverty-stricken regions to prevent the spread of an infectious disease, one<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that flourishes in the local soil and rises up through the feet. A pair of shoes is all that\u2019s needed to block<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the problem.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The project started when young Texan entrepreneur Blake Mycoskie vacationed in Argentina. Not the type<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to luxuriate in the hotel pool, he got out and learned about the country, good and bad, the food, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sweeping geography, the poverty and diseases. The foot infection, he discovered, was so devastating yet so<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">easy to block that, according to his company\u2019s website, he decided he had to do something about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it. [1] Initially, he contemplated a charitable fund to buy shoes for the needy children, but that left his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">project subject to the ebb and flow of others\u2019 generosity. It\u2019d be better and more reliable, he determined,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to link the community-service project with private enterprise and use revenues from a company to fund<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the charity. Quickly, Mycoskie determined that he could make the whole machine work most efficiently by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">starting a shoe company. Simultaneously, he could produce shoes for donation and shoes for sale to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">finance the effort. So we have TOMS Shoes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Next, a kind of shoe to produce and sell was required. Mycoskie found inspiration in Argentina\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">traditional alpargata. This is a cheap, workingman\u2019s shoe, a slip-on made from canvas with rope<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">soles. [2] For the American adaptation, Mycoskie strengthened the sole, styled and colored the canvas, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">added a brand label. The price also got jacked up. The originals cost a few dollars in Argentina; the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">adaptations cost about forty dollars here.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">They\u2019re a splashy hit. You find TOMS Shoes at trendy footwear shops, at Whole Foods grocery stores, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">all over the Internet. At last check, about half a million pairs have been sold and an equal number<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">donated. Total sales in seven figures aren\u2019t far off, and the company was recently featured on a CNBC<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">segment as an American business success story. Notably, TOMS achieved recognition on national TV<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sooner after its inception than almost any other enterprise in the program\u2019s history. It all happened in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fewer than four years.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">110<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Question: how did it get so big so fast? How did some guy transform from a wandering tourist to a captain<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of the shoe industry in less time than it takes to get a college degree? Answer: celebrities.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Blake Mycoskie\u2019s got a warm, round face and a perfect smile. He\u2019s got money from his pre-shoe projects<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and he\u2019s smart too. He\u2019s also got that contemporary bohemian look down with his bead necklace and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wavy, shoulder-length hair. There\u2019s no letdown beneath the chin line either; he\u2019s fit (he was a tennis pro<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">until nineteen). You get the idea. He commands attention from even Hollywood women, and he ended up<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">coupled with the midrange star Maggie Grace. He introduced her to his TOMS Shoes concept, gave her a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">few pairs to wear around and show friends, and the ball started rolling. [3]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A few parties later, Scarlett Johansson, Jessica Biel, Benicio Del Toro, Tobey Maguire, Sienna Miller, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Karl Lagerfeld were parading around in TOMS Shoes. There was no stopping it. [4]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Today, when Blake Mycoskie introduces himself, it\u2019s not as the CEO of his company; he says he\u2019s the Chief<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Shoe Giver at TOMS Shoes, reflecting the idea that charity drives the thriving business, not the other way<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">around.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Is TOMS Shoes Altruistic?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">An action is morally right according to the altruist, and to the ethical theory of altruism, if the action\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">consequences are more beneficial than unfavorable for everyone except the person who acts. That means<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the actor\u2019s interests aren\u2019t considered: the altruist does whatever can be done so that others will be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happier.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It\u2019s common to imagine the altruist as poverty stricken and self-sacrificing. When you live for everyone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">else as the altruist does, it\u2019s no surprise that you can end up in pretty bad shape. You might get lucky and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">run into another altruist like yourself, but if you don\u2019t, there\u2019s not going to be anyone particularly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dedicated to your well-being. On the positive side there\u2019s nobility to the idea of dedicating everything to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">everyone else, but the plain truth is not many of us would choose to live like Gandhi or Mother Teresa.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It doesn\u2019t have to be that way, though. A suffering life may be an effect of altruism, but it\u2019s not a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">requirement. Living for others doesn\u2019t mean you live poorly, only that there\u2019s no guarantee you\u2019ll live well.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">You might, however, live well. Blake Mycoskie demonstrates this critical element at the heart of altruism:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it\u2019s not about suffering or sacrificing; it\u2019s about making clear-eyed decisions about the best way to make as<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">many others as happy as possible. If you happen to live the good life along the way\u2014partying with Maggie<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">111<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Grace, Sienna Miller, and friends because that\u2019s the fastest route to publicize the TOMS Shoes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">enterprise\u2014that doesn\u2019t count against the project. It doesn\u2019t count in favor either. All that matters, all that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gets tallied up when the question gets asked about whether the altruist did good, is how things ended up<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for everyone else.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the case of TOMS Shoes, the tallying is easy. The relatively wealthy shoe buyers in the United States<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">come off well; they get cool, politically correct footwear to show friends along with a psychological lift<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">from knowing they\u2019re helping the less fortunate. On the other side, the rural Argentines obviously benefit<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">also.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Some Rules of Altruism<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Altruism is a consequentialist ethics. Like utilitarianism, no specific acts are prohibited or required; only<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">outcomes matter. That explains why there aren\u2019t lifestyle requirements for the altruist. Some live stoically<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">like Gandhi while others like Mycoskie get the high life, but they\u2019re both altruists as long as the goal of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their lives and the reason for their actions is bringing happiness to others. Similarly, the altruist might be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a criminal (Robin Hood) or a liar (see Socrates\u2019 noble lie).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Like the utilitarian, most of the hard questions altruists face concern happiness. They include:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The happiness definition. Exactly what counts as happiness? In the case of TOMS donating shoes to rural<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Argentines, the critical benefit is alleviation of disease and the suffering coming with it. Happiness, in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">other words, is defined here as a release from real, physical pain. On the other hand, with respect to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shoes sold in the States, the happiness is completely different; it\u2019s a vague, good feeling that purchasers<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">receive knowing their shopping is serving a social cause. How do we define happiness in a way that ropes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in both these distinct experiences?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Once happiness has been at least loosely defined, another question altruist\u2019s face is the happiness<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">measure: how do we know which is worth more, the alleviation of suffering from a disease or the warm<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happiness of serving a good cause? And even if the answer to that question is clear, how great is the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">difference, how can it be measured?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Another altruism difficulty is happiness foresight. Even if donating shoes helps in the short term, are the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">recipients\u2019 lives really going to be happier overall? Conditions are hard in the abandoned regions of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">third world, and alleviation of one problem may just clear the way for another. So TOMS Shoes saves<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">112<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">poverty-stricken Argentines from suffering a debilitating foot disease, but how much good are you really<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doing if you save people only so that they\u2019re free to suffer aching hunger, miserable sickness in places<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lacking antibiotics, and hard manual labor because there\u2019s no other work?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Altruism is a variety of selflessness, but it\u2019s not the same thing; people may deny themselves or they may<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sacrifice themselves for all kinds of other reasons. For example, a soldier may die in combat, but that\u2019s not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">altruism; that\u2019s loyalty: it\u2019s not sacrificing for everyone else but for a particular nation. The same may go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for the political protestor who ends up jailed and forgotten forever. That\u2019s self-sacrifice, but she did it for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the cause and not for all the others. The fireman may lose his life rescuing a victim, but this is because he\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doing his job, not because he\u2019s decided to live for the sake of others. All altruists, finally, are selfless, but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not all those who sacrifice themselves are altruists.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Personal versus impersonal altruism distinguishes two kinds of altruists: those who practice altruism on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their own and leave everyone else alone and those who believe that everyone should act only to benefit<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">others and without regard to their own well-being.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Altruist in Business and the Business That Is Altruistic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">TOMS Shoes shows that a business can be mounted to serve the welfare of others. A company aiming to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">serve an altruistic purpose doesn\u2019t have to be organized altruistically, however. An individual truly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dedicated to everyone else could start a more traditional company (a real estate firm, for example), work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">like a dog, turn massive profits, and in the end, donate everything to charity. It may even be that during<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the profit-making phase the altruist CEO is ruthless, exploiting workers and consumers to the maximum.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">All that\u2019s fine as long as the general welfare is served in the end when all the suffering is toted up on one<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">side and the happiness on the other. A business operation that isn\u2019t at all altruistic, in other words, can be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bent in that direction by an altruistic owner.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Going the other way, the business operation itself may be altruistic. For example, this comes from the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">College Board\u2019s website, the About Us page: The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. [5]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">That sounds like a good cause. The company doesn\u2019t exist to make money but to implement testing that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">matches students with their best-fit colleges. It is, in other words, an altruistic enterprise, and the world,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the argument could be made, is a better place because the College Board exists. But\u2014and this is the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">113<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">important distinction\u2014that doesn\u2019t mean everyone who works at the College Board is selfless. Far from it,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the CEO takes home $830,000 a year. That money would buy a lot of shoes for the poverty-stricken in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Argentina. So, there can be altruistic business organizations driven by workers who aren\u2019t altruists.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A church is also a business organization with cash flows, budgets, and red and black ink. The same goes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for Goodwill. Here\u2019s their mission statement: \u201cGoodwill Industries International enhances the dignity and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">quality of life of individuals, families and communities by eliminating barriers to opportunity and helping<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people in need reach their fullest potential through the power of work.\u201d [6] So, the Salvation Army fits into<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the group of altruistic enterprises, of organizations that exist, like the College Board, to do public good.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It\u2019s distinct from the College Board, however, in that a very healthy percentage of those working inside the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organization are themselves altruists\u2014they\u2019re working for the cause, not their own welfare. Think of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Salvation Army red kettle bell ringers around Christmas time.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion. Altruism connects with business in three basic ways. There are altruists who use normal,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">profit-driven business operations to do well. There are altruistic companies that do good by employing no<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">altruistic workers. And there are altruistic organizations composed of altruistic individuals.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Advocating and Challenging Ethical Altruism<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The arguments for and against an altruistic ethics overlap to a considerable extent with those listed under<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">utilitarianism. The advantages include:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Clarity and simplicity. People may disagree about exactly how much good a company like TOMS Shoes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is really doing, but the overall idea that the founder is working so that others can be happier is easy to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">grasp.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Acceptability. The idea of working for others grants an ethical sheen. No matter what you might think of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">someone as a person, it\u2019s very difficult to criticize them in ethical terms if they really are dedicating<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">themselves to the well-being of everyone else.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Flexibility. Altruists have many ways of executing their beliefs.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The disadvantages of altruism include:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Uncertainty about the happiness of others. Even if individuals decide to sacrifice their own welfare<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for the good of others, how do they know for sure what makes others happy?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">114<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Shortchanging yourself. Even though altruism doesn\u2019t require that the altruist live a miserable life,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there doesn\u2019t seem to be any clear reason why the altruist shouldn\u2019t get an at least equal claim to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happiness as everyone else (as in a utilitarian approach). Also, some critics suspect that altruism can be a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">way of escaping your own life: if you spend all your time volunteering, could it be that deep down you\u2019re<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not a good soul so much as just afraid of going out into the competitive world and trying to win a good<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">place for yourself?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Altruism defines ethically good as any act that ends up increasing net happiness (or decreasing net<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unhappiness) when everything is taken into account except the actor\u2019s increased or diminished happiness.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Altruism doesn\u2019t require living a miserable life.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Altruism intersects with the business world in various ways.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Theoretically, could the most devoted altruist in a society also be its richest and happiest member? How?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Does Blake Mycoskie have to be an altruist for TOMS Shoes to be considered an altruistic enterprise?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Does TOMS Shoes have to be an altruistic enterprise for Mycoskie to be considered an altruist?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. What are some other motives that may lead someone to live the life of an altruist?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] TOMS Shoes, \u201cOne for One Movement,\u201d accessed May 15, 2011,http:\/\/www.toms.com\/our-movement.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] TOMS Shoes, accessed May 15, 2011,http:\/\/cdn2.tomsshoes.com\/images\/uploads\/2006-oct-vogue.jpg.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[3] Sharon_b, December 14, 2008 (5:24 p.m.), \u201cBlake Mycoskie\u2014he\u2019s handsome, rich and helps children in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Third World,\u201d Gossip Rocks, accessed May 15, 2011,http:\/\/www.gossiprocks.com\/forum\/news\/90958-blakemycoskie-<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hes-handsome-rich-helps-children-third-world.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[4] Lesley M. M. Blume, \u201cYou Are What You Wear,\u201d Huffington Post, July 30, 2008, accessed May 15,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/lesley-m-m-blume\/you-are-what-you-wear_b_65967.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[5] \u201cAbout Us,\u201d College Board accessed May 15, 2011, http:\/\/about.collegeboard.org.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[6] \u201cOur Mission,\u201d Goodwill Industries International, Inc., accessed May 15, 2011,http:\/\/www.goodwill.org\/aboutus\/<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">our-mission.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">115<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3.4 Egoism: Just Me<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define ethical egoism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Show how egoism works in and with business.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Consider advantages and drawbacks of egoism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">116<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ethical Egoism<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ethical egoism: whatever action serves my self-interest is also the morally right action. What\u2019s good for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">me in the sense that it gives me pleasure and happiness is also good in the sense that it\u2019s the morally right<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">thing to do.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ethical egoism mirrors altruism: If I\u2019m an altruist, I believe that actions ought to heighten the happiness<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of others in the world, and what happens to me is irrelevant. If I\u2019m an egoist, I believe that actions ought<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to heighten my happiness, and what happens to others is irrelevant.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Could someone like Blake Mycoskie\u2014someone widely recognized as an altruistic, social-cause hero\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">actually is an egoist? Yes. Consider things this way. Here\u2019s a young guy and he\u2019s out looking for money,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">celebrity, good parties, and a jaw-dropping girlfriend. It wouldn\u2019t be the first time there was a guy like<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Put yourself in his shoes and imagine you\u2019re an ethical egoist: whatever\u2019s good for you is good. Your<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">situation is pretty clear, your moral responsibility lists what you should be trying to get, and the only<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">question is how can I get it all?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">That\u2019s a tall order. Becoming a rock star would probably work, but there are a lot of people already out<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there going for it that way. The same goes for becoming a famous actor. Sports are another possibility;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Mycoskie, in fact, made a run at pro tennis as a younger man, but like most who try, he couldn\u2019t break into<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the upper echelon. So there are paths that may work, but they\u2019re hard ones, it\u2019s a real fight for every step<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">forward.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If you\u2019re smart\u2014and Mycoskie obviously is\u2014then you might look for a way to get what you want that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doesn\u2019t force you to compete so brutally with so many others. Even better, maybe you\u2019ll look for a way that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doesn\u2019t present any competition at all, a brand new path to the wish list. The idea of a celebrity-driven<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shoe company that makes a profit but that also makes its founder a star in the eyes of the Hollywood stars<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is a pretty good strategy.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Obviously, no one can look deep into Mycoskie\u2019s mind and determine exactly what drove him to found his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">enterprise. He may be an altruist or an egoist or something else, but what\u2019s important is to outline how<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">egoism can actually work in the world. It can work\u2014though of course it doesn\u2019t work this way every time\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">just like TOMS Shoes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">117<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Egoism and Selfishness<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When we hear the word egoist, an ugly profile typically comes to mind: self-centered, untrustworthy,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pitiless, and callous with respect to others. Some egoists really are like that, but they don\u2019t have to be that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">way. If you\u2019re out to maximize your own happiness in the world, you might find that helping others is the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shortest and fastest path to what you want. This is a very important point. Egoists aren\u2019t against other<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people, they\u2019re for themselves, and if helping others work for them, that\u2019s what they\u2019ll do. The case of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">TOMS Shoes fits right here. The company improves the lives of many; it raises the level of happiness in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the world. And because it does that, the organization has had tremendous success, and because of that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">success, the Blake Mycoskie we\u2019re imagining as an egoist is getting what he wants: money, great parties,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and everyone loving him. In short, sometimes the best way to one\u2019s own happiness is by helping others be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happier.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">That\u2019s not always the way it works. Bernie Madoff destroyed families, stole people\u2019s last dimes, and lived<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the high life all the way through. For an ethical egoist, the only blemish on his record is that he got caught.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Madoff did get caught, though, and this too needs to be factored into any consideration of egoists and how<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they relate to others. Just as egoists may help others because that serves their own interests, so too they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">may obey social customs and laws. It\u2019s only important to note that they obey not out of deference to others<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">or because it\u2019s the morally right thing to do; they play by the rules because it\u2019s the smart thing to do. They<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">don\u2019t want to end up rotting in jail.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A useful contrast can be drawn in this context between egoism and selfishness. Where egoism means<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">putting your welfare above others\u2019, selfishness is the refusal to see beyond yourself. Selfishness is the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">inability (or unwillingness) to recognize that there are others sharing the world, so it\u2019s the selfish person,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">finally, who\u2019s callous and insensitive to the wants and needs of others. For egoists, on the other hand,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because working with others cooperatively can be an excellent way to satisfy their own desires, they may<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not be at all selfish; they may be just the opposite.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Enlightened Egoism, Cause Egoism, and the Invisible Hand<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Enlightened egoism is the conviction that benefitting others\u2014acting to increase their happiness\u2014can<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">serve the egoist\u2019s self-interest just as much as the egoist\u2019s acts directly in favor of him or herself. As<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">opposed to altruism, which claims that it\u2019s our ethical responsibility to serve others, the enlightened<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">118<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">egoist\u2019s generosity is a rational strategy, not a moral imperative. We don\u2019t help others because we ought<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to: we help them because it can make sense when, ultimately, we only want to help ourselves.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One simple and generic manifestation of enlightened egoism is a social contract. For example, I agree not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to steal from you as long as you agree not to steal from me. It\u2019s not that I don\u2019t take your things because I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">believe stealing is morally wrong; I leave you alone because it\u2019s a good way to get you to leave me alone.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On a less dramatic level, all of us form mini social contracts all the time. Just think of leading a group of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people through one of those building exits that makes you cross two distinct banks of doors. If you\u2019re first<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">out, you\u2019ll hold the door for those coming after, but then expect someone to hold the next door for you.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Sure, some people hold the door because it\u2019s good manners or something like that, but for most of us, if no<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one else ever held a door open for us, pretty soon we\u2019d stop doing them the favor. It\u2019s a trivial thing, of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">course, but in the real world people generally hold doors open for others because they\u2019ve agreed to a social<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">contract: everyone else does it for me; I\u2019ll do it for them. That\u2019s enlightened egoism, and it frequently<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">works pretty well.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">TOMS Shoes can be understood as a more sophisticated version of the same mentality. It\u2019s hard to discern<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">exactly what the contract would look like if someone tried to write it down, but it\u2019s not hard to see the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">larger notion of enlightened egoism. Shoes are donated to others not because of a moral obligation but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because serving the interests of others helps Blake Mycoskie serve his own. As long as shoe buyers keep<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">holding up their end of the bargain by buying his product, Mycoskie will continue to help them be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">generous and feel good about themselves by donating pairs to people who need them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cause egoism is similar to, but also distinct from, enlightened egoism. Enlightened egoism works from the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">idea that helping others is a good way of helping me. Cause egoism works from the idea that giving<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the appearance of helping others is a promising way to advance my own interests in business. As opposed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to the enlightened egoist who will admit that he is out for himself but happy to benefit others along the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">way, the cause egoist claims to be mainly or only interested in benefiting others and then leverages that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">good publicity to help him. Stated slightly differently, enlightened egoists respect others while pursuing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their own interests, while cause egoists just fake it.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Adam Smith (1723\u201390) is known for making a connected point on the level of broad economic trade and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">capitalism. In the end, it usually doesn\u2019t matter whether people actually care about the well-being of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">others, Smith maintains, because there exists an invisible hand at work in the marketplace. It leads<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">119<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">individuals who are trying to get rich to enrich their society as well, and that enrichment happens<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">regardless of whether serving the general welfare was part of the original plan. According to Smith, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">person in business generally<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Intends only his own gain, but is led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the original intention. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">does so more effectively than when he directly intends to promote it. [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What\u2019s the invisible hand? It\u2019s the force of marketplace competition, which encourages or even requires<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">individuals who want to make money to make the lives of others better in the process.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The invisible hand is a central point defenders of egoism in business often make when talking about the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">virtues of a me-first ethics. Egoism is good for me, but it frequently ends up being good for everyone else,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">too. If that\u2019s right, then even those who believe the utilitarian ideal of the general welfare should guide<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business decisions may be forced to concede that we should all just become egoists.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Here\u2019s a quick example. If you open a little takeout pizza shack near campus and your idea is to clear the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">maximum amount of money possible to pay your tuition, what kind of business are you going to run?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Does it make sense to take a customer\u2019s twelve dollars and then hand over an oily pie with cheap plastic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cheese and only three pepperonis? No, in the name of pursuing your own happiness, you\u2019re going to try to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">charge a bit less than Domino\u2019s and give your customers something slightly better\u2014maybe you\u2019ll spread<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">richer cheese, or toss on a few extra pepperonis. Regardless, you\u2019re not doing this for the reason an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">altruist would; you\u2019re not doing it because you sense an ethical obligation to make others\u2019 lives better. As<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an egoist, you don\u2019t care whether your customers are happier or not. But if you want your business to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">grow, you better care. And because you\u2019re ethically required to help your business grow in order to make<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tuition money and so make yourself happier, you\u2019re going to end up improving the pizza-eating<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">experience at your school. Better food, less money. Everyone wins. We\u2019re not talking Mother Teresa here,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but if ethical goodness is defined as more happiness for more people, then the pizza place is ethically<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">good. Further, anybody who wants to start up a successful pizza restaurant is, very likely, going to end up<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doing good. If you don\u2019t, if you can\u2019t offer some advantage, then no one\u2019s going to buy your slices.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Going beyond the quality-of-life benefits of businesses in society, Smith leaned toward a second claim<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that\u2019s far more controversial. He wrote that the entrepreneur trying to do well actually promotes society\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">well-being more effectively than when directly intending to promote it. This is startling. In essence, it\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">120<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the claim that for the most dedicated altruist the most effective strategy for life in business is\u2026to act like<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an egoist. Within the economic world at least, the best way for someone who cares only about the wellbeing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of others to implement that conviction is to go out and run a successful profit-making enterprise.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Clearly, this is a very powerful argument for defenders of ethical egoism. If it\u2019s true that egoists beat<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">altruists at their own game (increasing the happiness of everyone else), then egoism wins the debate by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">default; we should all become egoists. Unfortunately, it\u2019s impossible to prove this claim one way or the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">other. One thing is clear, however: Smith\u2019s implicit criticism of do-gooders can be illustrated. Sometimes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">individuals who decide to act for the good of others (instead of seeking profit for themselves) really do end<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">up making the world a worse place. Dr. Loretta Napoleoni has shown how attempts by Bono of U2 to help<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the destitute in Africa have actually brought them more misery. [2] Bono threw a benefit concert and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dedicated the proceeds to Africa are most needy. The intention was good, but the plan wasn\u2019t thought all<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the way through and the money ended up getting diverted to warlords who used it to buy guns and bullets.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Still, the fact that some altruistic endeavors actually make things worse doesn\u2019t mean they\u2019re all doomed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Just as surely as some fail, others succeed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The same mixed success can be attributed to businesses acting only for their own welfare, only for profit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If it\u2019s true that the pizza sellers help improve campus life, what about the entrepreneurial honor student<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who volunteers to write your term paper for a price? It\u2019s hard to see how a pay-for-grades scheme benefits<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">students in general, even though the writer may make a tidy profit, and that one student who paid for the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">work may come out pretty well.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The invisible hand is the belief that businesses out in the world trying to do well for themselves tend to do<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">good for others too. It may even be that they do more good than generous altruists. It\u2019s hard to know for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sure, but it can be concluded that there\u2019s a distance between ethical egoism in reality and the image of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">egoist as a ruthless destroyer of broad social happiness.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Some Rules of Egoism<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Egoism, like altruism, is a consequentialist ethics: the ends justify the means. If an egoist were at the helm<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of TOMS Shoes and he cared only about meeting beautiful people and making huge money, he\u2019d have no<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">scruples about lying all day long. There\u2019d be no problem with smiling and insisting that the reason TOMS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Shoes exists is to generate charitable shoe donations to the poor. All that matters for the egoist is that the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">121<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lie works, that it serves the goal of making TOMS as attractive and profitable as possible. If it does, then<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">deviating from the truth becomes the ethically recommendable route to follow.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Personal egoism versus impersonal egoism distinguishes these two views: the personal egoist in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business world does whatever\u2019s necessary to maximize his or her own happiness. What others do,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">however, is considered their business. The impersonal egoist believes everyone should get up in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">morning and do what\u2019s best for themselves and without concern for the welfare of others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">An impersonal egoist may find comfort in the invisible hand argument that the best way for me to do right<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with respect to society in general is to get rich. Of course it\u2019s true that there\u2019s something crude in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shameless money grubbing, but when you look at things with rational eyes, it is hard to avoid noticing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that the kinds of advances that make lives better\u2014cars affordably produced on assembly lines; drugs from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lipitor to Chap Stick; cell phones; spill-proof pens; whatever\u2014often trace back to someone saying, \u201cI want<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to make some money for myself.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Rational egoism versus psychological egoism distinguishes two reasons for being an ethical egoist. The<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rational version stands on the idea that egoism makes sense. In the world as it is, and given a choice<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">between the many ethical orientations available, egoism is the most reasonable. The psychological egoist<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">believes that, for each of us, putting our own interests in front of everyone else isn\u2019t a choice; it\u2019s a reality.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">We\u2019re made that way. Maybe it\u2019s something written into our genes or it\u2019s part of the way our minds are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wired, but regardless, according to the psychological egoist, we all care about ourselves before anyone else<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and at their expense if necessary.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Why would I rationally choose to be an egoist? Maybe because I figure that if I don\u2019t look out for myself,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">no one will. Or maybe I think almost everyone else is that way, too, so I better play along or I\u2019m going to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">get played. (The Mexicans have a pithy phrase of common wisdom for this, \u201cO te chingas, o te chingan,\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">which means \u201ceither you screw everyone else, or they\u2019ll screw you.\u201d) Maybe I believe that doing well for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">myself helps me do well for others too. The list could be drawn out, but the point is that there are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">numerous reasons why an intelligent person may accept ethical egoism as the way to go.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As for those who subscribe to the theory of psychological egoism, obviously there\u2019s no end of examples in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business and history to support the idea that no matter how much we may want things to be otherwise,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the plain truth is we\u2019re made to look out for number one. On the other hand, one problem for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">122<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">psychological egoists is that there do seem to be examples of people doing things that are irreconcilable<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with the idea that we\u2019re all only trying to make ourselves happier:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Parents sacrificing for children. Any mom or dad who works overtime at some grinding job for cash to pay<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their children\u2019s college tuition seems to be breaking the me-first rule. Here, the psychological egoist<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">responds that, when you really think about it, there may be something there for the parents after all: it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">could be the pride in telling friends that their children are getting their degrees.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Mother Teresa or similar religious-based advocates for the needy. Anyone spending their time and energy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">making things better for others, while living painfully modestly, seems like a good candidate to break the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rule of psychological egoism. Here, the psychological egoist responds that perhaps they see a different<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reward for themselves than earthly pleasures. They may believe, for example, that their suffering on this<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">earth will be more than compensated by paradise in heaven.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Four Relations between Egoism and Business<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Structurally, there are four possible relations between ethical egoism and business life:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. You can have egoists in egoist organizations. This is mercenary capitalism. Individuals do whatever work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is required so long as it benefits them to the maximum. Naturally, this kind of person might find a good<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">home at a company entirely dedicated to maximizing its own health and success, which can mean one<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">looking to maximize profits without other considerations. A good example is executives at the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Countrywide mortgage firm. They OK\u2019ed thousands of mortgages to clients who had no way to repay the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money. Then they bundled and sold these mortgages to banks and other financial institutions, making a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">quick profit. When the loans later collapsed, those institutions fell into bankruptcy. The Countrywide<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">executives quickly formed a new company to buy those same loans back at pennies on the dollar, thus<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">once again turning millions in profits. [3]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. You can have egoists in nonegoist organizations. Possibly, the CEO of the College Board fits into this<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">category. His salary of just under a million dollars annually sounds pretty good, especially when you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">consider that he gets it working for a nonprofit company that exists to help high school students find the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">college best fitted to them. It\u2019s also possible that Blake Mycoskie of TOMS Shoes fits this profile: he lives<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an extremely enviable life in the middle of a company set up to help people who almost no one envies.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">123<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. You can have nonegoists in egoist organizations. Somewhere in the Countrywide mortgage company we<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">could surely find someone who purchased shoes from TOMS because they wanted to participate in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">project of helping the rural poor in Argentina.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. You can have nonegoists in nonegoist organizations. Think of the red kettle bell ringers popping up<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">outside malls around the holiday season.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Advocating and Challenging Ethical Egoism<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The arguments for an egoistic ethics include the following:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Clarity and simplicity. Everybody understands what it means to look out for them first.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Practicality. Many ethical theories claim to protect our individual interests, but each of us knows<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ourselves and our own interest\u2019s best. So doesn\u2019t it make sense that we as individuals take the lead?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Further, with respect to creating happiness for ourselves, there\u2019s no one closer to the action than us. So,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">again, doesn\u2019t it make sense that each of us should be assigned that responsibility?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Sincerity. For those subscribing to psychological egoism, there\u2019s a certain amount of honesty in this<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethics not found in others. If our real motive beneath everything else is to provide for our own happiness<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">first, then shouldn\u2019t we just recognize and say that? It\u2019s better to be sincere and admit that the reason we<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">don\u2019t steal is so that others don\u2019t steal from us instead of inventing some other explanations which sound<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nice but are ultimately bogus.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Unintended consequences. In the business world, the concept of the invisible hand allows egoists to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">claim that their actions end up actually helping others and may help them more than direct charity or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">similar altruistic actions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Finally, there\u2019s a broad argument in favor of egoism that concerns dignity. If you\u2019re out in the world being<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">altruistic, it\u2019s natural to assume that those benefiting from your generosity will be grateful. Sometimes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they\u2019re not, though. Sometimes the people we try to help repay us with spite and resentment. They do<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because there\u2019s something condescending about helping others; there\u2019s a message wrapped up in the aid<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that those who receive it are incapable of taking care of them and need someone superior to look out for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">them. This is especially palpable in the case of panhandlers. If you drop a dollar into their hat, it\u2019s hard to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not also send along the accusation that their existence is base and shameful (you refuse to look them in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the eye; you drop the money and hurry away). To the extent that\u2019s right, an egoism that expects people to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">124<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">look out for themselves and spurns charity may actually be the best way to demonstrate respect for others<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and to acknowledge their dignity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Arguments against ethical egoism include the following:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Egoism isn\u2019t ethics. The reason we have ethics is because there are so many people in the world and in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business who care only about themselves. The entire idea of ethics, the reasoning goes, is to set up some<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rules for acting that rescue us from a cruel reality where everyone\u2019s just looking out for number one.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Egoism ignores blatant wrongs. Stealing candy from a baby\u2014or running a company selling crappy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">baby food\u2014strikes most of us as unacceptable, but the rules of egoism dictate that those are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">recommendable actions as long as you can be assured that they\u2019ll serve your interests.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Psychological egoism is not true. The idea that we have no choice but to pursue our own welfare<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">before anything else is demonstrated to be false millions of times every day; it\u2019s wrong every time<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">someone makes an anonymous contribution to a cause or goes out of their way to help another without<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">expecting anything in return.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Egoism defines ethically good as any act that raises the actor\u2019s overall happiness (or decreases<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unhappiness) without counting anyone else\u2019s increased or diminished happiness.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Egoism does not mean ignoring the existence and welfare of others, though they are not necessarily<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">advocated either.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Though egoists act in the name of their own happiness, others may benefit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Egoism intersects with the business world in various ways.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. What\u2019s the difference between egoism and selfishness?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. In what situation would an egoist decide that a lie is morally wrong?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. In the real world, is there any way to distinguish an enlightened egoist from a cause egoist?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. What are some reasons someone may become a rational egoist?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. What is the invisible hand?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">125<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. If you were starting a small business, would you prefer that your partner is a utilitarian, an altruist, or an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">egoist? Why?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (London: Strahan and Cadell,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1776), bk. 4, chap. 2.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] Can Tran, \u201cCelebrities Raising Funds for Africa End Up Making Things \u2018Worse,\u2019\u201d Ground Report, May 14, 2008,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accessed May 15, 2011,http:\/\/www.groundreport.com\/World\/Celebrities-Raising-Funds-For-Africa-End-Up-<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Making\/2861070.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[3] Eric Lipton, \u201cEx-Leaders of Countrywide Profit from Bad Loans,\u201d New York Times, March 3, 2009, accessed May<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">15, 2011,http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/03\/04\/business\/04penny.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3.5 Case Studies<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cheaters<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">126<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of S. Brusseau.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KDCP is Karen Dillard\u2019s company specialized in preparing students to ace the Scholastic Aptitude Test. At<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">least some of the paying students received a solid testing-day advantage: besides teaching the typical tips<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and pointers, KDCP acquired stolen SAT tests and used them in their training sessions. It\u2019s unclear how<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">many of the questions that students practiced on subsequently turned up on the SATs they took, but some<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">certainly did. The company that produces the SAT, the College Board, cried foul and took KDCP to court.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The lawsuit fell into the category of copyright infringement, but the real meat of the claim was that KDCP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">helped kids cheat, they got caught, and now they should pay.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The College Board\u2019s case was very strong. After KDCP accepted the cold reality that they were going to get<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hammered, they agreed to a settlement offer from the College Board that included this provision: KDCP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">would provide $400,000 worth of free SAT prep classes to high schoolers who couldn\u2019t afford to pay the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bill themselves. [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Can you form a quick list of people who\u2019d benefit because of this decision and others who\u2019d end up on the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">losing side? Then, considering the situation globally and from a utilitarian perspective, what would need to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be true for the settlement offer to be ethically recommendable?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">127<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. As for those receiving the course for free\u2014it\u2019s probably safe to assume that their happiness<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">increases. Something for nothing is good. But what about the students who still have to pay for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the course? Some may be gladdened to hear that more students get the opportunity, but others<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">will see things differently; they\u2019ll focus on the fact that their parents are working and saving<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money to pay for the course, while others get it for nothing. Some of those who paid probably<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">actually earned the money themselves at some disagreeable, minimum wage McJob. Maybe they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">served popcorn in the movie theater to one of those others who later on applied and got a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hardship exemption.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Starting from this frustration and unhappiness on the part of those who pay full price, can you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">form a utilitarian case against the settlement\u2019s free classes?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o From a utilitarian perspective, could the College Board have improved the settlement by adding<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the stipulation that the settlement\u2019s terms (and therefore the free classes) not be publicly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">disclosed?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Once word got out, could a utilitarian recommend that the College Board lie or that it release a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">statement saying, \u201cNo free classes were part of the settlement\u201d?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. There was talk about canceling the scores of those students who took the SAT after benefitting from the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KDCP classes that offered access to the stolen exam booklets. The students and their parents protested<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vigorously, pointing out that they\u2019d simply signed up for test prep, just like students all across the nation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">They knew nothing about the theft and they presumably didn\u2019t know they were practicing on questions<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that might actually appear on their exam day. From the perspective of rule utilitarianism, what\u2019s the case<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for canceling their scores? From the perspective of act utilitarianism, what\u2019s the case for reinstating the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">scores?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. The College Board CEO makes around $830,000 a year.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What is a utilitarian case for radically lowering his salary?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o If you were a utilitarian and you had the chance\u2014and you were sure you wouldn\u2019t get caught\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">would you steal the money from the guy\u2019s bank account? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">128<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. It could be that part of what the College Board hoped to gain through this settlement requiring<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">free classes for the underprivileged was some positive publicity, some burnishing of their image as<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the good guys, the socially responsible company, the ones who do the right thing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Outline the case for this being an act of an altruistic company.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Outline the case for this being an act of an egoistic company.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">UFC<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Kaloozer, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/kalooz\/3942634378\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) got off to a crushing start. In one of the earliest matches, Tank<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Abbott, a six-footer weighing 280 pounds, faced John Matua, who was two inches taller and weighed a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whopping four hundred pounds. Their combat styles were as different as their sizes. Abbott called himself<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a pit fighter. Matua was an expert in more refined techniques: he\u2019d honed the skills of wrestling and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">applying pressure holds. His skill\u2014which was also a noble and ancient Hawaiian tradition\u2014was the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">martial art called Kuialua.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The evening went poorly for the artist. Abbott nailed him with two roundhouses before applying a skullcracking<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">head butt. The match was only seconds old and Matua was down and so knocked out that his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">eyes weren\u2019t even closed, just glazed and staring absently at the ceiling. The rest of his body was<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">convulsing. The referee charged toward the defenseless fighter, but Abbott was closer and slammed an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">elbow down on Matua\u2019s pale face. Abbott tried to stand up and ram another, but the referee was now close<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">129<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">enough to pull him away. As blood spurted everywhere and medics rushed to save the loser, Abbott stood<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">above Matua and ridiculed him for being fat. [2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The tape of Abbott\u2019s brutal skills and pitiless attitude shot through the Internet. He became\u2014briefly\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">famous and omnipresent, even getting a guest appearance on the goofy, family-friendly sitcom Friends.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A US senator also saw the tape but reacted differently. Calling it barbaric and a human form of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cockfighting, he initiated a crusade to get the UFC banned. Media executives were pressured to not beam<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the matches onto public TVs, and doctors were drafted to report that UFC fighters (like professional<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">boxers) would likely suffer long-term brain damage. In the heat of the offensive, even diehard advocates<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">agreed the sport might be a bit raw, and the UFC\u2019s original motto\u2014\u201cThere are no rules!\u201d\u2014got slightly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">modified. Head butting, eye-gouging, and fish-hooking (sticking your finger into an opponent\u2019s orifice and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ripping it open) were banned.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">No matter what anyone thinks of UFC, it convincingly demonstrates that blood resembles sex. Both sell<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and people like to watch. The proof is that today UFC events are among the most viewed in the world,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">among the most profitable, and\u2014this is the one part that hasn\u2019t changed since the gritty beginning\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">among the most brutal.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Two of the common arguments against ultimate fighting\u2014and the two main reasons the US<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">senator argued to get the events banned\u2014are the following:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o They\u2019re brutal; UFC celebrates violence and hatred and injury, and therefore, it\u2019s immoral.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Besides the bumps, bruises, and broken bones\u2014which usually heal up\u2014the fighters also suffer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">long-term and incurable brain damage. Therefore, the sport is immoral even though it might be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">true that in their prime, the fighters make enough money to compensate the physical suffering<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">endured in the octagon.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">How could a utilitarian defend the UFC against these two criticisms?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. How could the concept of the utilitarian sacrifice apply to John Matua?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. How would a hedonistic utilitarian\u2019s reaction to UFC differ from an idealistic utilitarian\u2019s reaction? Is there<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">anything at all in UFC that might convince an idealistic utilitarian to promote the sport as ethically<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">positive?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">130<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. How could a proponent of monetized utilitarianism begin portioning up the experiences of Abbott, Matua,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the UFC sponsors, and the spectators in order to construct a mathematical formula (like Ford did with the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Pinto) to decide whether UFC should be banned?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Think of UFC as a business, one compared to a biotech company that pioneers cutting-edge, life-saving<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">drugs. Now, how would a utilitarian decide which one of these two companies was the more ethically<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">respectable?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. Why might an altruist sign up to be a UFC fighter? Why might an egoist sign up to be a UFC fighter?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lottery<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Alan Levine, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/cogdog\/81199624.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In her blog Majikthise, Lindsay Beyerstein writes, \u201cState lotteries are often justified on the grounds that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they raise money for social programs, especially those that target the neediest members of society.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">However, the poorest members of society tend to spend (and, by design lose) the most on lottery tickets.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Some state lottery proceeds fund programs that benefit everyone, not just the poor. Often state lottery<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money is being systematically redistributed upward\u2014from lotto players to suburban schools, for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">example.\u201d [3]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. How is the lottery an example of the utilitarian monster?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">131<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. How can you set yourself up to argue in favor of or against the ethical existence of the lottery in terms of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">monetized utilitarianism?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Lotteries are about money and about fun\u2014that is, even for the losers, there\u2019s a benefit in the thrill of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">watching the numbers turn up. Could the case be made that, from a hedonistic utilitarian standpoint, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lottery is ethically recommendable because it serves the welfare not only of the winner but also of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">millions of losers?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. One of Lindsay Beyerstein\u2019s concerns is that the lottery tends to redistribute money from the poor<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">toward the rich.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Does a utilitarian necessarily consider this redistribution unethical?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What kinds of things would a utilitarian have to look into to decide whether the inverse Robin<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Hooding is necessarily a bad thing?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. The lotteries under discussion here are run by states, and Lindsay Beyerstein is not a big fan. She calls<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">these lotteries \u201ca tax on idiocy\u201d meaning, presumably, that people are just throwing their money away<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">every time they buy a ticket. Now, one of the arguments in favor of egoism as an ethical stance is that no<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one knows what makes each of us happy better than each of us. So, it follows, we should all just try to get<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">what we want and leave other people alone. How can this view of egoism be fashioned to respond to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">idea that the lottery is a tax on idiocy?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Honest Tea<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Arnold Gatilao, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/arndog\/1210077306\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Seth Goldman founded Honest Tea in 1998. He calls himself the Tea EO (as opposed to CEO) and his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">original product was a bottled tea drink with no additives beyond a bit of sugar. Crisp and natural\u2014that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">was the product\u2019s main selling point. It wasn\u2019t the only selling point, though. The others aren\u2019t in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">132<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bottle; they\u2019re in the company making it. Honest Tea is a small enterprise composed of good people. As<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the company website relates, \u201cA commitment to social responsibility is central to Honest Tea\u2019s identity<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and purpose. The company strives for authenticity, integrity and purity, in our products and in the way we<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">do business\u2026Honest Tea seeks to create honest relationships with our employees, suppliers, customers<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and with the communities in which we do business.\u201d [4]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Buy Honest Tea, the message is, because the people behind it are trustworthy; they are the kind of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">entrepreneurs you want to support.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The mission statement also relates that when Honest Tea gives business to suppliers, \u201cwe will attempt to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">choose the option that better addresses the needs of economically disadvantaged communities.\u201d [5] They\u2019ll<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">give the business, for example, to the company in a poverty-stricken area because, they figure, those<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people really need the jobs. Also, and to round out this socially concerned image, the company promotes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ecological (\u201csustainability\u201d) concerns and fair trade practices: \u201cHonest Tea is committed to the well-being<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of the folks along the value chain who help bring our products to market. We seek out suppliers that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">practice sustainable farming and demonstrate respect for individual workers and their families.\u201d [6]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Summing up, Honest Tea provides a natural product, helps the poor, treats people with respect, and saves<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the planet. It\u2019s a pretty striking corporate profile.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It\u2019s also a profile that sells. It does because when you hand over your money for one of their bottles, you\u2019re<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">confident that you\u2019re not fattening the coffers of some money grubbing executive in a New York penthouse<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who\u2019d lace drinks with chemicals or anything else that served to raise profits. For many consumers, that\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">good to know.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Honest Tea started selling in Whole Foods and then spread all over, even to the White House fridges<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because it\u2019s a presidential favorite. Revenues are zooming up through the dozens of millions. In 2008, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Coca-Cola Company bought a 40 percent share of Honest Tea for $43 million. It\u2019s a rampantly successful<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">company.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Featured as part of a series in the Washington Post in 2009, the company\u2019s founder, Seth Goldman, was<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">asked about his enterprise and his perspective on corporate philanthropy, meaning cash donations to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">good causes. Goldman said, \u201cOf course there\u2019s nothing wrong with charity, but the best way for companies<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to become good citizens is through the way they operate their business.\u201d Here are two of his examples: [7]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">133<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Switching from Styrofoam to postconsumer waste might help a packaging company make a more<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">meaningful contribution to sustainability than a token donation to an environmental nonprofit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Investing in a local production facility or even a community bank could help support a local economy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">more effectively than a donation to a nearby jobs program.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Organizations in the economic world, Goldman believes, can do the most good by doing good themselves<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">as opposed to doing well (making money) and then outsourcing their generosity and social responsibility<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">by donating part of their profits to charities. That may be true, or it may not be, but it\u2019s certain that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Goldman is quite good at making the case. He\u2019s had a lot of practice since he\u2019s outlined his ideas not just<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in the Post but in as many papers and magazines as he can find. Honest Tea\u2019s drinks are always featured<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">prominently in these flattering articles, which are especially complimentary when you consider that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Honest Tea doesn\u2019t have to pay a penny for them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Make the case that Seth Goldman founded Honest Tea as an expression of his utilitarian ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What kinds of people are affected by the Honest Tea organization? Which groups might benefit<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">from Honest Tea and how? Which groups might not benefit?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Would this be a hedonistic or idealistic utilitarianism? Why?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Would it be possible to construe Honest Tea within a framework of monetized utilitarianism?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Would this be a soft or hard utilitarianism?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Make the case that Seth Goldman founded Honest Tea as an expression of his ethical altruism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Altruists serve the welfare of others. How does Honest Tea serve people\u2019s welfare?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What would have to be true about Goldman in terms of his particular abilities and skills for this<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">enterprise to fall under the heading of altruism?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Does Goldman sound more like a personal or an impersonal altruist?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Make the case that Seth Goldman founded Honest Tea as an expression of his ethical egoism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What are some of the benefits Goldman could derive from Honest Tea?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Before running Honest Tea, Goldman was a big-time mutual fund manager. What kind of benefits<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">could Honest Tea have offered that he couldn\u2019t find in the world of finance?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">134<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Does Goldman sound more like a personal or an impersonal egoist?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o In the real world, does it make any difference whether Goldman does enlightened egoism or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cause egoism?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. In this case study, two kinds of drink manufacturers are contrasted: Honest Tea and the hypothetical drink<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">company run by some mercenary businessman lacing drinks with bad chemicals to maximize profits.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Looking at this contrast, how could a defender of egoism claim that the best way for healthy drinks to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">make their way into the general public\u2019s hands (in the medium and long term, anyway) is for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Goldman and the mercenary businessman and everyone else to all be egoists?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Assume that Seth Goldman is a cause egoist, someone faking concern for the general welfare in order to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">provide for his own happiness and pleasure. How could the concept of the invisible hand be introduced to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">make the claim that Goldman is actually doing more good for the general welfare than he would if he were<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a utilitarian or even an altruist?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Your Business<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Paul Sapiano, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/peasap\/935756569.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Think about something you do with passion or expertise\u2014a dish you like to cook and eat, a sport you play,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">any unique skill or ability you\u2019ve developed\u2014and figure out a way to turn it into a small business. For<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">example, you like baking cookies, so you open a bake shop, or you like hockey and could imagine an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">improved stick to invent and market.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">135<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. If your business is like most others, you\u2019re going to need some money to get it up and going, more money<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">than you\u2019ve got right now. That means you\u2019ll need to find a partner for your venture, someone to help you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">get the cash together and then run things afterward. Would you prefer a utilitarian, an altruist, or an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">egoist for your partner? Why?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Do you think the invisible hand would be in effect for your business? Just by trying to make money, do you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">imagine you\u2019d end up improving people\u2019s lives? If this business works, is it even possible that you\u2019d help<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">others more than you would by volunteering time for a charity organization? Elaborate.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Assume that doing well in society and not just doing well (making money) is important to you.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Within the business you have in mind, with which of these three options do you suspect you\u2019d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accomplish more general good?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Just making money and trusting the invisible hand to take care of the rest<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Making money and donating part of it to charity\u2014that is, to people specialized in serving the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">general welfare<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Attempting to do good within your business by, for example, buying recycled materials or by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">paying wages slightly above what people could get for the same work at other companies<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Is there a potential cause egoism angle to your business? Could you set it up to make it seem like<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the reason you\u2019re running your enterprise is to help others when really you\u2019re just trying to make money?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For a consequentialist, is there anything wrong with that?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] missypie, April 29, 2008 (2:22 p.m.), \u201cCB-Karen Dillard case settled-no cancelled scores,\u201d College Confidential,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accessed May 15, 2011,http:\/\/talk.collegeconfidential.com\/parents-forum\/501843-cb-karen-dillard-case-settledno-<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cancelled-scores.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] David Plotz, \u201cFight Clubbed,\u201d Slate, November 17, 1999, accessed May 15,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/www.slate.com\/id\/46344.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[3] Lindsay Beyerstein, \u201cLotteries as Regressive Taxes,\u201d Majikthise (blog), January 23, 2006, accessed May 15,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/majikthise.typepad.com\/majikthise_\/2006\/01\/lotteries_as_re.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[4] \u201cOur Mission,\u201d Honest, accessed May 15, 2011,http:\/\/www.honesttea.com\/mission\/about\/overview.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">136<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[5] \u201cOur Mission,\u201d Honest, accessed May 15, 2011,http:\/\/www.honesttea.com\/mission\/about\/overview.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[6] \u201cOur Mission,\u201d Honest, accessed May 15, 2011,http:\/\/www.honesttea.com\/mission\/about\/overview.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[7] \u201cOn Leadership: Seth Goldman,\u201d Washington Post, accessed May 15,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/views.washingtonpost.com\/leadership\/panelists\/2009\/11\/the-biggest-dollars.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">137<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Relativism<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter Overview<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter 4 &#8220;Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Relativism&#8221; examines some theories guiding<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethical decisions in business. It considers reactions to the possibility that there are no universal<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">definitions of right and wrong, only different customs that change from one society to another.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4.1 What Is Cultural Relativism?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">138<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define cultural relativism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Show how cultural relativism defies traditional ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nietzsche and the End of Traditional Ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cGod is dead,\u201d the declaration attributed to Friedrich Nietzsche, stands along with \u201cI think, therefore I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">am\u201d (Ren\u00e9 Descartes, 1641) as philosophy\u2019s most popularized\u2014and parodied\u2014phrases. The t-shirt<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">proclaiming \u201cNietzsche is dead, signed, God\u201d is funny, but it doesn\u2019t quite answer what Nietzsche was<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">saying in the late 1800s. What Nietzsche meant to launch was not only an assault on a certain religion but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">also a suspicion of the idea that there\u2019s one source of final justice for all reality. Nietzsche proposed that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">different cultures and people each produce their own moral recommendations and prohibitions, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there\u2019s no way to indisputably prove that one set is simply and universally preferable to another. The<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">suspicion that there\u2019s no final appeal\u2014and therefore the values and morality practiced by a community<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">can\u2019t be dismissed as wrong or inferior to those practiced elsewhere\u2014is called cultural relativism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Example: For most of us, the killing of a newborn would be among the most heinous of immoral acts; a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">perpetrator would need to be purely evil or completely mad. The Inuit Eskimos, however, regularly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">practiced female infanticide during their prehistory, and it was neither evil nor insane. Their brutal living<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">conditions required a population imbalance tipped toward hunters (males). Without that gender<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">selecting, the plain fact was the entire group faced starvation. At another place and time, Bernal<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Diaz\u2019s The Conquest of New Spain recounts the Spanish invasion of the Americas and includes multiple<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reports of newborns sacrificed in bloody ceremonies that made perfect sense to the locals, but left<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Spaniards astonished and appalled. The ethics of infanticide, the point is, differ from one culture and time<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to another. Further, these differences seem irreconcilable: it\u2019s extremely difficult to see how we could<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">convince the Inuit of the past to adopt our morality or how they could convince us to adopt theirs. And if<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that\u2019s right, then maybe it no longer makes sense to talk about right and wrong in general terms as though<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there\u2019s a set of rules applying to everyone; instead, there are only rights and wrongs as defined within a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">specific society.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, if you accept the cultural relativist premise, then you\u2019re rejecting the foundation of traditional<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethics. You\u2019re rejecting the idea that if we think carefully and expertly enough, we\u2019ll be able to formulate<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">139<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rules for action that everyone\u2014people in all times, places, and communities\u2014must obey if they want to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">consider themselves ethically responsible.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cultural Relativism in Business Ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the world of international business, Entrepreneur magazine introduces the pitfalls of ethical variation<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">across cultures with this statement from Steve Veltkamp, president of Biz$hop, an American importexport<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business: \u201cBribery is a common way of doing business in a lot of foreign places.\u201d [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If that\u2019s true, then US businesses trying to expand into markets abroad\u2014and competing with local<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">businesses already established there\u2014are probably going to consider doing what everyone else is doing,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">which means getting in on the bribery action. As the Entrepreneur article points out, however, this leads<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to a problem: \u201cWhile bribes are expected in many countries, the United States\u2019 1977 Foreign Corrupt<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Practices Act prohibits payments made with the aim of gaining or maintaining business.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">So American hands are tied. If a construction company is bidding on the contract to build an airport in a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">foreign nation, one where the local politicians will be expecting to get their palms greased, they\u2019re at a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">distinct disadvantage since they\u2019re not allowed to play by the local rules. Still there is (as there almost<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">always is) a loophole: \u201cNot all payments are prohibited by the act. Some payments are acceptable if they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">don\u2019t violate local laws. Gifts, for instance, to officers working for foreign corporations are legal.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There\u2019s no bribing, but gifting, apparently, gets a green light. There\u2019s a problem here, too, however: \u201cIt can<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be difficult to determine the difference between a gift and a bribe in a given situation. \u2018If you give a gift to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">someone and it leads to a business deal, is that a bribe or a gift?\u2019 asks Veltkamp. \u2018In some cultures, giftgiving<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is an entrenched part of doing business. If you look at it in a certain sense, maybe it\u2019s a bribe, since<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they won\u2019t talk to you until you\u2019ve made that gesture.\u2019\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Now what? Over there, cash changes hands and it\u2019s called an acceptable gift, while those watching from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">back here see an illegal bribe.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There are two ways of looking at this dilemma. One is to say, well, this has to be one or the other, either a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gift or a bribe; it has to be either moral or immoral. Given that, we need to take out our traditional tools\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">our basic duties, the utilitarian doctrine that we should act to serve the greater good, and so on\u2014and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">figure out which it is. Nietzsche went the other way, though. He said that situations like this don\u2019t show<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that we need to use ethics to figure out which side is right; instead, the situation shows what moral<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">140<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rules really are: just a set of opinions that a group of people share and nothing more. In the United States<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">we believe it\u2019s wrong to grease palms, and so it is. In some other places they believe it\u2019s honorable to hand<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money under the table, and so it is.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If that\u2019s true, then specific convictions of right and wrong in business ethics will never be anything but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cultural fashions, beliefs some community somewhere decides to hold up for a while until they decide to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">believe something else. Anything, the reasoning goes, may be morally good or bad in the economic world;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it just depends on where you happen to be, at what time, and who else is around.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Cultural relativism is the suspicion that values and morality are culture specific\u2014they\u2019re just what the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">community believes and not the result of universal reason.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 For cultural relativists, because all moral guidelines originate within specific cultures, there\u2019s no way to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dismiss one set of rules as wrong or inferior to those developed in another culture.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Why do you imagine the term cultural relativism was chosen to mean what it does?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Do you believe cultures are irreconcilably different? Or is it that deep down people are people and we\u2019re<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">really all the same? How does this distinction relate to the difference between cultural relativism and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">traditional theories of ethics?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[1] Moira Allen, \u201cHere Comes the Bribe,\u201d Entrepreneur, October 2000, accessed May 12,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/magazine\/entrepreneur\/2000\/october\/32636.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4.2 Nietzsche\u2019s Eternal Return of the Same<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">141<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define Nietzsche\u2019s eternal return of the same.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Show how the idea of the eternal return provides guidance for professional life.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Consider the advantages and a drawback of the eternal return.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Responding to Cultural Relativism by Leaving Common Morality Behind<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If, along with cultural relativists, you accept that rules distinguishing right from wrong shift around from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">place to place and time to time, it becomes difficult to keep faith in morality. It\u2019s difficult because verdicts<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seem flimsy and impermanent, and because this hard question seems inescapable: Why should I go out of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">my way to do the right thing today if what counts as the right thing might change tomorrow?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One response to the question is to give up on morality, disrespect the whole idea by labeling all the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">customary regulations\u2014don\u2019t lie, don\u2019t steal, strive for the greatest good for the greatest number\u2014a giant<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sham. Then you can live without the inhibiting limits of moral codes. You can go beyond any idea of good<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and evil and lead an unconstrained life exuberantly celebrating everything you want to do and be.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Wallace Souza: TV Reporter, Politician, and Dealer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Some careers are more vivid and alive than others. TV crime reporting is intense work, especially the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">action-type shows where the reporter races to the scene, interviews witnesses, and tracks down shady<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">characters. Politics is another throbbing life; the adrenalin of crime chasing isn\u2019t there, but you get the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">brimming confidence and energy that comes with power, with deciding what others can and can\u2019t do.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Drug dealing excites too, in its way, with thrilling danger and the pleasures of fast money. People, finally,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who want to live exuberantly, who prefer risk to caution and find it easy to say things like \u201cyou only go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">around once\u201d are probably going to find something attractive in these lines of work and may opt for one or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">another.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Then there\u2019s Wallace Souza. He opted for all three. At the same time. The most visible of his roles\u2014TV<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reporter\u2014also yielded the most visible success. His program aired from the Brazilian state of Amazonas, a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jungley place far from cosmopolitan S\u00e3o Paulo and touristy Rio de Janeiro. Known as a haven for cocaine<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cartels, and as a training ground for revolutionary militants charging into neighboring Columbia and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Venezuela, it\u2019s a natural spot to bring cameras and look for dramatic action. A number of reporters were<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">142<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">stationed in the region, but none seemed so uncannily skilled at reaching scenes first and getting video<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">over the airwaves than Mr. Souza. In fact, on occasion, he even reached scenes before the police.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The dogged TV reporting, along with Souza\u2019s editorializing complaints about the region\u2019s jaded criminals,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">made him a popular hero and sealed his bid for a seat in the local congress. He didn\u2019t allow his state<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">capital work to interfere with his TV role, however. Actually, the two jobs fit together well: one day he was<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reporting on the deplorable free-for-all in the jungle and the next he was in the capital meeting with highranking<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">police officers, reviewing their strategies and proposing laws to fix things.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The perfect image began to crack, though, when it was revealed that the reason Souza so frequently<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reached the best crime scenes first is that he was paying hit men to assassinate local drug dealers. He<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wasn\u2019t, it turned out, just the first to know about the crimes, he knew even before they happened. In an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">especially brazen move, during one of his last TV programs, he put up pictures of several notorious<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">criminals and asked his viewers to phone in and votes on which one they\u2019d like to see killed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">At this point, Souza seemed like an overzealous crusader: he was drawing vivid attention to the crime<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">plague and doing something about it with his hit men. You could doubt his methods, but his dedication to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">his community\u2019s welfare seemed noble\u2014until it was revealed that he was actually also a major drug<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dealer. And the criminals getting killed and shown on his program weren\u2019t just random outlaws; they were<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Souza\u2019s drug-trade competitors. [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Is the Eternal Return of the Same?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One report on Souza\u2019s exploits included the suggestion that his willingness to cross every moral line\u2014to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lie, traffic drugs, order killings, whatever\u2014fit him for the title of the Antichrist. [2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">That title, as it turns out, was one Nietzsche enjoyed assigning to himself. It\u2019s definitely also a fit for Souza<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in the sense that he seemed to live without shame, fear, or regard for good and evil. What\u2019s notable about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Souza\u2019s business ventures is that they pay no heed to the very idea of morals. It\u2019s not that they skirt some<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rules or follow some guidelines while disobeying others; it\u2019s not like he\u2019s trying to get away with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">something\u2014it\u2019s much more like morality doesn\u2019t exist. Now, bringing this back to Nietzsche, who shared<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the sentiments, the question Nietzsche asked himself was, if morality really is canceled, then what? How<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">should we live? The answer was a thought experiment called the eternal return of the same.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">143<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Imagine, Nietzsche proposed, that every decision you make and everything you feel, say, and do will have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to be repeated forever\u2014that is, at the end of your life, you die and are immediately reborn right back in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the same year and place where everything started the time before, and you do it all again in exactly the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">same way. Existence becomes an infinite loop. With that disturbing idea established, Nietzsche converted<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it into a proposal for life: we should always act as though the eternal return were real. Do, Nietzsche says,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">what you would if you had to live with the choice over and over again forever. The eternal return, finally,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gives us a reason to do one thing and not another: it guides us in a world without morals.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">How Does the Eternal Return Work?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Start with the eternal return as it could be applied to an altruist, to someone dedicating life to helping<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">others. One way to do altruism would be by working for a nonprofit international organization that goes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to poverty-wrecked places like Amazonas and helps coca farmers (the coca leaf is the base for cocaine)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shift their farms to less socially damaging crops. This would be difficult work. You might figure on doing it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">though, getting through it, and feeling like you\u2019ve done some good in the world. But would you do it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">infinitely? Would you be willing to suffer through that existence once and again forever? Remember, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">world would never get better; every time you\u2019d just go back to being born on earth just the way it was<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">before. Obviously, people can make their own decisions, but it seems fairly likely that under the condition<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of the eternal return there\u2019d be fewer people dedicating themselves\u2014and sacrificing their own comfort<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and interests\u2014to social well-being.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What about some other lines of work? Would there be fewer snowplow operators, long-haul pilots,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">teachers willing to work in troubled schools? What kind of professional lives, Nietzsche forces us to ask,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">would be too hellish, bothersome, or exhausting to be repeated forever? Those lives, whatever they are,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">get filtered by the eternal return; they get removed from consideration.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If certain careers and aspirations are out, then what\u2019s in? What kind of existence in the economic world<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">does the eternal return recommend? One possibility is Wallace Souza. The question is, why<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">would his career trajectory fit the eternal return?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The job of a reporter is fast and dramatic, the kind of thing many imagine themselves doing if they weren\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tied down by other commitments. People with children frequently feel an obligation to get into a safe and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">conservative line of work, one producing a steady paycheck. Others feel a responsibility toward their aged<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">144<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">parents and a corresponding obligation to not stray too far just in case something goes wrong. So trekking<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">off into the Brazilian jungle in search of drug operations may well be exciting\u2014most of us would probably<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">concede that\u2014but it\u2019d be irreconcilable with many family responsibilities. One thing the eternal return<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">does, however, is seriously increase the burden of those responsibilities. When you sacrifice something<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you want to do because of a sense of obligation, you may be able to swallow the loss once, but Nietzsche is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">demanding that you take it down over and over again. Family responsibilities may count, but at what<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">point do you say \u201cenough\u201d? Can anyone oblige you to sacrifice doing what you really want forever?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Taking the next step into Souza\u2019s amoral but dramatic career, assuming you do decide to become a crime<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reporter, and you\u2019re inside the eternal return where everything will recur infinitely, then aren\u2019t you going<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to go about making your reporting work as exciting and successful as possible? Probably, yes. So why not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hire some hit men to fire things up a bit? Normally, of course, our moral compass tells us that killing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">others to get ahead isn\u2019t really an option. But with all morality canceled, it becomes an option, one just<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">like any other. Be a banker, be a reporter, be a killer, there\u2019s no real difference. Just choose the one you\u2019d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">most like to do repeatedly without end.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Souza also chose to be a drug dealer. Again, this is one of those jobs many would find exciting and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">satisfying. Thrills and easy money are attractive; that\u2019s part of the reason Hollywood produces so many<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">films about traffickers and their lives. Most of us wouldn\u2019t actually do something like that, though, at least<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">partially because dealing drugs feels morally wrong. But inside the eternal return, that shame factor falls<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">away; when it does, the number of people entering this field of work might well increase.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It\u2019s critical to note that Nietzsche\u2019s eternal return is not the idea that you should go off and be a crimereporting,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hit man\u2013hiring drug dealer. Instead, Souza\u2019s life just exemplifies one thing that could happen<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in the world of your career if you accept Nietzsche\u2019s proposal of living beyond any traditional moral limit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Regardless, what the eternal return definitely does do is force you to make decisions about your<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">professional life in very different terms than those presented by traditional ethical theories. There\u2019s no<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">consideration of sweeping duties; there\u2019s just you and a simple decision: the life you choose now will be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">repeated forever, so which will yours be?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What\u2019s the Reward of Morality?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One of the strengths of Nietzsche\u2019s idea is that it forces a very important question: Why should I want to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be morally responsible? Why should a salesman be honest when lying could win her a healthy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">145<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">commission? Why should a factory owner worry about pollution spewing from his plant when he lives in a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">city five hundred miles away? Now, a full elaboration of this question would be handled in an airy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">philosophy class, not an applied course in business ethics. Nietzsche, however, allows a taste of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">discussion by puncturing one of the basic motivations many feel for being virtuous: the conviction<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that there\u2019ll be a reward later for doing the right thing today.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The certainty of this reward is a critical element of many religious beliefs: when you die, there\u2019ll be a final<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">judgment and you\u2019ll enjoy heaven or suffer punishment at the other extreme, depending on how you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">behaved on earth. A similar logic underwrites Hinduism\u2019s concept of reincarnation: the life you are born<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">into next will be determined by the way you live now. This discussion could be drawn out in more<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">directions, but no matter what, Nietzsche spoils the idea that you take the moral high road because you\u2019ll<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be repaid for it later. Within the eternal return, there is no later; all that ever happens is exactly the same<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">thing again.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Advantages and a Drawback of the Eternal Return<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One advantage of the eternal return is that it adds gravity to life. Forcing you to accept every decision you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">make as one you\u2019ll repeat forever is compelling you to take those decisions seriously, to think them<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">through. Another connected advantage of the eternal return is that it forces you to make your own<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">decisions. By getting rid of all guidelines proposed by ethics, and by making your reality the one that will<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">repeat forever, Nietzsche forces you to be whom you are.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The disadvantage of the eternal return is Wallace Souza. If everyone is just out there being themselves,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">how are we going to live together? How can we make peaceful and harmonious societies when all anyone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ever thinks about is what\u2019s best for themselves forever?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The eternal return is a thought experiment in which you imagine that the life you choose will repeat<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">forever.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">146<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 According to the eternal return, when faced with a dilemma in the business world\u2014what career should I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">choose, should I kill (or maybe just lie or cheat) to get ahead?\u2014you should imagine living the decision over<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and over again forever.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The eternal return maximizes individuality but does little to help individuals live together in a community.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. In your own words, what is the eternal return?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Why might the eternal return be considered a reasonable response to cultural relativism?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Write down some factors leading to a significant decision you\u2019ve made. It could be about choosing a field<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of study or a career path. Now, can you walk through each of the factors within the eternal return? Are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there any decisions you made that you\u2019d take back and change?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. If you knew the eternal return was true, could you still make the reasonable decision to choose an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">altruistic profession? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] Dom Phillips, \u201cBrazil Crime Show Host \u2018Used Murder to Boost Ratings,\u2019\u201d Times, August 13, 2009, accessed May<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">12, 2011,http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/us_and_americas\/article6793072.ece.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] Danny Gallagher, \u201cBrazilian Crime Show Host Kills for Ratings?,\u201d TV Squad, August 14, 2009, accessed May 12,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/www.tvsquad.com\/2009\/08\/14\/brazilian-crime-show-host-kills-for-ratings.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4.3 Cultural Ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">147<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define cultural ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Consider how cultural ethics works in the business world.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Examine the truth of cultural ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Consider advantages and drawbacks of a culturist\u2019s ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Is Cultural Ethics?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Culturists embrace the idea that moral doctrines are just the rules a community believes, and they accept<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that there\u2019s no way to prove one society\u2019s values better than another. Culturists don\u2019t, however, follow<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nietzsche in taking that as a reason to turn away from all traditional moral regulation; instead, it\u2019s a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reason to accept and endorse whichever guidelines are currently in effect wherever you happen to be. The<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">old adage, \u201cwhen in Rome, do as the Romans do,\u201d isn\u2019t too far from where we\u2019re at here.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Gift or Bribe or Both?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Entrepreneur magazine article posed a problem for Americans going overseas to do business. In<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">some places, passing money under the table is necessary to spark negotiations and win contracts.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">However, bribery is illegal in the United States, and US law makes it illegal for Americans to do that kind<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of thing abroad. Gifts, on the other hand, are allowed. But, according to the Entrepreneur article, it can be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">difficult to determine the difference between a gift and a bribe. In some cultures, a gesture may be seen as<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a gift, and in others it looks like a bribe.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Looking at this uncertainty, what a culturist sees is not ambiguity about whether handing the money over<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to a potential client is a legal gift or an illegal bribe. That\u2019s not it at all. A culturist sees it as both a gift and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a bribe. In one culture\u2014a nation overseas where the payment is occurring and where similar payments<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">always occur when business is getting done\u2014there are no moral qualms. It\u2019s right to give a cash gift<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because that\u2019s the rule of the country; it\u2019s the way things are commonly and properly done there. By<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">contrast, from the perspective of American business culture, the conclusion that\u2019s drawn with equal force<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is that it\u2019s an immoral bribe because that\u2019s what US customs and normal practices tell us.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cultural Ethics and International Bribery<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Culturists see moral rules as fixed onto specific societies, but that doesn\u2019t help anyone know what to do<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">when confronted with an unfamiliar set of beliefs. How, the really important question is, does a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">148<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">culturist act when forced to make decisions in a place and among people whose beliefs are different and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unfamiliar? The Entrepreneur interview with Steve Veltkamp provides one answer.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What can you do if your overseas associate demands a bribe? Veltkamp doesn&#8217;t recommend<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">asking embassies or consulates for assistance, as \u201cthey have to stick to the official line.\u201d Instead,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">he believes \u201cthe best resource in almost every country of the world is the U.S. Chamber of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Commerce, where you can find Americans who live in the country and understand how things<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">are done.\u201d [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Immediately you can see how different the culturist approach is to moral dilemmas. The message is: get in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">touch with the locals and try to do as they would in the same situation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Most traditional ethical theories go in exactly the opposite direction. They say that it doesn\u2019t necessarily<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">matter what people are actually doing. Stronger, the entire point of studying ethics has normally been<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to escape conventional wisdom and ingrained habits; the idea of doing what we ought to do requires a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">step away from those things and a cold, rational look at the situation. So, a morality based on duties sets<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">up guidelines including don\u2019t lie, don\u2019t steal and appeals to men and women in business to follow them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Acting in an ethically responsible way in the world means obeying the dictates and refusing to be swayed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">by what the guy in the next cubicle is up to. Handing someone money under the table, consequently, while<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">publicly insisting that everything\u2019s on the up and up can\u2019t be condoned no matter what anyone else does;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it can\u2019t be right because it entails at least implicit lying.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">More specifically for the culturist, Entrepreneur advises overseas business people to avoid seeking<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">guidance from embassies or consulates because those people have to stick to \u201cthe official line.\u201d What\u2019s the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">official line? Presumably, it\u2019s the set of practices delineated and approved by the State Department back in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Washington, DC. The strength of these practices is that they\u2019re formed to be universal, to work at every<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">embassy everywhere in the world. A culturist, however, looks at that and says it\u2019s silly. There are no<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">practices that work everywhere in the world. The advice government bureaucrats give is worthless; it\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">less than worthless because it departs from the error of conceiving ethics as a set of rules fitting a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">transnational reality. What people in business should actually do is get in contact with people who really<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">know something about ethics, and that requires turning to the locals, including the chamber of commerce,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because they\u2019re on the scene.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">149<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion. The culturist deals with the question about whether a bribe is ethically respectable by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ignoring all dictates received from other places and obeying the customs and standard practices of those<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who live and work where the decision is being made.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cultural Ethics and the News Reporting of Wallace Souza<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another example of how culturist ethics works comes from the flamboyant TV reporter Wallace Souza.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Like many action crime reporters the world over, he raced to violent scenes hoping to get the first and best<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">video. What counts, however, as good video in Brazil is different from what typically gets shown in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">United States. Here\u2019s a description of what Souza sent over the airwaves: \u201cIn one of Mr. Souza\u2019s shows on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">his Canal Livre programme, a reporter approached a still-smoldering body in a forest. \u2018It smells like a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">barbecue,\u2019 he says. \u2018It is a man. It has the smell of burning meat. The impression is that it was in the early<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hours\u2026it was an execution.\u2019\u201d [2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This is not the kind of report we see in the US media, and one of the differences is the ethics. Typically in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the United States, a certain respect is accorded to the deceased, even if they\u2019re criminals. It\u2019s considered<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an exploitation to directly show dead bodies, especially smoldering ones. There\u2019s quite a bit of cultural<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">analysis that would go into this prohibition, but simplifying, it\u2019s not just that reporters hold an ethical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">responsibility to others to not exploit their deaths graphically; they also have a responsibility to viewers to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not show images that may be (or probably would be) disturbing. By contrast, and as the Souza report<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shows, in Brazil the rules are different and this kind of visual makes it over the airwaves without raising<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">eyebrows or triggering moral objections.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">More generally, the question about what you\u2019re allowed to show on TV to boost the ratings and so make<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">more money is an extremely rich area of examples for cultural ethics. How graphic is the violence allowed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to be on CSI Miami? How far is the wardrobe malfunction allowed to go on the Real Housewives of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Orange County? These kinds of basic questions about decency and ratings (which means advertising<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">revenue) seem tailor made for those who believe the answers don\u2019t depend on anything more than what<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people in a certain culture will accept. They seem cut out for those believing that the value we call decency<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is nothing more (or less) than the line drawn between the number of people who will watch and the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">number who turn the TV off in disgust.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">150<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Is Culturalist Ethics True?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If it\u2019s true that there\u2019s no ethics but the kind a culturalist proposes, then this book loses a good deal of its<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">usefulness. It\u2019s lost because the main object is to help readers form and justify rules to guide their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">professional lives. Conceding that the culturalists are right, however, is also admitting that there\u2019s no<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reason to carefully analyze problems: you\u2019re far better served just checking around to see what most other<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people are doing in similar situations. Ethics isn\u2019t a test of your ability to think reasonably and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">independently; it\u2019s more a responsibility to follow the crowd.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Culturalism isn\u2019t true, however, at least not necessarily. You can see that in the reasoning underneath the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cultural approach. The reasoning starts with an observation:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In certain societies, handing money under the table is commonly considered an appropriate,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethically respectable part of business activity, and in others it\u2019s considered both illegal and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unethical.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">And moves quickly to a conclusion:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Right and wrong in the business world is nothing more than what\u2019s commonly considered right<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and wrong in a specific community.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On the surface, this argument looks all right, but thinking it through carefully leads to the conclusion that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it\u2019s not valid. A valid argument is one where the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. For<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">example, if you start from the definition that all unmarried men are bachelors, and then you observe that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">your friend John is an unmarried man, you can, in fact, conclude that he\u2019s a bachelor. You must conclude<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that. But that\u2019s not the situation with the culturalist argument because the conclusion doesn\u2019t necessarily<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">follow from the premise. Just because no broad international agreement has been reached about what<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">counts as bribery doesn\u2019t mean no agreement will ever be reached. Or making the same point more<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">generally, just because no trans-cultural theory based on universal reason has yet to conquer all local<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">beliefs and habits everywhere on the globe doesn\u2019t mean no such theory will ever accomplish that goal.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Taking the same situation in the less ambiguous world of the physical sciences, there was a time when<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">some believed the earth centered the sun and planets, while others believed the sun was at the center, but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that didn\u2019t mean the dispute would linger forever. Eventually, tools were found to convince everyone that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one side was right. So too in business ethics: one day an enterprising ethicist may find a way to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">indisputably prove on the grounds of a universal and reasonable argument that greasing palms is a bribe<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">151<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and not a gift, and it\u2019s immoral, not moral. We don\u2019t know if that will happen, but it might. Consequently,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the fact that we\u2019re unsure now as to whether any single ethics can deal with the whole world doesn\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">require shooting to the other extreme and saying there\u2019ll never be anything but what people in specific<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nations believe and that\u2019s it. The culturalist argument, in other words, isn\u2019t necessarily persuasive.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It is worrisome, though. And until someone can find a way to do for ethics what scientists did for the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">question about the earth\u2019s relation to the planets, there will always be individuals who suspect that no<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">such proof will ever come. Count Nietzsche among them. In the field of contemporary philosophy and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethics, those who share the suspicion\u2014those who doubt that no matter how hard we try we\u2019ll never be able<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to get beyond our basic cultural perspectives and disagreements\u2014belong to a movement<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">named postmodernism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Are Some Advantages and Drawbacks of Culturalist Ethics?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One general advantage of a culturalist ethics is that it allows people to be respectful of others and their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">culture. A deep component of any society\u2019s existence, uniqueness, and dignity in the world is its signature<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">moral beliefs, what the people find right and wrong. A culturalist takes that identity seriously and makes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">no attempt to change or interfere. More, a culturalist explicitly acknowledges that there\u2019s no way to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">compare one culture against another as better and worse. Though you can describe differences, you can\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">say one set of moral truths is better than another because all moral truths are nothing more than what a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">society chooses to believe.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A more specific advantage of a culturalist ethics in the economic and business world is that it adapts well<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to contemporary reality. Over the last decades we\u2019ve seen an explosion of international commerce, of large<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">corporations tearing loose from specific nations and functioning globally. This economic surge has<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">outpaced the corresponding understanding surge: we have no trouble switching dollars for euros or for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">yen, and we can buy Heineken beer from Germany and ride in a Honda made in Japan, but few of us<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">speak English, German, and Japanese. In that kind of situation, one where some dilemmas in business<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethics end up involving people we can\u2019t really talk to, culturalism provides a reasonable way to manage<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">uncertainties. When we\u2019re in the United States, we follow American customs. If we\u2019re sent on an overseas<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">trade venture to Germany or Japan, we pretty much do as they normally do there. Just in practical terms,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">152<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;\">that may well be the easiest way to work and succeed in the world, and a<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">culturalist ethics allows a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">coherent justification for the strategy.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Disadvantages<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The major disadvantage of a culturalist ethics is that it doesn\u2019t leave any clear path to making things<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">better. If a community\u2019s recommended ethical compass is just their customs and normal practices, then<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it\u2019s difficult to see how certain ingrained habits\u2014say business bribery\u2014can be picked up, examined, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">then rejected as unethical. In fact, there\u2019s no reason why bribery should be examined at all. Since moral<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">right and wrong is just what the locals do, it makes no sense to try to change anything.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This view stands in stark contrast with what we usually believe\u2014or at least would like to believe\u2014about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethics: there can be progress; we can become better. In science, we know progress occurs all the time. Our<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">collective knowledge about the sun\u2019s position relative to the planets went from wrong to right with time<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and effort, and we\u2019d like the same to happen for moral uncertainties. That\u2019s why it\u2019s so easy to imagine<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that bribery is a dirty, third-world practice, and part of our responsibility as a wealthy and developed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nation is to lead the way in cleaning it up. We clean the moral world of bad business ethics just like our<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">scientists rid the physical world of misperceptions. More, that\u2019s a central aim of America\u2019s anti-bribery<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">legislation as it applies to overseas acts: it\u2019s to cure other cultures of their bad habits. If you\u2019re a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">culturalist, however, then the bad habit isn\u2019t bribery; it\u2019s one nation trying to impose a morality on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">another.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">However you may come down on the question about whether nations should be trying to improve ethical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">customs in other places, what\u2019s inescapable is that if you\u2019re a culturalist, you don\u2019t have any ground to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">stand on when it comes to criticizing the moral practices of businessmen and women in foreign countries.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">You don\u2019t because what\u2019s going on elsewhere is an independent and legitimate ethical system and can\u2019t be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">judged inferior to our own.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another problem with a culturalist ethics is that it provides few routes to resolving conflicts within a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">society. For example, should I be allowed to go into business for myself on the land I bought in the middle<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of a residential neighborhood by opening a motorcycle bar? In Houston, the answer\u2019s yes. There\u2019s a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">community consensus there that owning a piece of land allows you to do (almost) whatever you want with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it. In legal terms, that translates into Houston being the only major American city without zoning<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">153<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">regulations. Up the road in Dallas, however, there\u2019s a similar community consensus that the rights of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">landownership are curtailed by the rights of nearby landowners. The result is strict zoning laws likely<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">prohibiting Harley conventions in the middle of family neighborhoods. At this point, a culturalist has no<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">problem; people in Houston have their codes of right and wrong and people in Dallas have theirs. What<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happens, though, in Austin, Texas, which is about midway between Houston and Dallas? What if about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">half the population believes in landowner rights at all costs and the other half goes for a more communityoriented<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">approach? A cultural ethics provides few tools for resolving the dispute beyond sitting and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">waiting for one side or the other to take control of the town. This means ethics isn\u2019t helping us solve<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">disagreements; it only arrives when, really, it\u2019s no longer needed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Proponents of cultural ethics embrace the idea that moral doctrines are just the rules, beliefs, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">customs of specific communities.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Doing the right thing within a culturalist framework relies less on traditional ethical reasoning and more on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">detecting local habits.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The culturalist view of ethics is neither true nor false. It\u2019s a reaction to the world as it is: a place with vastly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">divergent sets of moral codes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 A culturalist ethics respects other societies and their practices but loses solid hope for ethical progress.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. If you\u2019re doing business overseas as a cultural ethicist, why would it make sense to consult the local<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">chamber of commerce? Who else might you consult for moral guidance? Why?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. You go abroad to win a contract and discover that a cash gift is necessary, so you hand it over and win the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business. On returning to the United States, you put the $200 gift on your expense report. The boss is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">infuriated, calls your act an \u201cunethical, wrongheaded bribe\u201d and says she won\u2019t reimburse you the $200.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What arguments could you use to convince her that you did the right thing and should be reimbursed?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Souza\u2019s bloody TV program is popular in Brazil, especially the parts where he shows video of horridly dead<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bodies. How could a culturalist argue that the episodes should not be shown on American TV?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. A cultural ethics is neither true nor false. Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">154<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[1] Moira Allen, \u201cHere Comes the Bribe,\u201d Entrepreneur, October 2000, accessed May 12,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/magazine\/entrepreneur\/2000\/october\/32636.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] Dom Phillips, \u201cBrazil Crime Show Host \u2018Used Murder to Boost Ratings,\u2019\u201d Times, August 13, 2009, accessed May<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">12, 2011,http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/us_and_americas\/article6793072.ece.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4.4 Virtue Theory<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">155<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define virtue ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Elaborate basic virtues and show how they work in business.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Indicate how virtue is acquired.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Note an advantage and drawback of the theory.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Is Virtue Ethics?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Contemporary virtue ethics is an updated version of a theory first proposed in ancient Greece. Today\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">proponents acknowledge that it\u2019s very difficult to set up a list of moral rules that are going to solve ethical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dilemmas across cultural lines. Typically, they don\u2019t go quite so far as the culturalists; they don\u2019t believe<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that basic regulations of right and wrong are completely independent from one community to another. In<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">practical terms, however, there\u2019s agreement that the world is too diverse and changing to be controlled by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lists of recommendations and prohibitions. So proponents of virtue suggest that we change the focus of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">our moral investigations. Instead of trying to form specific rules for everyone to follow\u2014don\u2019t bribe, don\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">exploit the deceased on TV\u2014they propose that we build virtuous character. The idea is that people<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who are good will do the good and right thing, regardless of the circumstances: whether they\u2019re at home<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">or abroad, whether they\u2019re trying to win new clients or making a decision about what kind of images are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">appropriate for public TV.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In a vague sense, we all know what it means to have a virtuous character; we all know people who can be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">counted upon to do the right thing. Think of a business situation where true character shines through. A<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">local TV station has seen advertising revenue plummet and layoffs have to be made. Who should go?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Should Jim get to stay because his wife just had their first child? Should Jane get to stay because she\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fifty-seven and probably won\u2019t be able to find another job? Should John\u2014who\u2019s a tireless worker and the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">station\u2019s best film editor\u2014be laid off because he was hired only two months ago? It\u2019s a hard choice and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there\u2019s no way to know for sure what\u2019s right. It is certain, however, that there are better and worse ways of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">handling the situation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One strategy is to not think too much about it, to just know that two employees have to go, so you take the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">names that happen to come to mind, you send them an e-mail, and you instruct security to make sure<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they\u2019re escorted from the building. Then you go hide in the bathroom until they\u2019re gone. In other words,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you weasel out. In the same situation, another person will draw up criteria for making the decision and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">156<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">will stand up and inform those who are being let go why the decision was made. The thoughts<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(complaints, regrets, excuses) of those being released will be honored and heard attentively, but the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">decision will stand. From the person in charge of deciding, there\u2019ll be honesty, respect, and firmness. This<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is virtue. You can\u2019t read it in a book, you can\u2019t memorize principles, and you can\u2019t just follow some<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">precooked decision-making process. You have to have certain qualities as a person to do the right thing in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a hard situation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Virtue ethics is the idea that we can and should instill those qualities in people and then let them go out<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">into the complex business world confident that they\u2019ll face dilemmas well. What decisions will they make?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What will they do when faced with questions about who should be laid off or, in another case, whether to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hand over a bribe in a place where everyone is bribing? We don\u2019t know. But we rely on their good<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">character to be confident they\u2019ll do right.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Under this conception, these are the primary tasks of ethics:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Delineate what the virtues are.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Provide experience using the virtues.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The experience is especially important because virtue isn\u2019t so much a natural characteristic like height or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hair color; it\u2019s more of an acquired skill: something you need to work at, practice, and hone. Also, like<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">many acquired skills, doing it\u2014once a certain level of mastery has been reached\u2014is rewarding or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">satisfying. Typically, a person driven by virtue has nurtured a moral instinct for acting in consonance with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the virtues. Doing right feels right. Conversely, not acting in consonance with the virtues is discomforting;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it leaves a bad taste in the mouth. At the risk of trivializing the subject, there\u2019s a very limited comparison<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that can be made between learning virtue and learning more rudimentary activities like golf or dancing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When someone has acquired the skill, hitting a good shot or taking the right steps in perfect time feels<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">good. Conversely, missing a putt or stepping on your partner\u2019s foot leaves you consternated.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Are the Virtues and Vices?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Every advocate of virtue ethics will present a constellation of virtues that they believe captures the essence<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of what needs to be acquired to be virtuous. Typically, there\u2019ll also be a set of anti-virtues or vices to be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">avoided to fill out the picture. Here\u2019s a set of virtues overlapping with what most proponents will offer:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Wisdom (both theoretical and practical)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Fairness<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">157<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Courage<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Temperance<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Prudence<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Sincerity<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Civility<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On the outer edges, here\u2019s a common pair of vices to be avoided. Notice that what counts as a vice here<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">isn\u2019t synonymous with the common use of the word, which implies a weakness of the physical body<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">manifested as the inability to resist drunkenness, drugs, and similar:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Cowardice<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">\uf0b7 I<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"> Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nsensibility<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">How Do the Virtues and Vices Work in a Business Environment?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Wisdom as a virtue is frequently divided into theoretical and practical variations. Theoretical wisdom is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">what you get reading books and hearing college lectures. It\u2019s the acquired ability to concentrate and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">understand sentences like the one you\u2019re reading now, even though it\u2019s not very exciting and allows<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">almost no cheap thrills\u2014words like sex and drugs don\u2019t come up much. Those possessing theoretical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wisdom know the scholarly rules of the world in the abstract but not necessarily in practice. In the world<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of business, for example, someone may be able to explain the fine points of Immanuel Kant\u2019s complicated<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and dense ethical ideas, but that doesn\u2019t mean they\u2019ll be able to apply the lessons when sitting in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">someone\u2019s office in a foreign country.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Practical wisdom (sometimes called prudence) is the learned ability to take a deep breath and respond to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">situations thoughtfully. For example, everyone feels like exploding sometimes, especially at work after<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you\u2019ve had too much coffee and you didn\u2019t get the raise you wanted. After that, some guy in a meeting<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">takes a cheap shot and jokes about how you didn\u2019t win an overseas account because you didn\u2019t bribe the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">right person. What do you do? Scream the guy\u2019s head off? Talk about it quietly after the meeting? Let it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pass like nothing happened? Practical wisdom doesn\u2019t give an answer, but in the heat of the moment, it\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the virtue of making the decision coolly, of doing something you won\u2019t regret later. Frequently, an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">association is set between practical wisdom and finding a spot between extremes. In this case, perhaps it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">would be excessive to go off right there in the meeting room (because the outburst would tend to confirm<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">158<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that you\u2019re not real smart), but it might also be excessive to let the jab go as though nothing had happened<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(because the same guy may feel emboldened to keep poking at you). So practical wisdom would be the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ability to navigate a middle, prudent, route\u2014perhaps one leading to the decision to discuss the matter<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">quietly but sternly after the meeting.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Fairness is the virtue of judging people\u2019s acts dispassionately, evenhandedly, and from all points of view.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When forming judgments about a potential client who seems to be asking for a bribe, the verdict is going<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to partially depend on where the client is. If he\u2019s in the United States, that\u2019s one thing; if he\u2019s in a country<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">where clients customarily get cash under the table, that\u2019s another. No one is saying the first is wrong and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the second right, but the different contexts need to be considered, and fairness is the ability to consider<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">them, to make evenhanded judgments even in very different situations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Courage is the virtue of moderate boldness. If you\u2019re an action crime reporter, you won\u2019t hide in a bush<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">while pushing your cameraman out into the open to try to get some exciting footage. You won\u2019t, in other<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">words, be a coward. At the same time, you won\u2019t be rash either, you\u2019ll know that sometimes you need to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">take a risk to get a good story, but it doesn\u2019t make a lot of sense to stand up and film from the middle of a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gunfight.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Temperance is the virtue of self-control with respect to pleasure, especially the pleasures of the body and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the senses. Curiously, Wallace Souza stands as an embodiment of this skill. As a major league drug dealer,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">he no doubt had constant access to good, cheap, feel-good substances. Even so, he managed to control his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">intake, not letting it interfere with his day job as a TV reporter, and his other day job as a legislator.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">More generally in the workplace, temperance mixes well with the learned ability to delay gratification. For<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">example, doing good work is frequently rewarded with a better job, but it\u2019s hard to find someone who feels<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">as though they get everything they deserve every time. Temperance enters here as the ability to bear down<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and keep trying. It\u2019s also, on the other side, the ability to know when a larger change (perhaps looking for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">work at another company) may be necessary to get ahead.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Sincerity is the ability to reveal yourself to others with confidence that you\u2019ll be respected. It fits between<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the extremes of frigidity and emoting. Souza or any TV reporter has to do more than just give cold facts;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">some human, emotional component must be added to the mix. On the other hand, no one\u2019s going to watch<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a reporter who arrives at a crime scene, reports that he feels sad, and breaks down in tears. Similarly in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">international business negotiations, to establish good contact across cultures, there has to be some<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">159<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sharing of humanity. You need to reveal what kind of food you like or something similar to the people on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the other side. You don\u2019t want to go too far, though, and talk about how Japanese food reminds you of a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">childhood vomiting episode (especially when doing business in Tokyo).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Civility is the virtue of showing consideration for others without humiliating yourself. As a virtue it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doesn\u2019t mean eating with the right fork or remembering to say \u201cthank you\u201d to clients. Instead, it\u2019s the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">disposition to show others that you take them seriously while also respecting yourself. This means<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">establishing ground rules for behavior that are independent and neutral. In essence, the idea is, when<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">having lunch with your boss, you don\u2019t eat like you\u2019re sitting in front of the TV in your family room; you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">respect her, and you expect the same from her. Civility is the virtue of habitually being and expressing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">yourself in a way that establishes your presence solidly without threatening or impinging on others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Vices<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On the outside of the virtues, there are vices. Just as the accomplishment of a virtue\u2014acting in harmony<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with it\u2014yields a sense of satisfaction and confidence that you\u2019re living well, living a good life, so too the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vices produce a sensation of unease. It\u2019s not exactly a sting of conscience (like a child feels when caught<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">stealing); it\u2019s more a sense of weakness, deflation, and failure. Cowardice, for example, is a vice. It may<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">save your job if you mess up and don\u2019t confess to the problem being your fault; but for the person trained<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in virtue, the job will have lost its dignity. Insensibility is another vice. Had Souza understood that, he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">may have thought twice about those people\u2019s dead bodies he rolled out for television. He may have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">thought of their living parents, their children. And even if he hadn\u2019t, after he\u2019d presented the images he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">would\u2019ve felt that he\u2019d lapsed, that he hadn\u2019t done as well as he could.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">How Do I Become Virtuous?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Virtues aren\u2019t a list of actions you can write on the back of your hand and refer to; they\u2019re ways of living,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and the only route to becoming virtuous is to actually live those ways. Every society will have its own<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">institutions for instilling virtue, and within societies different institutions will seem more apt for some<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">than for others. In the United States, the kinds of groups that are sought out as instillers of virtue include<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the family, churches, schools, sports teams, Boy and Girl Scouts, volunteer and community organizations,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the armed forces, AmeriCorps, and similar.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">160<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Companies play a role, too. The virtuous organization will be led by individuals who are virtuous, and it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">will reward workers\u2014at least partially\u2014based on their progress toward being good people. This kind of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organization won\u2019t rely on employee handbooks and compliance rules to dictate behavior; instead, it will<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">devise strategies for nurturing the skills of a good life. They may include mentor programs, carefully<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">calibrated increases in responsibility and independence for employees, and job performance assessments<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that not only measure numerical results but also try to gauge an individual\u2019s moral contributions to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organization\u2019s undertaking.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, when confronted with moral questions\u2014\u201cWhat kind of images should I broadcast on my TV<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">report?\u201d or \u201cShould I hand money under the table?\u201d\u2014the answer won\u2019t be yes or no. It\u2019s never a yes or no;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it\u2019s always to do what my good character dictates.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">An Advantage and Drawback of Virtue Ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The principal advantage of virtue ethics is its flexibility, the confidence that those who are virtuous will be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">equipped to manage unforeseeable moral dilemmas in unfamiliar circumstances. The principal drawback<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is the lack of specificity: the theory doesn\u2019t allow clear, yes-or-no responses to specific problems like<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whether I should offer a bribe.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Virtue ethics concentrates on forming good character and then trusting people to do the right thing. At the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">heart of ethics, the formation of good character replaces the defining of specific guidelines for action.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 A society\u2019s institutions play a key role in instilling virtue.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The basic virtues tend to stress moderation, the ability to avoid taking extreme action in the face of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dilemmas.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Virtue ethics grants flexibility insofar as those who are virtuous should manage any situation well.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">161<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Would you call Souza\u2019s colorful professional life a profile of the virtue of courage? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. How might the virtue of civility come forward in the case of international bribery, in the case that you\u2019ve<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gone abroad in pursuit of a contract and the prospective client demands some cash under the table?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. What are some societal institutions you\u2019ve come in contact with that could be understood as teaching<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">virtue? What virtue(s) do they instill, and how?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4.5 Discourse Ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define discourse ethics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Show how discourse ethics can function in a business context.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Note an advantage and drawbacks to the theory.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">162<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Is Discourse Ethics?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Proponents of discourse ethics reverse the order in which we normally address ethical uncertainties.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Instead of starting with one theory or another and then taking it out into the world to solve problems, they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">start with a problem and try to create a moral structure to solve it. Ethical solutions become ad hoc,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">custom generated to resolve specific conflicts. It doesn\u2019t matter so much, therefore, that people come to an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">issue like bribery from divergent moral terrains because that difference is erased by the key element of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">discourse ethics: a foundational decision to cut away from old ideas and make new ones.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">How Does Discourse Ethics Work?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When a dilemma is faced, those involved gather and try to talk it out. The discussion is constrained by two<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">basic limits: conversation must be reasonable and civil, and the goal is a peaceful and consensual<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">resolution. As long as these ideals control what we say, we can call the result ethically respectable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Take the dilemma of international bribery: you\u2019ve left your home office in New Jersey and gone to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Somalia seeking to win construction business on a new airport. As the recent Transparency<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">International Corruption Perception Index shows, [1] you\u2019re going to discover that its customary to pass<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">some cash to a prospective client before he\u2019ll be willing to do serious business. Company policy, however,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">prohibits bribes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What do you do? If you\u2019re playing by hometown, American rules, your responsibility to company policy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and to broad honesty and fairness requires you to walk away. But if you\u2019re playing Somali rules where<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">greasing a palm seems fair and acceptable, your obligation to win contracts for the company that\u2019s paying<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">your salary requires you to pass some cash. Discourse ethics comes in here with this: instead of trying to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">impose one side\u2019s convictions on the other, the effort will be to overcome the divide by constructing a new<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and encompassing moral framework through common agreement. American rules and Somali rules are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">both thrown out, and new ones get sought. Here are steps on the way:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define the immediate stakeholders\u2014that is, those who\u2019re most affected by the dilemma and may be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gathered to resolve it. In this case, they include you and your client. Since your responsibilities to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">company are reported through your supervisor, she too could be included.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Establish a language for discussion. In the international world this is actually a real problem. Sensibilities<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">must be respected, and if you\u2019re in Somalia, just assuming that everyone will speak English might be a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">163<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">step backward. On the other hand, you probably don\u2019t speak Somali. This step then becomes a rehearsal<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for the larger problem\u2014just as you\u2019re separated by moral codes, so too you\u2019re separated by languages\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and you\u2019re going to have to find a solution. You may choose a third language, you may hire an interpreter,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">or maybe your client will be able to speak English. In any case, an agreement must be reached.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Establish the goal, which in discourse ethics is always the peaceful and consensual resolution to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dilemma.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Define the problem. Here, it\u2019s that when cash passes from you to the client, you feel like you\u2019re handing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">over an illegitimate bribe, but he feels like he\u2019s receiving a typical and acceptable gift. This stage of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">process would require fairly lengthy elaborations by all those involved of exactly what they understand<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their obligations and interests to be. Your supervisor would need to explain the company policy, why it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">exists and how she\u2019s responsible for upholding it. Your client might point out that his salary is quite low,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and the reason for that is simple: everyone accepts that his income will be supplemented by gifts. (Here,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">he might sound something like a waitress in New York City explaining to a foreign diner that her salary is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">absurdly small, but everyone expects there\u2019ll be some tipping, and it\u2019ll be more than two shiny quarters.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">You, finally, explain how you\u2019re being stretched between two obligations: the one to respect company<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">policy and the other to do the job of winning contracts.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Propose solutions. Discourse ethics is open, a kind of ethical brainstorming: those involved offer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">solutions, modify each other\u2019s\u2019 proposals, and try to discern whether a common ground can be mapped. In<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">this case, someone may propose that the prospective client offer substantial evidence that money is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">expected and customary for someone in his position in Somalia. If the evidence can be produced, if it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shows that payments are nearly universal, and it shows about how much they normally are, then perhaps<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">all parties can be satisfied. Your supervisor, seeing that the amount actually forms part of a normal salary<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and isn\u2019t some extraordinary payment, may be able to reason that the money isn\u2019t a bribe because it\u2019s not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doing what bribes typically do, which is afford an unfair advantage. In this case, if everyone\u2019s paying, then<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">no advantage will be had. It\u2019s important to note here that the logic isn\u2019t if everyone does it then it\u2019s all<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">right, because discourse ethics doesn\u2019t generalize like that. All conversations and solutions are about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">getting agreement on this one case. So your supervisor feels like handing cash over isn\u2019t a bribe any more<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">than tipping a waitress is. Your client, having received the money, will obviously be satisfied. You, finally,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">164<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">will be free to fulfill your professional obligation to win the client without sacrificing your obligation to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">respect company policy and your obligation to yourself to work in a way that\u2019s honest.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If this\u2014or any\u2014solution is reached, then discourse ethics will have done what it promised: open a way for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">concerned parties to reach agreements alleviating conflicts. Whatever the agreement is, it\u2019s an ethically<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">recommendable solution because the definition of what\u2019s ethically recommendable is just agreements<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reached through discussion.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">existence in the suburb,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about two hundred people were struck by moving vehicles, and twenty were killed. From the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">perspective of the ethics of care, can these numbers be used to form an argument against this<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">policy and in favor of a return to the previous, corrupted reality?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Money for Nothing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Richard Riley, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/rileyroxx\/2969244149\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In his blog the z spot, author Z raises two questions about people receiving unemployment paychecks.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Both are laced with suspicion of fraud. First, people who are collecting unemployment checks are required<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to show they\u2019re at least trying to get a job, but Z writes that some are \u201cshowing up for interviews in jeans<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and t-shirts.\u201d Then he asks, \u201cDo these people really want the job, or are they just showing up to say that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they are actively seeking work?\u201d [7]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He goes from there to a second critical point. \u201cSome people,\u201d Z says, \u201care collecting unemployment checks<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">even though they\u2019re actually working.\u201d What they do is turn in their unemployment form listing the days<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they worked, and those are deducted from the check they receive. That sounds OK in the abstract, but, he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">adds, \u201cThe problem is that these people who are \u2018on call\u2019 are not taking shifts that are offered to them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Those shifts don\u2019t get deducted from their unemployment. So, while there are people who are actually<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unemployed, struggling and looking to find work, there are Union employees sitting at home deciding<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">when they do and don\u2019t want to come in. And collecting unemployment.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">From the posting\u2019s response section, here are two contributions:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. It\u2019s not easy for me to swallow that my taxes are supporting people who could be working.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">184<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. I have a question. I live in Wisconsin and I know of somebody who is collecting unemployment but is not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">actually going to any job interviews or is even applying for jobs. Is this illegal? If so, how can I report this<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">without them knowing?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. If you were using the eternal return to chart your way through life, would you have any problem \u201csitting at<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">home deciding when you do and don\u2019t want to come in while collecting unemployment\u201d? If you\u2019re all right<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with that, how would you respond to the complaint from the response section that someone is paying<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">taxes to support your lifestyle?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Thinking about the people showing up for job interviews in jeans and t-shirts, what might be lacking in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their character according to a virtue ethicist? If the government is one of those institutions proponents of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">virtue look to for the instillation of good character, what might the government do in this situation in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">name of encouraging virtue?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. The second cited response to Z is a question about how an unemployment cheat can be reported<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cwithout them knowing.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o About this silent reporting, why is this not what a proponent of discourse ethics would<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">recommend?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o How could the five-step process of discourse ethics be applied to the situation? Would the guy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">complaining about paying taxes be included in the discussion? What kind of proposals might be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">voiced to rectify the situation?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Starting from the ethics of care, is there a situation you could imagine that would justify the actions of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">workers who take some shifts but decline others, and collect unemployment for those declined hours?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Single Parent in the Army<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">185<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of US Army Africa, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/usarmyafrica\/4034104565\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The post of cook in the mess hall is probably one of the Army\u2019s least dangerous assignments, the closest<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you get to actual battle is a food fight, but it\u2019s still a military job where you go and do what your orders<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">command. For Specialist Alexis Hutchinson, a twenty-one-year-old Army cook, that meant catching a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">flight to Afghanistan. She missed hers, though, intentionally. She regretted abandoning her unit, but felt<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">she had no choice. The single mother of a ten-month-old, she says she couldn\u2019t find anyone to care for her<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">child during the absence; the only potential help, her mother, was already overwhelmed by caring for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">three other relatives with health problems. Hutchinson\u2019s fear, according to her lawyer, was that if she<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">showed up at the airport, the Army \u201cwould send her to Afghanistan and put her son with child protective<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">services.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For its part, a military spokesman says, \u201cthe Army would not deploy a single parent who had nobody to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">care for a child.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The situation is under review, but for the present, just like anyone else who refuses deployment, she\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">under military arrest on her base in Georgia. [8]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Virtue ethics<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o The military is cited by virtue ethicists as a potential character-building institution, one of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">places a society molds a good citizenry. What are some of the virtues the military could be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">expected to instill? How are those reflected in this situation?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">186<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Families are a cited source of virtue. What values should we expect family life to instill? How are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">those virtues reflected in this situation?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Is there any way to bring the military virtues and the family virtues together for Hutchinson? If so,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">what might it be? If not, why not and what should she do?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Proponents of discourse ethics walk through a five-step process on the way to reaching a negotiated<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">settlement to moral conflicts. What might the five steps look like here?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. One of the objections to discourse ethics is that it can set up a slippery slope\u2014that is, the people involved<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">can form a solution that bends the rules a little bit, and next someone else wants a little flexibility too, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">then someone wants a little more, and before long, the rules have completely disappeared and everyone\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doing whatever they want. Could you sketch out how this process could happen here, with the end result<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">being the Army more or less losing the values at the core of its existence?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Ethics of care<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o One of the key elements composing an ethics of care and distinguishing it from traditional ethical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">theories is this: At the center of attention, independent actors are replaced by a web of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">interrelated individuals. Ethics, in other words, isn\u2019t about me and you, it\u2019s about us. In<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Hutchinson\u2019s case, she finds herself in the midst of at least two networks of \u201cus,\u201d two<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">communities of people to whom she owes an allegiance and care. Describe these communities<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and the links binding them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Another of the key elements composing an ethics of care and distinguishing it from traditional<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethical theories is this: The impartial application of abstract principles is replaced by the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">maintenance and harmonizing of human relationships. Ethics, in other words, is less about the fair<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">imposition of rules and more about crafting social integration. Can you find an example of this<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">conflict between an ethics of rules on one side, and an ethics of relationships on the other, in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Hutchinson\u2019s situation?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Another of the key elements composing an ethics of care and distinguishing it from traditional<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethical theories is this: Tensions between the rights of individuals get replaced by conflicts of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">responsibility to others in established relationships. Ethical tensions, in other words, aren\u2019t my<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rights versus yours, it\u2019s me torn between those I care for. In the case of Hutchinson, how is she<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">torn?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">187<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o In general, do you believe there\u2019s a place for an ethics of care in the military? If so, where? If not,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] \u201cTamica Tanksley, SCT \u201900,\u201d Temple University, accessed May 12,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/www.myowlspace.com\/s\/705\/index.aspx?sid=705&amp;gid=1&amp;pgid=1021&amp;cid=1612&amp;ecid=<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1612&amp;ciid=3725&amp;crid=0.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] Business Ethics Workshop video, accessed May 12,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/businessethicsworkshop.com\/Chapter_4\/Mordida%20in%20the% 20booklet.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[3] Business Ethics Workshop video, accessed May 12,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/businessethicsworkshop.com\/Chapter_4\/How_to_purchase_a_police_ officer.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[4] Business Ethics Workshop video, accessed May 12,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/businessethicsworkshop.com\/Chapter_4\/Quick_mordida.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[5] Alejandro Almaz\u00e1n, \u201cFin de la mordida,\u201d El Universal, November 16, 2003, accessed May 12,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/www2.eluniversal.com.mx\/pls\/impreso\/noticia.html?id_nota= 54910&amp;tabla=ciudad.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[6] Business Ethics Workshop video, accessed May 12,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/businessethicsworkshop.com\/Chapter_4\/Mordida%20in%20the% 20booklet.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[7] Business Ethics Workshop, accessed May 12,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/businessethicsworkshop.com\/Chapter_4\/Unemployment_fraud.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[8] \u201cMother Refuses Deployment,\u201d New York Times, November 16, 2009, accessed May 12,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/11\/17\/us\/17soldier.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter 5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Employee\u2019s Ethics: What\u2019s the Right Job for Me?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">188<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter Overview<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter 5 &#8220;Employee\u2019s Ethics: What\u2019s the Right Job for Me?&#8221; examines some ethical decisions facing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employees. It considers the values that underlie and guide choices about the kind of work you choose to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pursue.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5.1 Finding Jobs to Want<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Delineate ethical dilemmas and considerations in job seeking.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Discuss how values guide the search for a job.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Define job sequencing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">189<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Kind of Work Is Out There?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A question posed on a web discussion board: What Is Your Nightmare Job? Here are some answers:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Lung gunner (in a poultry processing plant: ram a nozzle down the chopped neck of a chicken and suck<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">out the lungs)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Roofer (Miami, summertime)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Urinalysis monitor (watch guys pee for eight hours, making sure no one\u2019s switching their own for some<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">friends who hasn\u2019t been using drugs)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Toll booth operator (apparently evil drivers heat quarters with cigarette lighters and drop them into the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hands of unsuspecting operators) [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">That last part about hot coins may be urban legend, but no matter what, there are jobs on the list that are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">going to make you cringe.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Wall Street Journal has a similar list, but theirs includes both a top and bottom twenty\u2014the best and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">worst jobs you can try to get or struggle to avoid.[2] Here are a few from one group:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Child-care worker<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Lumberjack<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Butcher<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Seaman<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Nuclear decontamination tech<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Nurse<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Firefighter<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">And a few from the other group:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Actuary<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Parole officer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Accountant<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Medical laboratory technician<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Paralegal assistant<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Meteorologist<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Historian<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">190<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Can you tell which jobs belong in the twenty best and which are among the twenty worst? You might have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a fix on the answer, but probably there\u2019s one or two on each list that don\u2019t seem to fit. That\u2019s because once<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you get away from the extremes\u2014the horribly bad and enviously good jobs\u2014it\u2019s difficult to define exactly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">what counts as good work.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Let\u2019s take a look at two jobs: child-care worker and actuary. It\u2019s probably true that no one really likes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">changing diapers at the day care center, and certainly it\u2019s smellier and dirtier than being an actuary, which<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is a statistical job. Actuaries take a calculator and reams of data and try to figure out how old people are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">likely to be when they die. This is important information for companies selling life insurance since they\u2019ve<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">got to make sure their clients live long enough\u2014and pay long enough\u2014to more than cover the lump sum<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that gets doled out at the end. Now there\u2019s a fair amount of money at stake here, and that\u2019s why good<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">actuaries get paid big money. The money is one reason being an actuary gets ranked as one of the best<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jobs by the Wall Street Journal. So the actuary advantages are the money, it\u2019s not stinky work, and also<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it\u2019s worth noting that there\u2019s not much stress since no one will know for sure whether your calculations<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">are right or wrong for decades. Add it all up and you\u2019ve got a potentially desirable job and career path, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kind you may want to put at the center of your working life.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Still, is it really better than a bottom-twenty job as a day care worker? If you do go the day care route, it\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">true that you\u2019ve got to wash your hands constantly, but the rest of the day, being with excited children,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">helping them take their first steps, recite the alphabet, and learn how to play with one another, that must<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be worth something; there must be a human, emotional reward in it. Undeniably, when you punch out<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">from the day care center on Friday night you won\u2019t have as much money to spend as your friend whose<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">charting future death rates, but it\u2019s also true that when you come back on Monday you\u2019ll be engaged with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">young lives instead of death. You\u2019ll be human for the day instead of a calculator.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On the other hand, no one likes poop under the fingernails. It\u2019s hard to get away from that.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, what\u2019s really curious about that first list taken from the Internet discussion board is that for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">almost all of them, there\u2019s some lone voice speaking up in favor in the comments part of the web page. A<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">toll booth operator, for example, wrote in to say that he likes his job because there\u2019s no boss staring over<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">his shoulder. And roads don\u2019t go out of business, so he doesn\u2019t have to worry too much about corporate<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">downsizing or economic recessions. Nearly every job, it seems, looks OK to someone. Even in the worlds<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of lung gunners and urinalysis monitors, there are people who are decently happy with what they\u2019re doing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">191<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Why Is a Career Decision Ethical Instead of Just a Personal Decision about Jobs?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Normally we think of ethics as providing guidelines for how to treat other people\u2014don\u2019t steal, don\u2019t lie.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">But ethics is also about how we treat ourselves and the responsibilities we have to ourselves. One of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">deepest of the responsibilities is making thoughtful and independent decisions about what\u2019s worth doing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and what isn\u2019t. Narrowing this to economic reality, the most tangible choice you\u2019re going to have to make<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is where am I going to go to work when I wake up in the morning? This decision\u2014choosing a job and a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">career path\u2014is about value. Every time the alarm goes off, you affirm what definitely matters in your life<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and what\u2019s really not so important.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">These value judgments are rehearsed in comparing the so-called bottom-twenty job in the day care center<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with the so-called top-twenty job of an actuary. There are big advantages to being an actuary: money and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">relatively fixed hours (no parents get stuck in traffic and leave you with a screeching three-year-old until<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">8:00 p.m.). But day care also has advantages: you work in a life-affirming profession while reaping the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">human reward of helping children learn.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It\u2019s true that on paper being an actuary probably looks better. But life doesn\u2019t happen on paper. That\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">why, every day, people make the decision to go work at the day care center, despite everything. Or to be a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">teacher at an inner-city junior high school. Or to be a lumberjack because the opportunity to work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">outdoors outweighs the sore muscles. The possibilities are nearly endless.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the end, you\u2019re the only one who can decide what to do when the alarm goes off, and you have an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethical responsibility to yourself to make the best decision you can.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Seven Values for Ranking Jobs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">To start thinking about jobs in terms of the values they respond to, these questions are pivotal. For me,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">how important is it that my work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. is meaningful,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. allows leisure time,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. accumulates money,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. bestows power,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. radiates prestige,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">192<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. is comfortable,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7. provides security?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The question about meaningful work is the hardest to cleanly answer. Even defining exactly what counts<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">as \u201cmeaningful\u201d isn\u2019t easy. Definitely, its work that holds significance for you or the larger community<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">apart from how much you\u2019re paid, how big your office is, how long your vacations stretch. Still, it\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">difficult to pin down exactly what counts as a meaningful job. Unlike money, which you can just add up,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">meaning is more like a color: hard to describe, changes a bit depending on the light and people tend to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">have their own palettes of good and bad.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On her blog, Kendra Kinnison writes that she \u201cbelieves her purpose in life is to use her ability to discover<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">connections and present them in an innovative way to support the creation and building of healthy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">businesses and to inspire others to accept Jesus Christ and to discover and utilize their gifts.\u201d [3]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">She\u2019s got it down. There\u2019s nothing about salary or how many employees she has working underneath her.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">She does want to be in business; it\u2019s not like her religion has led her off to be a missionary. But at the same<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">time she wants to work on her terms and within her priorities. Probably, there are career slots where she<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wouldn\u2019t fit too well (imagine her trying to help others and spread her faith while working at a used car<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dealership), but maybe starting up a local day care center would suit her ideals. True, the Wall Street<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Journal tells us that are a bad job, but it doesn\u2019t sound like it would be a bad one for her.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Look at the Greenpeace recruitment page: http:\/\/greenpeace.org\/international\/about\/jobs. Their job<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">openings read like anti-ads, like they\u2019re trying to discourage your application. There are some uplifting<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">parts about \u201cchallenging work,\u201d but nothing about the potential for huge, year-end bonuses, or rapid<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">advancement, or generous health insurance, or comfortable working conditions. In all those terms,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">working for Greenpeace sounds pretty bleak. Which is part of the reason it\u2019s so clear that this is a job for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people who want meaning in their professional lives, a purpose separate from their own comfort, and one<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">involving the environment?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Not all meaningful work has to be based on faith or tied to internationally known advocacy organizations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chances are there\u2019s a woman not too far from where you live who\u2019s in the music business at the grassroots<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">level: she offers piano lessons. Knock on her door and ask why she does it year after year; she may say she<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">believes in music, its beauty, and its contribution to what she considers a full life. Your college athletic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">director might say something similar about sports. Or go to the nearest farmer\u2019s market\u2014you won\u2019t find a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">193<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lot of money changing hands; it\u2019s definitely not big business, but you\u2019ll probably run into someone eager<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to discuss the virtues of organic food in terms that sound more like a crusade than a menu choice.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Actually, organic food is big business. Beyond seeds in the fields and the scattered crates of the farmers\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">market, there\u2019s a growing, and growingly profitable business in the massification of the organic. Anyone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">walking through the local Whole Foods will see a lot of the color green. What won\u2019t be seen\u2014but what\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">definitely up above\u2014is an impressive corporate structure with big-salary managers making million-dollar<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">stocking decisions every day. As far as money goes, they\u2019re doing well for themselves\u2014like any<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">multibillion-dollar corporation, Whole Foods pays its leading executives big money. [4] But hunched over a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">desk and tapping on a keypad, hasn\u2019t their work been bleached of the meaning and devotion that abides<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with the vegan wearing dirty overalls and trying to sell strawberries in an empty parking lot Saturday<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mornings? Maybe. Or maybe not. Meaningful work doesn\u2019t require that the only jobs you\u2019ll accept are low<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">paying.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">More jobs and kinds of work could be added here, but whatever you believe in, you should be able to find<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">some employment that lets you approach it. As for how close you can get to truly meaningful work that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">will probably depend to some extent on trade-offs, on how much you\u2019re willing to give up in terms of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">leisure time, job security, and other comforts. Regardless, the real key is that meaningful work sets a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">specific purpose before everything else. With respect to lining up a career path, you don\u2019t start with a list<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of jobs and then find one that suits your interests; it\u2019s the opposite: you start with your deep interest and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">then find a job that lets you pursue it.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, two cautionary points: While it\u2019s true that people devoted to meaningful work frequently sacrifice<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money, leisure time, and job security, the logic doesn\u2019t work the other way. Most of the time, low pay,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">short vacations, and a constant threat of unemployment don\u2019t mean you\u2019ve chosen a noble career; they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">just mean you\u2019ve got a crappy job.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">And on the other side, there are the holy grails out there. Probably, some higher-ups at Whole Foods got<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">into the line of work because they find the promotion of organic food meaningful, and they ended up with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">enviable salaries as well (in other words, they\u2019re in it for the organic cause more than the money, but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they\u2019re happy to get the money). In a different direction, Michael Jordan loved basketball and also ended<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">up getting paid handsomely to play. The photographer Annie Leibovitz loves and is dedicated to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">photography, but she\u2019s not making many sacrifices to do it: traveling to exotic places, living well, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">194<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">meeting interesting people. Former vice president Al Gore believes in saving the planet as much as any<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sweating deckhand on the Greenpeace boat; the difference is he wrote a book about it that sold millions of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">copies and made him millions of dollars.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion about meaningful work: dedicating your professional life to a cause or activity that you believe<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in doesn\u2019t mean low wages and long hours. A lot of times it does, but that\u2019s not the point.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another question shaping job seeking is leisure time. How important is it? In a sense, this is the mirror<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">image of meaningful work. If you believe in something like promoting organic food, playing basketball,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">taking pictures, saving the planet, or even watching game shows on TV, it\u2019s perfectly reasonable to find a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">job in some other field that provides the income you need in the fewest hours possible and then lets you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">get out and do what you really want with the rest of your time. More or less, what you say here is I\u2019m just<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">going to X out that part of my life where I\u2019m working. In the extreme case, the attitude is, \u201cI don\u2019t care<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">how bad it is, I just want to get through it.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Discovery Channel series The Deadliest Catch about crab fishing in the Arctic shows how cold, smelly,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and ugly work can be; but a few months of it and you get a year\u2019s worth of wages and the free time to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">spend it. One important concept here is instrumentalism, which means that work becomes an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">instrument\u2014a tool allowing you to get or do something else.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The third question about jobs and values involves money. Like sacrificing hours of work to get leisure,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">punching the clock to accumulate cash makes your job an instrument. Money is also the easiest way to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organize your professional life. You can count it; if one job pays more than another, its better.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">But this easiness can also be a trap. For anyone just out of college and facing a hazy and unclear world<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">where all the decisions seem so difficult, it\u2019s easy to get tempted by the smoothest route: just check the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">possibilities out there and go for whatever pays the most. At least that way you know you\u2019re not messing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">things up completely. So there\u2019s something to be said for going that safe route, but this also needs to get<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">underlined. From the perspective of your responsibilities to yourself, the better-paying job is only the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">better job if you\u2019ve already made the decision to value career options in terms of how much they pay.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There\u2019s nothing necessarily wrong with that decision. Of course the Hollywood movies and the Habitat for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Humanity volunteers hanging around campus looking for recruits are all going to tell you that you\u2019ve got<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to follow your heart, do meaningful work, and contribute to society. And if you face them up and flat out<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">195<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">say you\u2019re just in it for the money, there are always going to be whispers about greed and accusations like<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">being a sellout.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In defense of money, though, dedicating your career to getting it makes a lot of sense, and it can do a lot of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">good, too:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 If you\u2019ve got student loans, it\u2019s good to be able to pay them back, as it\u2019s the fulfillment of a duty to fidelity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 If you do feel a need to support causes like protecting the planet, most advocacy organizations will be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happy to receive a cash donation. The truth is, they\u2019d probably rather have the money than a few<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">volunteer hours.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Making money means participating in an economy that\u2019s getting richer, and doesn\u2019t that end up making<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">life better for everyone? Faced with Habitat for Humanity volunteers who ask you to join them in building<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shelter for the needy, couldn\u2019t you even make the case that contributing to an economy that functions well<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">actually helps people more\u2014at least in the long run\u2014by producing jobs so they can purchase their own<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">home instead of relying on volunteers to build one?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 You may have children. Clothes are expensive. Summer camp is expensive. The holidays are expensive.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">True, little ones might still be a long way off, but when they come, a new set of responsibilities arrive, too,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and just about the only way you can begin preparing for them now is by making sure that, on the money<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">side at least, the house is in order.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There\u2019s more to this list, but when it comes to choosing a job with an eye on the salary factor, it\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">important to spend some time with this question: Why is it, exactly, that money has value for me?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If you\u2019re looking for power, you could do a lot worse than being a judge. True, you spend your days<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">listening to lame excuses for shoplifting and the bogus assurances of repentance from drug dealers, but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with the pound of a (little wooden) hammer, you get a police officer to rumble over and haul people off to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jail. In court, even someone mouthing off is enough to slap them with contempt and assign them to a few<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hours of lockup.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The military, politics, policing: all these fields will appeal to anyone who sets the possession of power as<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one of the most valuable aspects of a job. Less directly, people in the news media can decide which issues<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">center popular attention by mentioning them on the radio broadcast, the TV news show, or the current<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">affairs blog. That\u2019s serious influence, shaping what people are thinking and talking about in our shared<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">world.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">196<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Obviously, bosses in most fields of work have power. Usually they like to say that they have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cresponsibilities,\u201d but frequently part of holding the responsibility to carry out a project is having the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ability to hire and fire the people participating. Advertising is also about power. It\u2019s not as explicit as the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ability to get someone hauled off to jail or sent to the unemployment line, but masters of the craft can get<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people to believe that they really need some electronic device that they didn\u2019t even know existed thirty<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seconds ago. There\u2019s power in schools, too. If you\u2019re in this class as a distribution requirement, that means<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">someone has decided for you what you\u2019re supposed to know.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The bottom line is that power\u2014and the various jobs that grant it\u2014exist in many places, and some are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">more transparent holders of force than others. So one of the keys to understanding power as a career<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">option is being sensitive to the different ways it works. Commanding a platoon of soldiers fits the bill, but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">so does sending out an army of TV commercials.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Even more than money, power is vilified as a career goal. If you tell your friends that all you care about is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money, they might think you\u2019re greedy, but they\u2019ll probably keep in touch over the years, figuring you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">could invite them to your Hamptons beach house for a great weekend. If you tell everyone that all you care<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about is power, though, they\u2019ll probably think you\u2019re weird and drop you off their Facebook friends list.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The image we get from popular culture of a power-hungry careerist is a drooling madman with clenched<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fists, too much caffeine, and maybe a copy of Machiavelli\u2019s The Prince on the nightstand. And it\u2019s not just<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the movies. Deborah Gruenfeld, a professor in the Stanford Graduate School of Business and expert in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">psychology of power in the workplace believes: \u201cThose in positions of power can be observed to act in a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">manner that is peculiar and that often has no connection to reality.\u201d [5]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ouch.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There must be something there, though. If power were really so bad, we wouldn\u2019t have to worry about it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">since no one would want it. But people do want it; it\u2019s just that hardly anyone wants to admit it.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In a sense, prestige is the opposite of power. Almost everyone says they\u2019d love a job granting prestige, but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not many are willing to give up much for it. Going all the way back to the Wall Street Journal article,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201chistorian\u201d is on the top-twenty list of desirable jobs, and \u201cphilosopher\u201d is there, too, on the longer, uncut<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">version of the story. Salary isn\u2019t the reason they\u2019re included among the twenty best, and there\u2019s not much<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">direct power to those jobs either. (Despite what you think, professors don\u2019t get any rush out of failing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">197<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people. Only rarely, anyway.) There is job security if you\u2019re a tenured university professor, but the main<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">benefit of a prestigious job is the \u201cwow\u201d factor:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cWhat do you do for a living?\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cI\u2019m a historian.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cWow.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">After a few minutes in which everyone in the conversation acknowledges that this is very interesting, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">talk switches back to more normal topics. Later on, people quietly wonder why anyone would choose to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">spend more or less his or her entire life in school. That doesn\u2019t detract from the prestige of the career<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">path, though.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Being a doctor is prestigious, and (even if we hate to admit it) being a lawyer is, too, although it\u2019s also true<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that part of the prestige accrues from the fact that you know people who have these jobs probably have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">some money too.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Paul Teutuls (father and son), along with Mikey Teutul, hold prestige jobs at Orange County<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Choppers, and they were prestigious even before the TV show.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One of the thorny parts of prestige as a career goal is the difficulty in finding jobs that straight-out<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">specialize in that. Frequently, what makes this kind of job attractive isn\u2019t purely prestige, usually there\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">something else mixed in. Being a judge is prestigious, but partially because you know there\u2019s some real<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">power there. Being a struggling rock musician is pretty good in terms of prestige, but only if there\u2019s some<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sober hope that one day you\u2019ll convert into a legitimate star and not just end up with no money and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">damaged eardrums. On the other end of the musical spectrum, a jazz musician who tells people that\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">what he does for a living can usually count on getting a few people to say \u201cthat\u2019s cool\u201d or \u201cthat\u2019s so<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">interesting,\u201d but again, part of the reason is the mixing of the music with the sense that this person has<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">found meaningful work, something they\u2019d probably be doing for free if no one was paying.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, the signature difference between prestige and meaningful work is that prestigious jobs by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">definition demand an audience. People dedicated to a meaningful cause like protecting the welfare of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">animals can labor in obscurity all their lives doing simple things that virtually no one notices, like running<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a kennel for out-of-town dog owners where the pets get treated with extraordinary levels of respect. But<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for this work to cross from meaningful into prestige, someone at some point has to look and say, \u201cWow.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">198<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Comfort on the job comes in all forms, spanning from the size of your desk, to how often you need to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">travel in cramped airplanes, to the clothes you need to wear while on the clock. The Wall Street<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Journal article grades jobs to some extent on comfort, though they call the category \u201cEnvironment.\u201d Here<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">are some components of an (un)comfortable workday:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Physical demands (crawling, stooping, bending, etc.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Work conditions (toxic fumes, noise, etc.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Physical environment extremes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Stamina required<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Degree of confinement<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This is a good list of factors that move the needle on the comfort scale, but there\u2019s something very<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">important missing from it. On the comfort scale, Arctic fishermen aren\u2019t going to score highly in terms of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">physical working conditions; they\u2019re cold and wet and living in a cramped space. The food\u2019s bad. On the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">other hand, it takes a certain type of person to sign up for a job like that\u2014a very, very specific kind of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">person. And if you\u2019re seriously thinking about it, there\u2019s a decent chance you\u2019re going to hit it off with\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you\u2019re going to feel comfortable with\u2014the other people who are doing it. The boat, consequently, will be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">uncomfortable, but the company of people you\u2019re with may be comforting.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Looking not just at the physical characteristics of the job but the other characters that\u2019ll be there doing it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with you is important for the obvious reason: you spend a lot of time at work. (\u201cI spend more time with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you guys than with my husband\/wife\u201d is a constant refrain in some offices.) So if your sense of humor<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">works well with a bunch of people you happen to know, and it turns out that many of them are nurses,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">which tell you something about how you\u2019re going to feel about seeing them bright and early every<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">morning, Monday through Friday.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In his book Vital Friends: the People You Can\u2019t Afford to Live Without, Tom Rath organizes data from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Gallup polls and studies to show that employees who have good friends in the office tend to stay longer in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a job. It\u2019s difficult to prove things about happiness, of course. It\u2019s even hard to know exactly what<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happiness is, but it seems fair to suspect that there might be a connection between duration in a job and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happiness with the job. And if there is, then feeling comfortable with the people you work with\u2014laughing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">when they laugh, watching the same TV shows, whatever\u2014should be a job consideration.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">199<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Pushing the importance of workmates in a different direction, in a blog post, a woman calling herself<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Penelope (she doesn\u2019t give a last name) makes a point about flourishing at work: \u201cYou\u2019ll learn the most on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a job by having a great mentor looking after you.\u201d [6] If that\u2019s true, then if you choose to work in a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">profession that\u2019s full of the kind of people you respect, admire, understand, and get along with, you\u2019re<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">likely to do better for yourself than working with the kind of people you don\u2019t take seriously (or who don\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">take you seriously).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Fitting in, the point is, with the people at work isn\u2019t just a fringe benefit; it\u2019s a critical value to factor into<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the selection of one or another career line.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For the young, job security seems like a distant virtue, a fuddy-duddy aspiration for the over-the-hill<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">crowd. In fact, even for the not-so-young it\u2019s fuddy-duddy. It\u2019s also one of the most volatile of the values<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you can assign to your job search, one of the most prone to surges and retreats.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When you wake up at 3 a.m. and then can\u2019t get back to sleep because there\u2019s a recession and you know<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cutbacks are coming, all of a sudden holding a position that maybe isn\u2019t too glamorous but is certainly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">necessary\u2014like being a day care worker\u2014doesn\u2019t seem so bad.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The day you learn your family will be growing by one is another of those moments when security\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">importance blows up. And the day your husband loses his job, that\u2019ll be another security surge.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Then there\u2019s age. It\u2019s a delicate subject\u2014for legal reasons no employer wants to go on record saying they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">won\u2019t hire people older than fifty\u2014but there comes a point when years become a disadvantage for job<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seekers, which explains why an entire subfield of the r\u00e9sum\u00e9-writing business has now sprung up to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">manage the problem. Jeanne Knight, a certified career coach and r\u00e9sum\u00e9 expert, says, \u201cWhat candidates<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">can do to make themselves look younger in a r\u00e9sum\u00e9 is only list ten to fifteen years of work experience.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Also, drop graduation dates and make sure you list any seminars or workshops that focus on new<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">technology.\u201d[7]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">So you can figure that if older people are going that far to camouflage their overabundant experience, it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">must be hard to get hired after fifty. And if that\u2019s true, you better have good job security at forty-nine.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, the easiest way to define job security is just the confidence that you won\u2019t be fired next week, but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the discussion broadens very naturally. For example, demographic trends tell us that the American<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">population is aging, so if you\u2019re deciding between studying to be an athletic trainer or a nurse, you may<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">well figure that over the next twenty years it\u2019s probably going to be easier to find work in the nursing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">200<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">home than the gymnasium, and that holds regardless of how secure any single job may appear right now.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Or again, computer technologies keep entering our lives faster and from more directions, and that\u2019s a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">good clue about future job prospects.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In any case, if you\u2019re reading this, it\u2019s possible that you\u2019re what marketers are calling a millennial,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">meaning someone born between 1980 and 1995, more or less. If you fit the category, the TV show 60<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Minutes believes you think this: \u201cWe have options. We can keep hopping jobs. No longer is it bad to have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\">https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">four jobs on your r\u00e9sum\u00e9 in a year. Whereas for our parents or even generation X, that was terrible. But<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that\u2019s the new reality for us. And we\u2019re going to keep adapting and switching and trying new things until<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">we figure out what it is.\u201d [8]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Probably, the value of job security arrives along with the realization that companies can say the same<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">thing about employees. A lot of them do.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Balancing the Values<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One factor can be chosen to weigh more heavily than everything else combined when sorting out the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">values for initiating a job search. The imbalance would go a long way toward efficiently filtering career<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">possibilities. For many, however, the priorities won\u2019t sort out so easily: it\u2019ll be necessary to balance<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">competing values, to trade one against another when considering specific jobs and career paths. Someone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">may, for example, value both money and comfort, but that doesn\u2019t help answer the question about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whether a job on an Alaskan crabbing ship is more or less attractive than a summer on the beach in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lifeguard stand. In the longer term, holding the two values won\u2019t help to decide between the career of an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">undersea welder or an office worker.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">How can individuals get a grip on what their own priorities are, and how much each weighs? In his essay<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cStrategic Planning\u2014For the Good Life,\u201d Robert Solomon offers a provocative question: \u201cLooking back<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">over your life from a rocking chair, what would you like to remember\u2014and how would you like to be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">remembered?\u201d [9]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Of course, the idea isn\u2019t to lock you into a life plan based on how things might look in the distant future.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">You have no way of knowing how things will be, and if you\u2019re a millennial, we know you don\u2019t like life<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">plans anyway. Instead, the idea is to try to get a revealing angle on the question of what values in work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">201<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">really matter for you. The aim is to step away from everything and get a different perspective, a fresh look<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">at the problem.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">That\u2019s important because real life, moving along fast as it does, can narrow your perspective, get you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">caught seeing things more or less the way everyone around you does. Faced with a career center job board<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">filled with interview schedules of visiting corporate recruiters, isn\u2019t it easiest just to sign up for the ones<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">your friends are signing up for? If everyone in your sorority is talking about going to work at one agency<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">or another, or if half the people you know are getting teaching degrees, the temptation\u2019s there to just<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">follow along.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When looking at things from extreme or unusual angles, those herding forces recede. At least for a bit you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">can make yourself turn away from what everyone else is doing, leaving you no choice but to arrange your<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">own priorities for determining the kind of work you want to get involved with. Importantly, the idea isn\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to eliminate other people from consideration but to eliminate consideration that just imitates what other<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people are thinking. Here\u2019s the beginning of a list of questions aiming to do that, aiming to shake up<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">thinking about the career choice and force some sorting of the basic values determining which way the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">choice is going to go:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Of the seven discussed values\u2014meaning, leisure time, money, power, prestige, comfort, security\u2014can you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rank them, or at least group them, from the most to least important for you? Can you take some of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jobs or careers you\u2019ve been considering and loosely rank them in terms of how well they fit with your list<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of values?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 To make the list of values more manageable, can you cut it down by just eliminating some concerns that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you really don\u2019t share?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Are there any values you think should be added to the list?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Can you make a short list of other people whose opinions are important to you, and then loosely imagine<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">how they would rank the seven values for evaluating jobs? If you can, is their ranking similar to yours or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">different? If it\u2019s similar, are you sure you\u2019re thinking for yourself? If it\u2019s different, are you sure your values<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for work align with the kind of life that you respect?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 What would you like to tell your parents you\u2019ve decided to do for a living?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">202<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Career day at the elementary school. You\u2019re standing in front of your own child\u2019s class talking about your<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">work. What kinds of things would you like to report and be proud to say? Looking back at your original<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">list of values for jobs, does it correspond with the classroom scene?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 You\u2019ve got six months to live: what do you do? Is it something that might be related to work or is it a pure<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">leisure activity? (Can you imagine any job that would allow you to do that activity, whatever it is,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">throughout your career?)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 You\u2019ll live 600 years\u2014and have to work during 550 of them\u2014does that change your work priorities?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Should it?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 You\u2019ll live 600 years\u2014and have to work during 55 of them\u2014does that change your work priorities? Should<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 For you, is the term couch potato a slur or just the name of a comfortable lifestyle? Are there anti\u2013couch<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">potato and pro\u2013couch potato career tracks?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Your rich uncle dies and leaves you a sum of money and private instructions to use it to put poor children<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">through school in Mexico. It\u2019s also enough to pay your college and leave a good amount left over for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whatever. No one\u2019s watching\u2014no one will ever know. What do you do? What does this tell you about the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">place money have in your life?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Madonna and Mick Jagger are among the world\u2019s two richest rock stars. Imagine you could have all their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money, but be a complete unknown and have no sense of rhythm. Would you prefer that or would you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">trade all the money to have their success, voice, and rhythm for one year on a world tour? Does the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">decision correspond with your original ranking of the seven values?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 For you, which would be better: spending big money or having people know you\u2019ve got big money to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">spend? If it\u2019s the second, is there a way to command respect from others that\u2019s easier to achieve than<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wealth?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Friday night, you\u2019re with a new group of people who know little about you. Would you rather tell them<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you\u2019ve been invited to a dinner at the White House for notable citizens or you\u2019ll be having dinner<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tomorrow at your own expansive beach house?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 You sign up for a blind dating service, hoping to meet someone to marry. The only thing you get to choose<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about the man or woman you\u2019ll be paired with is his or her job. What job would you choose to match you?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Next, imagine that you\u2019re not ready for marriage, still exploring, and you go to the same service. What\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">203<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the job this time? If the two jobs are really different, does that reflect anything about where you\u2019re at with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">respect to the kind of work you want for yourself?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Do you like being in charge, no one is telling you what to do, even telling other people what to do? Be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">honest, no one\u2019s listening. By the way, would your answer change if people were listening?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 A brutally long Friday at work comes to an end at 9 p.m. On the elevator ride down with some people in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the office, there\u2019s a power outage. No one\u2019s around to fix the machinery or let you out. What kind of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people would you like to have in the elevator with you? Is it possible to match these people up with the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kind of people frequently involved in one or another profession? (Alternatively, what kind of people would<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lead you to investigate how your keys or the pen in your pocket could be used as a suicide implement?)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 If you could wear anything you wanted to work every day, nose rings included, what would it be? Is there<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">really an office anywhere where people do dress that way? What would you be willing to give up to work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there, and what does that tell you about the importance of environment (or comfort in the broad sense)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for your work?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 At the end of every month, your boss gives you a choice. You can have your $4,000 check or you can spin<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a lottery wheel with a range of numbers from $1 to $8,000. Would you take the $4,000 check or spin?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Does this tell you anything about the importance of job security?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 If you\u2019ve had time to read through this entire list of questions, do the answers you gave more or less<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">correspond with the ranking of the seven values\u2014meaning, leisure time, money, power, prestige, comfort,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">security\u2014that you set up at the beginning?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Whose Job Is It, Anyway?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">No one can decide for you what line of work to start down; it\u2019s a decision only you can make and that you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">have to make for yourself. This doesn\u2019t mean, however, that your life is the only one involved in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">decision. Here\u2019s a blog post: \u201cI think people need to find the right job for them, the one that will make<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">them happy. My parents are always telling me to get a successful and well-paying job, however the job<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that I really want to do probably isn\u2019t the best paying job, but it would make me happy if I fulfill my<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dream. I think people need to go out and do what they want and they will be successful in different<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ways.\u201d[10]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">204<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Sounds good, but is it right? If you\u2019ve adopted egoism (morality = self-interest) as your ethical compass,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">then it is. Egoism makes the job search relatively easy; just find the one that will make you most happy.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On the other hand, if you think of yourself as more of a utilitarian\u2014someone guided by the conviction that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the morally recommendable act is the one bringing the greatest good to the greatest number\u2014then it\u2019s not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">clear whether this is the right way to go or not. On one side, it\u2019s true that pursuing your dream of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">professional satisfaction is good, but your parents\u2019 satisfaction\u2014everyone\u2019s satisfaction\u2014has to be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">factored in too. It could be that your parents\u2019 wishes\u2014and the happiness they enjoy if you follow their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">advice\u2014outweigh the happiness and welfare you take from a career they recommend against.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Staying with the parents, and taking their side, what kind of ethical arguments can they launch against<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">your career choice? One of the strongest is going to be obligation in the sense of gratitude, in the sense<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that we have a duty to repay those who\u2019ve given to us. Most of us sense this as the courtesy of returning<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">favors. Sometimes we feel it in an inverted form as the desire to decline a gift that seems so great we won\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be able to pay it back. The case could be made that this sense of obligation and gratitude is a virtue, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">result of a proper upbringing. Or it may be more like a duty, a sense of fairness inherent in the idea of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethics in the first place. Regardless, it\u2019s too late to go back now for you and your parents. All you can do is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">add up everything they\u2019ve done for you and everything you\u2019ve done for them. It\u2019s doubtful that there\u2019s any<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kind of balance.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In Portuguese, the word commonly used to say \u201cthank you\u201d is obligado, meaning I\u2019m obligated, and there<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">aren\u2019t many instances where the word is more apt than the parental relation with children. Faced with the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">obligation, these are possible responses:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 I accept my obligation and will follow the career path my parents\u2019 desire.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 I accept my obligation, but I\u2019ll pay it off by bringing up my own children and letting them off the hook<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">when they hit adulthood (or through some other mechanism of repayment).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 I accept my obligation, but I won\u2019t respect it.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Of course people are always free to pursue that last course, to say the obligation is there and I don\u2019t care.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">But if you want to continue acting ethically, that shifts the burden onto you to build a structure<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for justifying walking away.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Moving from parents to others, what kind of ethical responsibilities do you hold to your spouse if you\u2019re<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">married and to children if they arrive? There\u2019s nothing wrong with being, say, a starving actor working for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">205<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that one break on the way to fame. But it\u2019s a different thing entirely when you\u2019re asking someone else to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">starve too so that you can go on trying to be the next Johnny Depp.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Do you owe anything to that math teacher who saw that you had exceptional ability with numbers and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">used her own time after class to patiently tutor you on the subject? She probably wouldn\u2019t have bothered if<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">she knew you were going to end up working at something that doesn\u2019t involve math-related skills. She did<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bother, though, so does that create a responsibility\u2014even if it\u2019s only a small one\u2014to use that ability in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">your professional life, to find a job that exploits your skill with numbers that she helped you acquire?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, at the broadest level, what obligations do you have to the impersonal community around you, to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">all those people you barely know or have never met\u2014the woman behind the counter at the gas station, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">plant worker in Germany who helped assemble your car, some taxi driver in Thailand whose life will never<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">touch yours in any way? Do you owe anything to them when thinking about your long, eight-hour days?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This Is the Perfect Job for Me\u2026Right Now<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One way of dividing up the responsibility felt to yourself and to the others who share your world<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is career sequencing\u2014that is, defining zones of life and evaluating each separately in terms of work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">priorities and aspirations. Meaningful labor\u2014signing up for a rugged, low-paying trip on the Greenpeace<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ship\u2014may fit with your values right out of school. The trip allows a broad ethical vision of work, one<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seeking to incorporate the welfare of others at a good time for you, while your own needs are limited.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Later on, lucrative work\u2014signing up for a desk job administering a tourist cruise ship where the hours are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fewer and the pay higher\u2014might prove the better fit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Making the move from meaningful work to a more salary-centered vision of the workplace may simply<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">correspond to the realization that walking around in ripped jeans and a t-shirt doesn\u2019t work with a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">receding hairline. Or it may be that the others you hope to benefit with your time have come closer to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">home: it\u2019s not that you want to make the world a better place anymore so much as make the world better<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for your family.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Tuck School of Business has published a report on sequencing in today\u2019s world. [11] Among the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">findings: employees, led by women especially, are professionalizing the movement in and out of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">workplace. Exiting the daily grind to have a child is no longer understood so universally as leaving work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">so much as a planned interruption to pursue personal goals. The difference between leaving and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">206<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">interrupting is that many women now step off the career track fully intending to return in the not-sodistant<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">future and to resume the professional trajectory already established. It\u2019s not putting on the brakes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">so much as taking a detour.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Men, the study finds, are following suit. Some are taking paternity leaves, more or less along the lines<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pioneered by women, but the study also finds workers interested in professional detouring for the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">following reasons:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 An avocation outside of work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Stress and burnout<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Entrepreneurship<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In all three cases, space along the career\u2019s way is being pried open for different values to enter and at least<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">temporarily redefine the relation with work.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Why don\u2019t people sequence? What keeps them in jobs they\u2019d like to get away from, at least temporarily?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Fear that they won\u2019t be able to get their jobs back leads the list. The study also shows, though, that many<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employees in essence think that sequencing is wimpy, and it\u2019ll mark them as unreliable and, therefore, unpromotable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">That perception may not be right, though. The study is a snapshot of a changing situation, so<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it\u2019s difficult to draw too many conclusions, but the authors do sense that that the direction of evolution<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is toward sequencing, not away. More and more higher-level managers are willing to accommodate<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employees who want to take detours; they\u2019re willing to make space for them to come and go (as long as the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">coming and going isn\u2019t constant).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">To the extent that\u2019s right, the ethical relation with job selection transforms. It\u2019s no longer the formation of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">values for choosing a career track leading into the indefinite future; instead it\u2019s a process. The ethical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">question about your work, \u201cWhat\u2019s the right kind of job for me?,\u201d is now a lingering concern, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">answering is a constant responsibility.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Do I Have to Decide?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Some millennial are big on job hopping, on experimenting with work first and then deciding on a path<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">instead of doing all the ethical considering up front. This is an attractive option.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There\u2019s a risk here, though: it\u2019s the trivialization of professional life. If you\u2019re just going to take whatever<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">job comes along and see how it works out, then why bother even thinking about it at all? In fact, why<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">207<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bother switching? If you\u2019re not going to do the work beforehand to get a grip on the kind of employment,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on the general direction of professional interest that supports the values you\u2019ve decided to live by, then<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">how are you going to know the right job when you find it? Why switch jobs, in other words, when you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">don\u2019t know what you\u2019re looking for?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This was one of Saint Augustine\u2019s (AD 400) durable pieces of wisdom. It\u2019s very simple: if you don\u2019t know<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">what you\u2019re seeking before you start looking, then how are you going to know when you\u2019ve found it? Trial<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and error, in other words, when you\u2019re looking for the right kind of job (or the right romantic partner, or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the right beer, or whatever) only works if you already know what\u2019s going to count as an error and what<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">counts as success.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Of course no one\u2019s going to get everything down perfectly at the beginning. Ethically, there\u2019s a kind of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bind here paralleling the first job and experience catch (you can\u2019t get your first job without experience,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and you can\u2019t get experience without your first job). Similarly, you can\u2019t know exactly what kind of work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fits your values and outlook until you\u2019ve learned how things really are out there in the nine-to-five world,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but that\u2019s not a convincing reason to fall off the other extreme and just spin the wheel, take whatever<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">comes your way, and switch jobs without thinking.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Pursuing a specific job is an economic and also an ethical decision.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Specific values shape the ethics of the job search.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Job seekers hold ethical responsibilities both to themselves and to others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Job sequencing allows workers to manage shifting ethical responsibilities as their lives evolve.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. What are some of the differences between a job that provides meaningful work, and one that provides<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">prestige?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Can leisure time\u2014maximizing it\u2014be pursued on its own as a value in the job search, or does it need to be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">combined with other values? If it needs to be combined, which values might work best?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. If money is selected as the prime value a job seeker decides to pursue, what other values may become<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">easier to reach because of the money, and which values may be pushed further away?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">208<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. What\u2019s the difference between power and prestige? Can you think of a job that grants power but little<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">prestige and one that grants prestige but little power?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. For you, what are the components of comfort\u2014do they include flexible hours, working in an office instead<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of outside, something else? Can you rank the components as more and less important?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. What responsibilities to others may a job seeker consider when looking for a job?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7. What is career sequencing? What are some reasons a person may choose to sequence, and what are some<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reasons a person may choose not to be a sequencer?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] Michael Froomkin, \u201cWhat Is Your Nightmare Job?,\u201d Discourse.net, July 19, 2007, accessed May 16,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/www.discourse.net\/archives\/2007\/07\/what_is_your_nightmare_job.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] Sarah E. Needleman, \u201cDoing the Math to Find the Good Jobs,\u201d Wall Street Journal, January 6, 2009, accessed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">May 16, 2011,http:\/\/online.wsj.com\/article\/SB123119236117055127.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[3] About Kendra, accessed May 16, 2011,http:\/\/businessethicsworkshop.com\/Chapter_5\/Kinnison_bio.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[4] Hannah Clark, \u201cWhole Foods: Spinning CEO Pay,\u201d accessed May 16,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/2006\/04\/20\/john-mackey-pay_cx_hc_06ceo_0420wholefoods.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[5] Psychology of Power, accessed May 16,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/businessethicsworkshop.com\/Chapter_5\/Power_in_business.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[6] \u201cHow to Pick the People You Work With,\u201d Penelope Trunk (blog), May 6, 2009, accessed May 16,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/blog.penelopetrunk.com\/2009\/05\/06\/how-to-pick-the-people-you-work-with.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[7] Ric Romero, \u201c\u2018Get the Job\u2019 Pt. 4: De-Aging Resumes,\u201d ABC7, September 3, 2008, accessed May 16,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/abclocal.go.com\/kabc\/story?section=news\/7_on_your_side&amp;id=6369394.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[8] \u201cThe Millennial Are Coming,\u201d 60 Minutes, CBS News.com, May 23, 2008, accessed May 16,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/stories\/2007\/11\/08\/60minutes\/main3475200.shtml.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[9] Joanne B. Ciulla, Clancy Martin, and Robert Solomon, eds., \u201cStrategic Planning\u2014for the Good Life,\u201d in Honest<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Work: A Business Ethics Reader (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 106\u20137.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[10] Karen Sternheimer, \u201cHow Great Is Being a Sociologist?,\u201d Everyday Sociology (blog), January 24, 2009, accessed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">May 16, 2011,http:\/\/nortonbooks.typepad.com\/everydaysociology\/2009\/01\/how-great-is-being-asociologist.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">209<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[11] Tuck Executive Education, Changing the Career Ladder: Paving Flexible Pathways for Today\u2019s Talent (Hanover,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">NH: Dartmouth, 2011), accessed May 16, 2011,http:\/\/worklifefit.com\/pdf\/TuckSurveysummary.pdf.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5.2 Working for Ethically Complicated Organizations<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define reasons why an organization\u2019s work may be viewed as unethical.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">210<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Consider how working for ethically troubling organizations can be managed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Psilocybin Project<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Harvard Psilocybin Project began in 1960 and included some of the university\u2019s leading and most<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">innovative professors, especially from the psychology and related departments. One of their projects\u2014the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Concord Prison Experiment\u2014used the newly developed drug psilocybin on inmates. Professors wanted to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">discover whether the medication could reduce antisocial behavior and recidivism. Another project, this<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one carried out in tandem with the Harvard Divinity School, used the same drug to experiment with the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bond felt between young theology students and their chosen profession. In both cases, significant, even<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mind-blowing success was initially reported.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The experiments didn\u2019t last. Other Harvard professors raised questions about the ethics of using this drug<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on humans. An intense conflict erupted in the university. The ethical propriety of the entire Psilocybin<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Project, the decision came down, was, in fact doubtful. That quickly led to the project\u2019s shuttering and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">then to the dismissal of several well-known professors who protested too loudly in favor of their work and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">its value, both scientific and moral.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Not all of those fired professors just went away. Outside the university some continued defending their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">work with principled stands and meticulous arguments. One of those defenders, Dr. Leary, achieved such<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">broad public recognition that he ended up being mentioned in a song by The Who.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Not only did Timothy Leary defend the Psilocybin Project from outside university walls, he also continued<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with his avid experimentation. Pretty soon the experiments weren\u2019t only outside the university; they were<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">also outside the law because psilocybin, like its close relative LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), was<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">categorized as an illegal substance.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Is it immoral to experiment on people\u2014especially on prisoners who may feel pressured to participate\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with psychedelic drugs, concretely with magic mushrooms (the organic source of psilocybin)? Assume just<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for the sake of argument that it is wrong and the experiments were immoral. Now who should feel guilty?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The leaders of the Psilocybin Project seem like good candidates since they knew exactly what was going<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on, and they were the ones handing the doses over. What about the graduate students who followed their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">professor\u2019s lead and joined in the distribution and application of the drugs? Or the administrators at the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">university who financed the project but maybe didn\u2019t know exactly what the experiments involved? What<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">211<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about the undergrads whose tuition money paid for all this? What about the chemists who derived the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">substance from mushrooms? Or the lab techs who actually made the stuff? What about the secretary who<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happened to be assigned to work in the psych department and processed some of the paperwork? Where<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">do we draw the line?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One of the most difficult constellations of questions facing conscientious job seekers is: what kind of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organization is it OK to work for? Specifically, to what extent am I personally responsible for the things<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">my company does? There are the two questions here:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. What makes a company\u2019s work\u2014or universities, or a nonprofit organization\u2019s\u2014unethical?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. I\u2019ve got an attractive job offer from an unethical organization: can I work there anyway?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Makes an Organization\u2019s Work Unethical?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In a world spattered with poverty and desperation, exploitation of workers is one of the most frequently<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cited areas of corporate abuse. Advocacy organizations peopled by volunteers who enjoy traveling have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">proven very effective at locating and drawing attention to overseas sweatshops. The Nike company pays<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">athletes millions to break a sweat for a few hours so they can get some good action video for commercials<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">selling athletic shoes, but they pay sewers in Asia only a few dollars to sweat all day long making those<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shoes. And what about the cameraman hired to shoot the commercial? He\u2019s earning a lot more than the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sewer, but his wages are still closer to the sweatshop level than the NBA star level.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In An Economic Analysis of a Drug-Selling Gang\u2019s Finances, authors Steve Levitt and Sudhir Alladi<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Venkatesh report on a drug gang studied over the course of several years. It turned out that the street<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dealers weren\u2019t even getting minimum wage for their dangerous efforts: about $200 a month for dealing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Above them, however, the gang leader made between $4,000 and $11,000 a month. It\u2019s unclear whether<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">he paid taxes. [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Questions about wages and sweatshops will be pursued more fully in later chapters, but here it\u2019s enough<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to note that vast discrepancies in wages throughout a company raise concerns that the organization is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">exploiting employees. That may lead job seekers to think twice before signing on, even if they\u2019re not the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ones being exploited.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Exploitation of consumers is another murky direction. It\u2019s true that many immigrants from Asia, Latin<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">America, and elsewhere received interest-only home loans in the early 2000s with repayment schedules<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">212<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">beginning low but later ballooning to monstrous levels. It\u2019s also true that no one forced them to sign the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">contract; they hold responsibility for their acts, no doubt. However, considering their imperfect English<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and little knowledge of the American world, is it fair for the mortgage company to even offer these kinds<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of loans, which seem more predatory than cooperative?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Tobacco companies selling addiction sticks, which sometimes become cancer sticks, aren\u2019t clearly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">removed from charges of exploiting their own buyers.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Breakfast cereals aimed at children frequently boast on the box that the nuggets or the puffs contain 100<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">percent of the recommended daily allowance of various vitamins and minerals. They don\u2019t say anything<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about sugar highs and crashes. In all these cases, questions about whether consumers are being respected<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">may lead potential employees to question whether they want to get involved in the operation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Environmental exploitation is frequently invisible in the sense that few people suffer direct consequences<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of pollution, deforestation, and poisoned water and soil. There are orange alert days in many cities now<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">when children are told not to play outside. But for the most part, companies that pollute may carry on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">without being held directly responsible for harmful consequences. Of course there are extreme cases like<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the Love Canal, the neighborhood constructed on a landfill covering thousands of rusting steel barrels of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">industrial waste. Families living there reported acid slicks running down the street during rains, puddles<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of rancid chemicals forming in their yards, and birth defects at astronomical levels. Whether, finally, an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organization exploits the environment in obvious or not-so-obvious ways, workers may ask if ethical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">obstacles stand between them and continued employment.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ethically dubious missions and connections is another category of corporate irresponsibility. The case of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Harvard experimenting with acid fits here. So too the drug gang studied by Levitt and Venkatesh.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Questions could also be directed toward organizations specializing in reuniting families across borders<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(people smuggling).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Almost any social hot-button issue is going to double as a source of ethically challenged industries; there\u2019ll<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be people for it and others against it, but either way the questions are there. Circles of controversy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">surround<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 abortion doctors,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 judges sending inmates to death row,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 advocates of assisted suicide.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">213<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One thing all these people, professions, and institutions have in common (besides inciting ethical debates)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is that they need to hire workers\u2014telephone operators, assistants and administrators, marketers and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">finance people\u2014just like any other business. You can work for them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">You could also work for a specific kind of lawyering outfit, the one specializing in clients who are very<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wealthy and very guilty: there\u2019ll always be law firms\u2014especially in the field of tax law\u2014specializing in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">raising a reasonable doubt where there really isn\u2019t any.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Massage parlors need receptionists and janitors just like every other business. The horse racetrack hires a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">small army of diverse workers to keep taking bets. The state lottery contracts actors, directors, film<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">editors, and media experts to make and run ads showing jubilant winners tossing money in the air; on the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">other hand, they don\u2019t spend much time hiring statisticians to explain to the public what the small print<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on the back of their ticket means: \u201cReally, the chances you\u2019ll haul in the Super Magnum Jackpot are about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">zero.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion. Ethically conscientious individuals don\u2019t have to look too hard to find jobs that make them<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ask, am I participating in something that\u2019s wrong?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I\u2019ve Got a Job Offer at an Unethical Company; Can I Work There Anyway?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Yes. The question is how.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ignore it all is one option, pretend like the ethical stain isn\u2019t there or at least that you don\u2019t see it. Here\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an example of what that strategy can look like. Most cities have at least one free and local alternative<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">culture publication, usually published on newspaper-grade paper; it comes out on Thursdays and is called<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Observer or something like that. Their reporters hit the street to get the latest on the alternative<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">music scene and idealistic political grassroots operations and government abuses and, above all, altruistic,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">principled causes. The Dallas Observer is the Dallas version. In the November 5, 2008, publication<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there\u2019s an article called \u201cPole Dancing\u2014Good for the Body, But What About a Woman\u2019s Soul?\u201d It comes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with an honest and thoughtful objection to the caricature of femininity that was developed and mass<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">produced with the express goal of turning on a male audience. [2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A few pages after the author finishes making a strong moral case against the exploitation of this<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">caricature, the full-page spread devoted to Debbie comes. She\u2019s looking tight in her white bikini. She<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">214<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wants to talk to you, and her phone number\u2019s right there on the page. In little print it says it costs $1.49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">per minute. On the next page there\u2019s Robert. He\u2019s wearing even less. The phone call costs the same.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It\u2019s not anybody\u2019s fault that Debbie and Robert (or whatever their real names are) figure so prominently<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on the advertising pages of a newspaper that\u2019s so set against stereotypes like Debbie and Robert. It\u2019s only<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a fact that that\u2019s where the money comes from to keep the otherwise idealistic and ethically elevated paper<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in business. So what can the reporters do? They can object to the ads; but without them and their revenue,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there won\u2019t be any publication left to print their articles decrying these kinds of ads. It\u2019s a tough spot.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There\u2019s no clear way out, which is why it\u2019s understandable to go forward pretending you don\u2019t see the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">contradiction.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There are pacifists working for Boeing, the same company that makes warplanes. Somewhere there must<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be a volunteer at the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals who holds down a day job at L\u2019Oreal,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a company vilified on Internet petitions for its animal testing. [3] There are parents working at General<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Mills who\u2019d die before giving their kids Cocoa Puffs. There are strict Catholics working for the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pharmaceutical company that manufactures birth control pills. The list will never end because it\u2019s always<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">possible to pretend you don\u2019t see the conflict between your own moral convictions on one side and the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">actions of the company you work for on the other.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">But the decision to remain blind is difficult because pretending you don\u2019t see essentially means you\u2019re<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lying\u2014lying to yourself. The question raised here is this: can that lying be justified ethically?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If you\u2019re a strict believer in the standard duties, which normally include the duty to honesty, you\u2019re going<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to have problems. You can, however, argue that you have a still more compelling duty to provide for your<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">family and loved ones. So if the job you have is the best one you can get, and then you can make the case<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that your responsibility to them is greater than your responsibility to be honest with yourself. Making a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">similar argument but from a slightly different direction, a utilitarian can point out the benefits a paycheck<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">brings\u2014not just for the worker but also for the family and the economy generally\u2014and from there say that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lying to yourself is good because it produces a greater general good.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Of course there are arguments that could be raised against these justifications and so the debate rolls on.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What\u2019s important is that pretending an ethical conflict between your convictions and your company<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">simply isn\u2019t there may be justifiable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">215<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Explicitly Accepting Employment at an Ethically Difficult Workplace<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another option for accepting a job offer in an organization you consider to be morally stained is to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">explicitly accept that I work at an ethically difficult company and go on to justify the decision. There are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">two directions for consideration here:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. How seriously wrong do I believe the company\u2019s actions are?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. How close is my work to those actions I believe wrong?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There\u2019s a difference between working for a firm that experiments on animals (L\u2019Oreal) and working for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one that experiments on humans (the Harvard psychedelic drug project). Most ethically challenged jobs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">are more like the former than the latter. That\u2019s not a license to simply discount the reality that the work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">may participate in a larger and objectionable process, but it does open the way to a move from an absolute<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to a balanced ethical stance: it\u2019s not that \u201csomething\u2019s going on there that\u2019s wrong and therefore I can\u2019t be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">involved at all\u201d; instead \u201csomething\u2019s going on there that\u2019s wrong, but things could be a lot worse, plus,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the right and good things I can achieve by taking this job are pretty significant.\u201d So start with the idea that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">even if you think experimenting on animals is wrong, it\u2019s not as bad as experimenting on humans. Then<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">add the good things that could come from working for an animal-abusing company. Here are two<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">possibilities:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. The post allows me to maximize the use of my personal strengths. Ethics isn\u2019t only about duties to others;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there are also duties to you. Maximizing your own potential is one of them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. The post allows me to better equip myself to get an improved job further down the line. If you really want<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to avoid touching unethical work, then your best option may be to do whatever\u2019s necessary to build the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">strongest r\u00e9sum\u00e9 possible. Once you\u2019ve done that, your options for working will increase and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">correspondingly the possibilities for ethically satisfying employment.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Moving to the next question\u2014how close is my work to those actions I believe are wrong?\u2014there\u2019s a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">difference between experimenting on animals and preparing the tax return for a company that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">experiments on animals. Making this point sharper, if you adamantly refused to participate<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in any company that has anything to do with animal testing, then you\u2019re not going to be able to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">participate in anything. You\u2019re not going to be able to buy paper from the company that sells paper to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">animal testers. You\u2019re not going to be able to use Google because people at the animal testing company<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">216<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">buy advertisements on Google search pages. The list is endless in an economy that\u2019s totally interlinked,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and our economy is pretty close to totally interlinked.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Now, if that\u2019s right, then the relationship between you and the immorality that indisputably exists in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">economic world\u2014and probably in the company you work for in one way or another\u2014isn\u2019t an issue of right<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and wrong so much as a question of distance. In other words, when you\u2019re contemplating a job, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">question isn\u2019t whether something bad is happening there; it\u2019s \u201chow close does the stink get to my office?\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">More, it may even be that accepting a job at a company can be a route to changing that company\u2019s policy.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Of course that\u2019s going to be more than difficult at a giant concern like L\u2019Oreal, but if you\u2019re interested in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the environment, you may end up at a small local firm that sells plastic (not biodegradable) bottles of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">water, and you can advocate the forming of a company recycling program. It\u2019s a small thing. Almost<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">absurd. But it\u2019s no closer to absurd than the other choice, which is the big thing: simply refusing to work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for any company that acts objectionably in the world in one way or another.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 There is a wide range of reasons why an organization\u2019s work may be viewed as unethical.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 There are multiple strategies for managing concerns about working for ethically troubling organizations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. What are four reasons an organization\u2019s actions may be viewed as ethically troubling?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Ethically, how could you justify ignoring the fact that there&#8217;s a conflict between your convictions and the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">actions of the company you work for?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Why might a potential employee of an ethically troubling organization ask how seriously wrong the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organization\u2019s actions are?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Explain why working for almost any organization may be ethically troubling.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. If someone were working for an organization involved in ethically troubling activities, what questions may<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they ask themselves as they consider whether they should continue working there?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] Steven D. Levitt and Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh, \u201cAn Economic Analysis of a Drug-Selling Gang\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finances,\u201d Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 (August 3, 2000): 755\u201389.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">217<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[2] Megan Feldman, \u201cPole Dancing\u2014Good for the Body, but What about a Woman\u2019s Soul?,\u201d Dallas Observer,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">November 6, 2008, accessed May 16, 2011,http:\/\/www.dallasobserver.com\/2008-11-06\/news\/pole-dancingclasses-<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mdash-good-for-the-body-but-what-about-a-woman-s-soul.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[3] Cherry Marrone, \u201cStop L\u2019Oreal\u2019s Animal Testing,\u201d Care 2 Petition Site, accessed May 16,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/www.thepetitionsite.com\/1\/stop-loreals-animal-testing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5.3 Case Studies<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Ethics of Grunge Work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">218<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of ictsan, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ictsan\/3025080337\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Jason Everman (b. 1967), Kodiak, Alaska<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In February 1989, Jason Everman joined a new act called Nirvana as a backup guitarist. A few months<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">later the group\u2019s first record, a raw and noisy effort titled Bleach, was recorded and released by an obscure<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">local distributor.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Everman played in the 1989 summer tour supporting Bleach, then was kicked out of the band: the rest of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the guys found him too show bizzy on stage and too introverted off it. Bleach scored a minor success on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the college radio circuit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nirvana\u2019s 1991 follow-up, Never mind, is one of the more important and financially lucrative pieces of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">recorded music in history.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In 1990, Everman joined Sound garden to play bass on their promotional tour for the EP Loudest Love.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Not meshing with the other band members, he was sent packing after the tour\u2019s end.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Sound garden\u2019s 1991 release Bad motor finger scored a moderate success with the indie crowd. The 1994<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">follow-up, Super unknown, debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart. It stayed there.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In 1994, Everman joined the US Army Rangers and then a Special Forces unit. He toured in Afghanistan<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and Iraq. He was honorably discharged in 2006.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Fifteen minutes of fame came to Everman on November 10, 2008, when he was featured in a New<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Yorker piece titled \u201cTheatre of War.\u201d While being interviewed to provide a veteran\u2019s perspective on war, a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">friend of Everman\u2019s breaks in to add that besides being a warrior, Everman had once been a musician. The<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">article\u2019s author was skeptical. But, she writes, later investigation revealed that Everman had, in fact, been<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a small-time rock star.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">219<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">During the interview Everman related that he\u2019s a devotee of the Renaissance intellectual Benvenuto<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cellini, who believed that in order to live a full life, you must develop each of the soul\u2019s three parts: the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">artist, the warrior, and the philosopher. At the time of the interview, Everman\u2014bearded and heavily<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tattooed\u2014was studying philosophy at Columbia University in New York City.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Kurt Cobain (b. 1967), Aberdeen, Washington<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cobain was born into a broken home and eventually lived with a born-again Christian family. He adopted<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the religion. The faith didn\u2019t last; soon he was spray painting \u201cGod is Gay\u201d onto random pickup trucks in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the neighborhood.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In 1981, his uncle gave him a choice between a bike and a guitar for his birthday. He went for the guitar.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">By March 1988, Cobain had formed a noisy outfit called Nirvana. They were playing dives around Seattle,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doing bad covers, and making up some of their own songs. They decided to make a record. No one wanted<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to sponsor them. They decided to go ahead anyway and pay for it themselves. None of them had any<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In 1989, another local musician, Jason Everman, agreed to pay the $606.17 it cost to make the record if<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they\u2019d let him join the group. They did. They recorded Bleach. Though he\u2019s named on the credits and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pictured (hazily) on the cover, Everman didn\u2019t actually play on any of the tracks. Cobain said the credit<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">was a symbolic thanks to Everman for paying the $600 it cost to record the album. Everman never got his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money back.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The group took the music on the road, and when they returned home, they kicked Everman out.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The group\u2019s next record, Never mind, knocked Michael Jackson\u2019s disco sensation Dangerous off the top<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of the charts in January 1992.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In 1991, Cobain met Courtney Love. They did massive drugs, got married, and she got pregnant.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">While revolving through detox programs and heroin binges, Cobain wrote music for the next album. In<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Utero debuted at number one in 1993.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In 1994, Cobain committed suicide with a shotgun. These are fragments of his note:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I haven\u2019t felt the excitement of creating music for too many years now. For example when we\u2019re<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">backstage and the lights go out and the roar of the crowds begins, it doesn\u2019t affect me the way it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">used to. The fact is, I can\u2019t fool you, any one of you. It simply isn\u2019t fair to you or me. The worst<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">220<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">crime I can think of would be to rip people off by faking it and pretending as if I\u2019m having 100%<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fun. Sometimes I feel as if I should have a punch-in time clock before I walk out on stage.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I can\u2019t stand the thought of the self-destructive death rocker I\u2019ve become. I don\u2019t have the passion<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">anymore, and so remember, it\u2019s better to burn out than to fade away. [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Consider the seven values used for ethically defining jobs: meaningful work, leisure time, money,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">power, prestige, comfort, and security.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Just from what you\u2019ve read about Everman and Cobain, which values do, they share? Where do<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they diverge?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Are there any values not on the list that could be added to apply to the careers of either Everman<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">or Cobain?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Everman worked to live; Cobain lived to work.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What does that mean?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Do you think it\u2019s true? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Does this split also divide up the seven values used for ethically defining jobs? If not, why not? If<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">so, what\u2019s the split?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Everman is a sequencer; he wholeheartedly followed one career path, then a second, and a third.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He\u2019s a different kind of sequencer than the more standard version: a man or woman following a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">single main career path interrupts it to do something else (have a child, start a small company,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">travel around the world) and then returns to the old job.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What\u2019s the difference between these two kinds of sequencing in terms of the value of work and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">what it can give you?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Would it be useful to have different names for these two types of sequencers, or would that be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">splitting hairs?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. According to Everman, Cellini believed that in order to live a full life, you must develop each of the soul\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">three parts: the artist, the warrior, and the philosopher. Assuming this is true; must it necessarily involve<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one\u2019s work life? Is it possible to define a full life that doesn\u2019t include any reference to your gainful<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">221<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employment (in other words, is it possible to live fully without worrying about what your job is)? What<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">values for work are implied by your response?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Cobain comes to believe that he\u2019s unethically exploiting consumers.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o In what sense is he unethically exploiting consumers?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What does Cobain\u2019s feeling reveal about the values he associates with his work life?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Was Cobain\u2019s response to his perceived failure justifiable? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. Whose career would you rather have: Everman\u2019s or Cobain\u2019s? Why? What does that tell you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about your values?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7. In the career you\u2019ve chosen for yourself (just pick one, if you haven\u2019t), what would it mean to burn out?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What would it mean to fade away?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">8. Is it better to burn out or fade away? Justify in terms of the values that can be attached to working life.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cop or Drug Dealer?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Todd Huffman, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/oddwick\/1954905403\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Roberto Pulido, a ten-year veteran of the Boston Police Department, was arrested by the FBI and charged<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with protecting drug dealers, cocaine dealing, identity theft, obstruction of justice, robbery, assault and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">battery, and money laundering. [2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">222<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. What are some of the advantages to being a policeman? What are some of the advantages to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">being a drug dealer? Presumably, Pulido started out being an honest cop, and over the course of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ten years fell (or climbed) into the illegal drug business. Can you imagine how the seven values of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">his work might have shifted as this transformation developed?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Which values grew in importance?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Which might have fallen away?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Could any of the values have been maintained through the shift in professions?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Officer Pulido is a career sequencer, but it\u2019s a unique kind of sequencing because his two careers actually<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">contradict each other. It\u2019s not that he took time off to follow some outside interest, and it\u2019s not that he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pursued various jobs that all fit into a larger plan. He did one thing and then the opposite. Is there a sense<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in which he has canceled out his professional life? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Imagine that you are considering two career directions: joining the police academy or growing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">some pot in the basement and getting a start in the drug-dealing business.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Regardless of whether you\u2019d ever actually do it, what ethical theory (duties, rights, utilitarianism,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">some other) could be employed to justify the decision to go the drug route?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o What ethical theory (duties, rights, and utilitarianism, some other) could you employ to justify the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">decision to go the police route?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Apply Nietzsche\u2019s theory of eternal recurrence to the cop\/drug-dealer choice. You would have to choose<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one life and live it over and over forever. Which would you choose? Why? Does that tell you anything<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about what you should do with the one and only life you have?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Doctors and pharmacists deliver powerful, addictive drugs that send waves of tremendous pleasure<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">through the users\u2019 bodies (and sometimes those meds result in abuse and death). So that makes three<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">career directions that have something in common: doctor, pharmacist, and street drug dealer. Now, in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">terms of the seven values of work, what do the jobs have in common, and where do they diverge?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. From the newspaper report on the Pulido case, \u201cPulido bought a Hyde Park building where his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wife began teaching dance to children\u2014and where once a month for the next several years Pulido<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hosted and provided protection for drug-and-sex parties. Admittance ran from twenty to forty<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dollars, and narcotics were often in open use. Lap dances in the \u201cboom-boom room\u201d cost an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">223<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">additional twenty dollars. As many as one hundred people attended on a given night, including<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">well-known felons, drug dealers, and law-enforcement officers\u2014some in uniform.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Compare and contrast Pulido\u2019s wife\u2019s job and Pulido\u2019s. Which post is most desirable for the person<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">valuing prestige?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7. How could Pulido\u2019s drug operation be characterized as unethical in terms of the exploitation of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">consumers?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">8. In a sense, Pulido\u2019s wife worked for her husband. By running a dance school out of the building<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">where Pulido operated, she provided cover for his operation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o How could the argument be made that she has an ethical responsibility to resign from her job by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shutting down the dance classes so that her husband could no longer use the space to sell drugs?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o In ethical terms, how could she justify pretending not to know what was going on in her building<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">once a month?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o In ethical terms, and assuming she explicitly recognizes and accepts that she\u2019s providing space and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cover for her husband\u2019s activities, how could she justify continuing to work for his operation?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">9. Assuming you were a drug dealer, who would you sell to, and not sell to? Why? Does this tell you anything<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about how willing you might be in the future to work for an ethically challenged corporation?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">10.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Investigative Fashion Journalism<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Dave Bleasdale, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/sidelong\/4110738292\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The blogger Dahlia (she doesn\u2019t provide her last name) wants to invent a new career. She calls it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">investigative fashion journalism. In condensed and slightly altered form, here\u2019s what she writes:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Investigative Fashion Journalism is a different kind of job. When people talk investigative<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">journalism they think Watergate, Area 51, etc. Also, due to watching too many movies, there\u2019s the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">224<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fear that the consequences of investigative journalism include losing your job, your family, your<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money, and on the very rare occasion\u2014your life. (Though last I\u2019ve heard, the fashion journalists<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that I\u2019ve admired are still very much alive.) Part of the fun is being your own detective by trying<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to dig up evidence, to see what the big cover up is about. I mean, how many of you were actually<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">aware that illegal immigrants working long hours in manufacturing jobs were happy being paid<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">minimum wage in Europe?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">We love scandals. And what better scandals can you uncover than the fashion industry? I mean I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">know celebrity gossip is hot right now, but exposing a multi-billion dollar industry gives me a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bigger high, but that\u2019s just me. Also, by exposing the corruption like those working illegal<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">immigrants, you can change how the industry works and perhaps enforce better practices for all<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">current and new companies coming into the mix. If you lead by good example others will follow,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">right?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If local universities would offer such a program in journalism, I\u2019d sign up for it in a heartbeat.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Unfortunately, for now, I\u2019m resolved to my fashion blog. [3]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. \u201cPart of the fun,\u201d she writes, \u201cis being your own detective by trying to dig up evidence, to see what the big<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cover up is about.\u201d Is there a connection between \u201cfun\u201d and meaningful work? Where does fun fit in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">consideration of values to be weighed when considering a career track?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. What career-related values do you suspect light up Dahlia and, more generally, the kinds of people who<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">try to make up jobs for themselves?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Ethically troubling exploitation in the fashion industry.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Do you think she thinks there\u2019s exploitation in the fashion industry? Where?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o If there is exploitation\u2014if something ethically reproachable is going on\u2014what\u2019s her relation to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that blemish? Is she guilty too? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Octomom<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">225<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of mangpages, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/mangpages\/3701097713\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In January 2009, the woman known as Octomom gave birth to octuplets. Her real name is Nadia<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Suleman; she\u2019s a single mother who\u2019d split from her husband because they were unable to have children<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">together. She was on welfare when she conceived the children via in-vitro fertilization. She already had six<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">young ones at home.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">All her children were implanted by Dr. Michael Kamrava.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The delivery required forty-six doctors, nurses, and attendants.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In 2009, she was offered $1 million to star in a pornographic movie. She refused, but later that year she<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">signed a contract for each of her children to earn $250 a day to star in a reality show.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Make the ethical case that a nurse should not seek employment in the office of Dr. Michael Kamrava, even<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">though he pays well.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Justify a nurse\u2019s decision to work in the office of Dr. Michael Kamrava, because he pays well.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. What alignment of work-related values may have led Nadia Suleman to reject work as a porn star but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accept the role of reality TV actress (along with her many children)?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Paralegal or Lawyer?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Tami Vroma, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/32314864@N02\/3253051215\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">226<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Sally Kane, an attorney and writer, drew up a list comparing the practical realities of two careers,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">paralegal and lawyer. Here\u2019s a summary:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Paralegal: A few months training.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lawyer: A few years of school after college.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Paralegal: Low-cost education.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lawyer: Law school is EXPENSIVE.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Paralegal: Earning limit under $100,000 in most markets.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lawyer: The sky.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Paralegal: A paralegal now is pretty much a paralegal forever.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lawyer: Working as a lawyer opens doors to other careers.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Paralegal: One of the fastest-growing careers in United States.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lawyer: Job outlook above average.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Paralegal: Limited responsibility and stress.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lawyer: High responsibility and stress.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Paralegal: Overtime pay.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lawyer: If there\u2019s work until 11 pm, you work to 11 pm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Paralegal: Once you\u2019ve got the job, no more school.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lawyer: You need to keep updating your knowledge (every year, if you\u2019re a tax attorney).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Paralegal: Shorter learning curve and your work is routine and mundane.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lawyer: Long learning curve and your work is intellectually challenging and varied.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Paralegal: Cubicle.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lawyer: Private office. [4]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. This comparison is a list of facts. Can you go through the list and attach ethical value to the facts?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In terms of what value(s) does each fact make a job more or less desirable?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Make the ethical case that it\u2019s better to go the paralegal route.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Make the ethical case that it\u2019s better to go the lawyer route.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">227<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. If you\u2019ve developed a short list of career options, can you go through and make up a sort of career<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">decision spreadsheet that resembles the one just constructed for lawyers and paralegals? It would list the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">two or three jobs you\u2019re considering. Then one column would list the factual advantages and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">disadvantages of each one, things about vacation time, salary, working conditions, and so on. Finally,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there\u2019d be your unique part: the notation of which of those facts held value and importance in your life<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and with respect to the role you imagine work to have for you in the coming years.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] Wikipedia, \u201cDeath of Kurt Cobain,\u201d accessed May 16,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_of_Kurt_Cobain#Suicide_note.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] David S. Bernstein, \u201cCop or Drug Dealer?,\u201d Phoenix Boston, November 9, 2006, accessed May 16,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/thephoenix.com\/Boston\/News\/26961-Cop-or-drug-dealer\/?rel=inf.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[3] Dahlia, \u201cInvestigative Fashion Journalism,\u201d Dualit\u00e9, July 7, 2008, accessed May 16, 2011.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[4] Sally Kane, \u201cShould You Become a Paralegal or Lawyer?,\u201d About.com, accessed May 16,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/legalcareers.about.com\/od\/legalcareerbasics\/a\/paralegallawyer.htm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Employee\u2019s Ethics: Getting a Job, Getting a Promotion,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Leaving<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">228<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter Overview<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter 6 &#8220;Employee\u2019s Ethics: Getting a Job, Getting a Promotion, Leaving&#8221; examines some ethical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">decisions facing employees. It considers the values that underlie and guide choices about how you go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about getting a job, how you maneuver for a better one, and what the right moment is for leaving.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6.1 The R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Introduction<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define ways job seekers may misrepresent themselves on a r\u00e9sum\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">229<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Construct an ethical framework for managing the dilemmas of crafting a r\u00e9sum\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Robert Irvine\u2019s Stretched R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For many job seekers the first\u2014and maybe the only\u2014chance they get to impress a potential employer is a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9. What are the ethics of presenting your qualifications on a sheet of paper?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Robert Irvine is a muscled chef from England who you may have seen hosting the Food Network\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">popular Dinner: Impossible. It\u2019s a good job. The TV show generates free publicity for his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cookbook Mission: Cook! and affords him the kitchen credibility to open his own restaurants. That was<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the idea he brought to St. Petersburg, Florida, in 2008. His concept for south Florida, actually, was two<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">restaurants: Ooze and Schmooze. Ooze was going to be the accessible, entry-level place and Schmooze the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">highbrow complement. His biography\u2014the summary of his professional life and experiences that he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">presented to potential investors\u2014was impressive. According to the St. Petersburg Times, he advertised<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">his r\u00e9sum\u00e9 as including:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 A bachelor\u2019s of science degree in food and nutrition from the University of Leeds.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Royal experience working on the wedding cake for Prince Charles and Princess Diana.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 He was a knight, as in Sir Robert Irvine, Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, handpicked by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the Queen.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 For several consecutive years, he\u2019d received the Five Star Diamond Award from the American Academy of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Hospitality Sciences.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 He\u2019d served as a White House chef. [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Everything came to an end, though, at least temporarily, when Food Network fired him for r\u00e9sum\u00e9 lies.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Here\u2019s the truth about the listed items:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The claimed BS degree? According to a press officer at the University of Leeds, \u201cWe cannot find any<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">connection in our records between Robert and the university.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The royal wedding cake? Well, he did help pick some of the fruit that went into it.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The knighthood? No.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The Five Star Diamond Award? True, but it\u2019s not the AAA\u2019s prestigious Five Diamond Award or Mobil\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">five stars. The American Academy of Hospitality Sciences is actually a guy\u2019s apartment in New York, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the award is granted to anyone who pays a fee.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">230<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 White House chef? Kind of. But he didn\u2019t prepare sophisticated dishes for the president or anything like<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that; he cooked food for the cafeteria line, serving military workers at the White House.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Certainly, Robert Irvine isn\u2019t the first guy to stretch his r\u00e9sum\u00e9, but he does an excellent job of exploring<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the many ways people can misrepresent themselves when trying to get a job. Generally, there are two<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kinds of r\u00e9sum\u00e9 abuses. Positive r\u00e9sum\u00e9 misrepresentations are those items on a r\u00e9sum\u00e9 that simply<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">aren\u2019t true. Examples include:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 False credentials. These are certificates of accomplishment that don\u2019t exist. Irvine said he had a BS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">degree. He didn\u2019t. This kind of misrepresentation is especially tempting for job seekers who didn\u2019t quite<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">finish their degree. One of the obvious practical problems is that claims like this can be verified or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">disproven by human resource departments. (Or, as in Irvine\u2019s case, by enquiring newspaper reporters.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 False experience. Untruthfully claiming to have participated in projects. Irvine asserted that he\u2019d been<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a White House chef, meaning he\u2019d planned sophisticated menus and prepared dishes for dignitaries. He<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">didn\u2019t. He cooked assembly-line food in the cafeteria for White House staff workers.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Embellished experience. This is the easiest kind of r\u00e9sum\u00e9 misrepresentation. Irvine really did work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on the royal wedding cake, but only picking fruit, not actually making it. His claim, therefore, isn\u2019t directly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">false, but incredibly misleading. The same could be said about the Five Star Diamond Award. While<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">technically true, it\u2019s not the meaningful award that people imagine it to be.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 False chronology. Anyone who\u2019s suffered long periods of unemployment\u2014or just been fired from a job<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and taken a while to find another one\u2014has surely been tempted to adjust the dates on their r\u00e9sum\u00e9 to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">make it seem as though they went smoothly from one post to another.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 False references. Listing someone to vouch for your experience who really won\u2019t or can\u2019t. Irvine said<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">he\u2019d been selected by the Queen of England for a knighthood. It never got to the point where someone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">actually called her to ask, but if they would\u2019ve, she would\u2019ve drawn a blank. Of course people don\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">normally list royalty as a reference, but in everyday life, it\u2019s easy to commit the same misrepresentation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One fraternity brother could list another as a former boss. A woman could list a brother-in-law.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Negative r\u00e9sum\u00e9 misrepresentations are those items that would appear on a complete r\u00e9sum\u00e9, one listing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">all your working experience, but that conveniently get left out of the one you submit to a potential<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employer. If you were fired from your first job at McDonald\u2019s years ago because you kept forgetting to take<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">231<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the fries out of the oil pit, no one\u2019s going to object when you drop those months off your work history. On<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the other hand, if, up until two months ago, you were in charge of the vehicle fleet for a hotel, and you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">were fired for taking your girlfriend out in the company limo after hours, leaving that off your r\u00e9sum\u00e9 is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">misleading new prospective employers.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the case of Irvine, things worked out for him in the end. After he publicly recognized the truth and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cleaned up the most outrageous resume claims, he got his TV show back.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Ethics of Stretching the R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It\u2019s hard to define all the ethical lines dividing what should and shouldn\u2019t be included in a job applicant\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9, but steps can be taken to control the situation. If you\u2019re sitting at your desk trying to figure out<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whether there should be any deleting, fudging, or exaggerating, two questions can help get a hold of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">situation:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Who will be affected by my decision?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Does it matter what everyone else is doing?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The first person affected by your decision is you, and everyone\u2019s closest ethical responsibility is the one<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they hold to themselves, the responsibility to respect their own dignity and abilities. One way of taking<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that responsibility seriously is to look back at the jobs you\u2019ve held and ask what kinds of tasks they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">entailed and how those experiences and the skills taken from them might be stated in a broad and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">appealing way. Probably, Irvine went overboard when he translated the fact that he\u2019d chosen fruit<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">included in a royal wedding cake into the claim that he participated in assembling and cooking it. But it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">also seems like it\u2019d be a mistake to say that he\u2019d been a simple \u201cfruit picker\u201d on a wedding cake job. In the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">culinary world, his was important fruit picking. Irvine\u2019s mistake, in other words, wasn\u2019t that he tried to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">make himself look good, it\u2019s that he couldn\u2019t find a way to do it without essentially lying about his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">experience.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The duty to present yourself positively to potential employers may also justify the decision to leave<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">certain, let\u2019s say, unfortunate aspects of your professional life off the r\u00e9sum\u00e9. Irvine doesn\u2019t talk much<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about how his endeavor to create restaurants in St. Petersburg fell apart in a sorry mess. If tomorrow he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">goes out and tries to stir up investors for a new pair of restaurants somewhere else, he has an obligation to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be honest with them about what happened last time. But if he\u2019s looking for a job as a TV cook, or just as a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">232<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cook in a restaurant, then he may be able to justify leaving that bad episode unmentioned. The reasoning?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The fact that he\u2019s bad at mounting restaurants doesn\u2019t mean he\u2019s a bad TV personality or an error-prone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cook. The one job has little in common with the others. So if he\u2019s applying to be a cook, he could possibly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">leave the negative information about his other business ventures out based on the idea that it\u2019s simply not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">applicable to the employment being sought.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The duty to you, finally, points toward a r\u00e9sum\u00e9 presentation that sets your accomplishments and skills in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">boldface while not dwelling on extraneous shortcomings.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another person affected by your r\u00e9sum\u00e9 decisions\u2014the choice about how much truth to tell and hide\u2014is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the person doing the hiring. If you claim experience you don\u2019t really have and skills you don\u2019t possess, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">supervisor who oversaw your contracting won\u2019t just be disappointed and angry as he watches you stumble<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and trip over tasks that should be easy. The botched hiring will also reflect negatively on him when<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">superiors evaluate his performance and make decisions about pay raises and promotions. He\u2019s going to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">suffer because you lied. There is, in other words, a loser when you scam to get a job that you\u2019re not really<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">qualified for. More, that harm accrues to the company as a whole. Maybe costs will increase because more<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">training than expected will be necessary. Maybe an account will be lost when you fumble an assignment<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that should be automatic.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Your potential future workmates also have a stake in your application for a job. If you claim, as Irvine did,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to have worked on the Charles and Diana wedding cake, it seems fair for your boss to assume you\u2019ll be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">able to manage producing first-rate cakes for ordinary people. If you can\u2019t, if you have no idea how to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">serve up even a simple layer cake, someone else on the team is going to have to step in and do your work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for you. They probably won\u2019t get your paycheck at the end of the month, however.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Other applicants for a job also have a stake in your own application. It\u2019s a competitive world, and while<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you\u2019re the one who can best make the case for your ability, making false claims doesn\u2019t just give you an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">opportunity you may not otherwise receive: it takes an opportunity away from someone else.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What\u2019s Everyone Else Doing?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The first step in getting control of your r\u00e9sum\u00e9\u2019s relation with the hard truth is working through how any<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">particular decision affects those involved. The second step is determining whether it matters what<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">everyone else is doing. The question is important because applying for jobs doesn\u2019t happen in a vacuum.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">233<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If everyone stretches their qualifications to the extent Irvine demonstrated, then obviously you may want<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to consider whether you need to do the same just to get a fair shake.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A web page with a very truthful URL, Fakeresume.com, and takes up the question about how much<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fibbing is going on out there. Under the heading \u201cThe UGLY Truth About How People Are Outsmarting<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">You!\u201d they assert,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Over 53% of job seekers lie on their r\u00e9sum\u00e9s. Over 70% of college graduates admit to lying on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their r\u00e9sum\u00e9s to get hired. Can you afford not to know the techniques, tricks and methods they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">use? [2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Fair question. Of course no one knows exactly how much cheating goes on, but as Irvine attests, there\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">definitely some out there. So should you get in on it? The argument in favor roughly corresponds with the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">web page\u2019s pitch. If everyone\u2019s doing it\u2014if exaggeration is expected\u2014then employing the same<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">misrepresentations that guide everyone else isn\u2019t really lying. Like driving sixty down a fifty-five-milesper-<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hour highway when all the other cars are going that fast too, your exaggerations are following the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rules as everyone seems to understand them. From this point of view, you may even have a duty to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">exaggerate because not doing so, as the web page claims, isn\u2019t being an ethical hero, it\u2019s just being<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">outsmarted. And in a competitive environment, you at least have the moral obligation to not let yourself<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be snookered.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On the other side, where do these percentages\u201453 percent, over 70 percent\u2014come from? The web page<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doesn\u2019t say, and if they\u2019re not true, then doesn\u2019t the whole argument\u2014do it because everyone else is doing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it\u2014reduce to an excuse to lie?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the case of Fakeresume.com, it couldn\u2019t be more obvious what\u2019s going on. The site is offering you a way<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to not tell the truth and not feel bad about it. Instead of offering moral guidance, it\u2019s inventing a way for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you to justify taking the easy path, to justify padding the r\u00e9sum\u00e9 without having to consider whether that\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the right thing to do.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion. In the midst of r\u00e9sum\u00e9-stretching dilemmas, what other people are doing matters. Hiring is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">relative; there\u2019s hardly anyone who\u2019s perfect for any job, recruiters take the applicant who\u2019s best suited.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Your obligation\u2014to yourself and to the recruiter\u2014is to show why you may be the best suited of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">applicants. That may mean (using the language of Fakeresume.com) use the r\u00e9sum\u00e9-enhancing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">234<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">techniques commonly employed. It doesn\u2019t mean, however, just imagining that everyone else is laying<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their pants off and then using that as an excuse to lie yourself.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Verification and the Law<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One problem Robert Irvine faced was his very public personality. To stir up interest in the restaurants he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">planned for St. Petersburg, he had to stir up interest in himself. All the commotion drew the attention of a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">local newspaper reporter who ended up blowing the whistle on the r\u00e9sum\u00e9 exaggerations and concoctions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">More ordinarily, job applicants don\u2019t need to worry about reporters prying into their claims. Most<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">medium and larger companies do, however, pass r\u00e9sum\u00e9s through human resources departments and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they typically confirm the significant, objective claims of job seekers. Items like degrees obtained can<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">typically be verified. So too dates of previous employment and job titles. Every company will follow its<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">own internal guidelines, of course, so it\u2019s impossible to make a table listing the misrepresentations that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">will and won\u2019t slip through, but it\u2019s certain that objectively false information may come to light sooner or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">later.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If false information does come to light, are there legal complications? Probably not. Because r\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">aren\u2019t binding, signed agreements between the applicant and employer, they\u2019re generally protected by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">free-speech guidelines. In the case of Irvine, if he claimed he was Superman, there\u2019s nothing the police<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">could do about it. That said, efforts have been made to take some action against the most extreme cases of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 misrepresentations. A number of legislative measures have been proposed to punish those who lie<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about a military record and honors received. Also, in Washington State in 2006, legislation was advanced<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to fine and briefly imprison applicants found guilty of claiming advanced degrees they didn\u2019t actually<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">earn. The measure ultimately failed. [3]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion. Most r\u00e9sum\u00e9 misrepresentations don\u2019t cross into illegality. This is one of those areas in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business world where legal right and wrong diverges clearly from ethical right and wrong.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ethical Egoism and R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Misrepresentations<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ethical egoism means your moral responsibility is to act in your own interest no matter what that may<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">require. This provides a license for outright r\u00e9sum\u00e9 invention (a false BS degree and imaginary<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">knighthood for Irvine). But, as is always the case with egoism, the question must be asked whether job<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">235<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seekers really serve their own interests when they claim things that may later be revealed to be false or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">when they land jobs they later won\u2019t be able to perform because their qualifications were fake.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One specific warning for the egoist comes from the admissions department at the Massachusetts Institute<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of Technology. One of the world\u2019s elite universities, the task of selecting each year\u2019s freshman class is as<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">daunting as it is important for a school dedicated to preserving its reputation. The head of that office in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2007 was Marilee Jones. One of her central skills was the ability to distinguish high schoolers who\u2019d truly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">excelled from those who got great grades by taking easy classes. Her widely admired skill, in other words,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">was filtering out grade sheets (which are students\u2019 r\u00e9sum\u00e9s) that misleadingly stretched the students\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">classroom accomplishments. She went on using that skill until it was discovered that twenty-eight years<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">earlier, when she\u2019d first applied to work at the school, she\u2019d invented a few degrees for herself. She was<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fired on the spot. [4]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 There are multiple kinds of positive r\u00e9sum\u00e9 misrepresentations and negative r\u00e9sum\u00e9 misrepresentations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Managing the dilemmas of crafting a r\u00e9sum\u00e9 requires accounting for obligations to all those who will be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">affected by the r\u00e9sum\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Circumstances involving the specific post being sought, along with commonly accepted practice, may<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">determine the extent to which misrepresentations are ethically objectionable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Who are the people affected by r\u00e9sum\u00e9 truth decisions?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. What are five distinct ways you may choose to misrepresent yourself on your r\u00e9sum\u00e9?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. What\u2019s the difference between legal and ethical approaches to the question about padding the r\u00e9sum\u00e9?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Why might a job seeker have a duty to blur parts of his or her work history?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Why might an egoist lie on the r\u00e9sum\u00e9, and why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] Ben Montgomery, \u201cTV Chef Spiced Up His Past Exploits,\u201d St. Petersburg Times, February 17, 2008, accessed May<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">17, 2011,http:\/\/www.sptimes.com\/2008\/02\/17\/Southpinellas\/TV_chef_spiced_up_his.shtml.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] Fakeresume.com accessed May 17, 2011, http:\/\/fakeresume.com.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[3] Candace Heckman, \u201cLying on R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Could Land You in Jail,\u201d SeattlePI, March 3, 2006, accessed May 17,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/www.seattlepi.com\/local\/261747_diplomamill04.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[4] Marcella Bombardieri and Andrew Ryan, \u201cMIT Dean of Admissions Resigns for Falsifying Resume,\u201d Boston<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Globe, April 26, 2007, accessed May 17,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/www.boston.com\/news\/globe\/city_region\/breaking_news\/2007\/04\/mit_dean_of_adm.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6.2 What Am I Worth?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">237<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Distinguish the free market from other methods for determining a just salary.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Consider the justification of wage demands.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Bogus Job Offer Converted into a Real Raise?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In her blog Female Science Professor, the author considers a problem. She\u2019s got a lab research assistant<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whom she calls post doc, which presumably means he got his PhD, but he\u2019s still hanging around the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">university and working for low pay. She wants to give him a raise. The higher-ups, however, won\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">approve it. So she writes,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I\u2019m pretty sure I could get a colleague at another institution to send my post doc an e-mail<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">expressing an interest in hiring him away from my institution (but without any real intention of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doing so). With such a letter in hand, there\u2019s a good chance I could get the raise approved.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ethical? No. Should I do it anyway? [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Actually, the ploy may be considered ethical within a purely market-driven framework for setting salaries.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cutting the details and reducing to the situation\u2019s essence, the worker is in effect threatening to not show<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">up for work anymore unless there\u2019s a larger paycheck. That means the employer is being forced to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">determine if the employee is worth the extra money. The answer will follow from a survey of available<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">workers in the market, and an answer to the question as to whether another can be found to perform the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">same duties equally well without demanding more pay. If not, then the increase will probably be granted.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If a replacement can be found, then things will get awkward as the lab assistant tries to walk back his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">threat. The walking back is an etiquette problem, though, not an ethical one. From this perspective, in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">terms of ethics, all that happened is the worker tried to get a raise and didn\u2019t.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Obviously there\u2019s a loose end here; there\u2019s the question about whether the lying is ethical. It depends.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Placing the question in the context of organized labor, is it ethical for a union organization to bluff, to say<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they\u2019ll go on strike while knowing they really won\u2019t? What about less direct lies? An employee that\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">actually satisfied with her salary may feign unhappiness in order to squeeze out a little extra. Further,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">almost all hard-nosed business negotiation entails a bit of posturing. Not many cars have been sold<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">without the seller at least initially insisting, \u201cWell, I can\u2019t possibly go below x price for this fine<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">238<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">automobile.\u201d And then, after a visit with the manager or some other contrived breakthrough, the seller<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">decides, \u201cWell, in this special case, maybe I can do a little better.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In one form or another, a pure market economy occasionally (or maybe frequently) reduces to both sides<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">insisting that they can\u2019t pay more or give less, and in the end, both sides meet somewhere in the middle.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As for the previous claims about other jobs or threats to go on strike or insisting that the price can\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">possibly come down or whatever, all that washes away when hands finally shake.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The ethical foundation undergirding and justifying participating in business this way is libertarian in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nature. It starts with the premise that we\u2019re all independent actors out in the business world trying to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accrue the most for ourselves, and others are out to do the same thing. We all know the rules, we\u2019re all<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">adults. When we negotiate a pay raise, we may exaggerate circumstances or say some things that aren\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">true. But at the end of the day, no one forces the employer to pay more; it\u2019s the employer\u2019s choice. As for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the employee, the empty threat to leave may be presented at the bargaining table, but it\u2019s not so much a lie<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">as a commonly used negotiating technique, just a way of upping the pressure. It is, therefore, ethically<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">acceptable to invent another job offer but only within the confines of business negotiating and only<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because everyone knows the give-and-take happens that way.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There is another side to this, however. If you don\u2019t accept that negotiating in business is a kind of specialrules<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">game where posturing and exaggerating are customary, then you may want to argue that talking<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about salaries isn\u2019t any different from any other kind of conversation. If it\u2019s not, then the ethical argument<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">against leveraging an imaginary job offer to force a pay raise finds a solid foundation on the bedrock duty<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not to lie regardless of the circumstances. For anyone who begins from the ethical foundation that any<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">morally acceptable act must not breach certain ironclad principles\u2014don\u2019t lie, don\u2019t steal, and similar\u2014it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">becomes impossible to justify making up a nonexistent job offer, even if that\u2019s the way the game of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business is being played by others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Role of the Larger Community in Determining Wages<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There are two broad ways to get a fix on your own economic worth. One operates within the open market:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">economic free agents meet and sessions of no-holds-barred negotiations result in an answer. The other<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">broad approach to setting wages places the issue within the context of a larger community. Here, it\u2019s not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">so much that we\u2019re bargaining individuals dealing to get the best possible result; instead, we\u2019re part of a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">239<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business organization and a larger society, and wages get distributed across it in accordance with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">guidelines and norms. There are multiple kinds of guidelines. They include<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 my value to the organization,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 the ability of the organization to pay,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 the community wage level,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 the wages paid to other employees in the organization,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 my experience and seniority relative to others in the organization,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 the future jobs a post may prepare me for.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Trying to determine what a fair salary would be for post doc in terms of his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">value to the organization requires determining how much of the organization\u2019s profit he actually<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">produces. A researcher in a science lab may, under this system, labor for years without any pay at all if his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">investigative work fails to produce a marketable product. On the other hand, if after years of labor his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">research finally yields a breakthrough, his wages conceivably shoot to astronomical levels.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Needless to say, this wage-determining structure won\u2019t work very well for lab researchers or for any kind<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of job that requires years of labor before any return may be anticipated. It does function, however, for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">businesses like American Apparel. They pay their clothing sewers a small base wage, and then a large<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">secondary amount that rises or falls depending on their output, on the number of garments they add to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the inventory. In essence, each week workers bring home a paycheck corresponding with the value they\u2019ve<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">added to the company. That means the relation between the sewers and American Apparel is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fundamentally cooperative; it\u2019s not a worker negotiating against the organization but the two laboring<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">together and splitting the fruits of the efforts.[2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another broad context into which the wage question may be fitted is the organization\u2019s ability to pay.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A lab assistant may choose, for example, to accept a pay cut to help the firm weather a period when no one<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seems able to invent anything that can be sold. The hope would be that, later on, when someone finally<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gets that breakthrough and profits zoom, everyone\u2019s wages will shoot up too.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A third context for setting wages is the community wage level. Going back to American Apparel, their Los<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Angeles factory pays workers more than twice the US minimum wage, plus benefits. That\u2019s not a lot of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money for California, but it\u2019s ten times more than what sewers in countries including China make for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">similar work, which doesn\u2019t mean, within this context, that those overseas workers are being abused, only<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">240<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that salaries should be comparable with what others in the immediate area make. Two employees may<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">receive, therefore, radically different paychecks for the same work, but that\u2019s ethically appropriate if the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wage levels are initially set to correspond with local costs of living and standard practices.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Organizational wage level is another way of standardizing employee pay. In this case, a lab researcher<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">would base demands for a raise on the argument that others working in the same lab are being paid more<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">than he is. It doesn\u2019t matter, it follows, and how much researchers are being paid at other, competing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">locations. They may receive more, or possibly less. Regardless, the standard is set within that single<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organization, and people with comparable experience doing comparable work should receive similar<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">checks.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Seniority relative to others in the organization also provides a salary framework. Here, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">emphasis doesn\u2019t rest so much on abilities or contribution to the organization, it\u2019s the amount of time an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employee has been doing it that counts most. In a research lab like the one Female Science Professor is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">blogging about, her assistant\u2019s demand for a raise would be based on the idea that he should be getting<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">more than those hired after him, and less than those who\u2019ve been employed longer. There\u2019s a comforting<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sense of fairness here as the wages get aligned with factors that aren\u2019t subjective; it\u2019s much easier to tally<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an employee\u2019s time working than to determine how much he might get paid elsewhere or measure his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">exact contribution to the organization. One drawback to this approach is that it allows little room for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rewarding exceptional ability or effort. Potentially, the only reward an employee receives for working<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">more efficiently than others is that he gets more work to do.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This particular drawback to a seniority system for determining wages is called a perverse incentive; it\u2019s a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">system of rewards that actually encourages workers to perform poorly or inefficiently. Take the case of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">American Apparel\u2019s sewers and imagine that wages were determined solely based on the length of their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employment. Sewers would have little reason to produce more garments than their workmates. They may<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">even feel like their main task at work each day is to find as many ways as possible to rest and not do<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">anything. Why not? Their wages won\u2019t be affected. Obviously, in most private enterprises, slackers like<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">these find themselves out of a job. But in sectors where firing individuals is extremely difficult\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">government jobs being a prime example\u2014a seniority system for setting wage levels threatens to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">incentivize glum, nonresponsive employees.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">241<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, pay may be calibrated by the future prospects the post creates. Here, the lab assistant may<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">complain about low pay, but the response may be that the particular lab where he\u2019s working is quite<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">prestigious, and gaining experience there will allow an advantage against other candidates when he goes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">out to find employment elsewhere later on. The wages lost now, the reasoning goes, will be more than<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">recouped in the future.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">An extreme form of this future-prospects salary structure is an internship. This is a short-term job with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">little pay and few benefits. Sometimes, there\u2019s no pay at all. The upside is the experience. When it\u2019s added<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to the r\u00e9sum\u00e9, it should make a job seeker more attractive to employers. If everything works, the time may<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be a good investment, a good way to get into a line of work, or get in at a higher level. The ethical problem,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">however, lies in the possibility of abuse that\u2019s unavoidable when someone is working essentially for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nothing. Here\u2019s a snippet from an entry on Craigslist:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I agree that calling work for no pay an \u2018internship\u2019 is just a fancy spin for disrespecting the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">talents and the person being \u2018used\u2019. Unfortunately, in this society\u2026many people think it\u2019s ok to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">offer no pay for legitimate work. [3]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He might be right. This complaint is definitely right if the organization offering the internship knows<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">beforehand that the worker\u2019s prospects in the market won\u2019t really be improved by the experience<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">acquired. In that case, it seems like an internship really is just a \u201cfancy spin for disrespecting the talents<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and the person being used.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There are two kinds of questions to ask about a worker who\u2019s laboring for low (or no) wages with the idea<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that the experience will pay off in the long run. The first involves employers implying there\u2019ll be improved<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">job prospects while knowing there probably won\u2019t be. The other is more prudential: assuming the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employer is acting in good faith, the worker still needs to ask, \u201cIs it worth it?\u201d It\u2019s impossible to know the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">answer beforehand, but by making the best judgment possible you can get a grip on the question about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whether a higher wage ought to be demanded.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion. For employees trying to measure their worth in business\u2014how much they ought to be paid for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their work\u2014the guiding question is, \u201cWhat are the criteria used to measure whether a paycheck is too fat<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">or too lean?\u201d Are wages set by the market, or is it my value to the organization or something else that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">determines the pay scale?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">242<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAY<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 An appropriate salary level may simply be the result of the hardest negotiating possible, or it may be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">determined by broader guidelines.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. How can an employee ethically justify inventing a job offer in order to pressure the boss into granting a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">raise?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. From the employee\u2019s perspective, in what line of work might value to the organization function not very<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">well as a gauge for setting salary levels?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. How could a company justify paying accountants in its St. Louis office less than accountants in the New<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">York City office?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. From the employee\u2019s perspective, in what line of work might experience and seniority function well as a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gauge for setting salary levels?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Does an employer have an ethical responsibility to offer an intern a job at full pay once the internship is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">successfully completed? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] \u201cProposed Ethical Lapse,\u201d Female Science Professor (blog), July 1, 2009, accessed May 17, 2011, http:\/\/scienceprofessor.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">blogspot.com\/2009\/07\/proposed-ethical- lapse.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] Nick Schou, \u201cThe Low Cost of High Wages,\u201d American Apparel, OC Weekly, December 28, 2005, accessed May<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">17, 2011,http:\/\/www.americanapparel.net\/presscenter\/articles\/20051228ocweekly.html.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[3] Craigslist San Diego, \u201cComments RE: internship posts&amp; low pay,\u201d January 5, 2010.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">243<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6.3 Plotting a Promotion<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Distinguish two job promotion tracks.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Define ethical responsibilities of those seeking a job promotion.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Two Kinds of Job Promotions<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Two major promotion tracks run through many organizations: one based on accomplishment, the other<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on competition. Accomplishment promotions are those scheduled for workers attaining specific,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">predetermined goals. For example, in an office of stockbrokers those who achieve a certain number of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">clients or reach a level of total investment money under their direction may automatically be elevated.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">An account executive could become a vice president of accounts after she\u2019s gathered more than ninetynine<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">clients or has garnered accounts valued at more than a million dollars. Along with the new title, there<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">may come a pay raise and additional benefits.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The ethical questions rising around this system are fairly straightforward and tend to involve<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">transparency\u2014that is, a clear explanation of the rules and rewards from the beginning. Does it count, for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">instance, if a broker games the system by signing up one hundred clients who each invest only piddling<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">amounts? That could lead to a system where a vice president oversees one hundred clients but only $500<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of assets, while a lowly account executive labors with ninety clients and $900,000 in assets.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Every industry and organization will have its quirks and ways of twisting the numbers to make things<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">appear better (or worse) than they really are. Keeping those angles under control is a manager\u2019s concern,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">however. Establishing a level playing field, that\u2019s the kind of thing managers are paid to take care of, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the dilemmas surrounding this subject, will be considered from their perspective in later chapters. From<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the employee\u2019s perspective, there aren\u2019t many problems: if the goals are set, then you have every right to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">try to meet them as best as you can to get the step up.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The stickier ethical territory comes with competitive promotions. These are situations where workers<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">within a group aren\u2019t only teammates laboring to reach the organization\u2019s goals but also competitors vying<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for that one slot that comes open on the hierarchy\u2019s next level up. In this situation, what are the ethics of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">trying to get the promotion?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">244<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Dirty Tricks<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Colin Gautrey has written a book with a captivating title: 21 Dirty Tricks at Work. In a short article, he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">summarizes two of the most commonly used by stealthy promotion seekers to either inflate them or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sabotage their coworker competitors.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The creative magpie. This time-honored strategy of self-service is exaggerating involvement in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">successful ideas\u2014or flat out stealing credit for them\u2014while steadfastly forgetting to mention others\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">contributions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 E-mail to the gods. A contemporary and clever scheme for ruining your colleagues\u2019 advancement<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">chances, it entails writing an e-mail incidentally detailing a colleague\u2019s work-related failure and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201caccidentally\u201d copying the message to supervisors and clients. [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The business of getting a promotion, if Gautrey\u2019s tricks are any indication, can get pretty rough. One way<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to determine what you\u2019re willing to do is by separating and looking at each one of the ambitious worker\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethical responsibilities with respect to self-advancement. In broad strokes, those seeking promotion at the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cost of others in their work group are located at the center of four responsibilities: those to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 themselves,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 their coworkers,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 their managers,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 the organization in general.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Four Responsibilities<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What do ambitious employees owe themselves? Most ethical theories encourage those who desire to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">advance at work to go after the success. Duty-based ethical structures, for example, include the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">responsibility all of us should have to respect our own skills and dignity, and if professional excellence is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">among them, then there\u2019s a responsibility to excel, to do well at work. So if getting the promotion requires<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">acting to be sure superiors know when you\u2019ve done a good job\u2014and in competitive environments it does\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">then there\u2019s a moral imperative there to act, to ensure that credit is received. There\u2019s no shame, in others<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">words, in at least discreetly blowing your own horn. Of course there\u2019ll always be people in the workplace;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">perhaps this is even the majority, whose ambitions for their lives aren\u2019t about professional success so<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">much as having a fulfilling family life or pursuing an after-five interest. For these individuals, just<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">245<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">avoiding the whole career advancement race\u2014even if it means getting less money at the end of the month<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">than others\u2014makes perfect sense.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What do ambitious employees owe their workmates? To begin, the same ethical framework of duties<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">requiring individuals to respect their own ability and dignity also demands that much for others. So while<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it may be that singing your own praises and advertising your accomplishments as the creative magpie<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">does is respectable, it\u2019s harder to justify obscuring the accomplishments of others. Further, if the respect<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for yourself is balanced by the same respect for others, it seems like there\u2019s an obligation to actively ensure<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that superiors are aware of not only your own contributions but also those made by another. There is, in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">essence, a good sportsmanship rule in effect. (And certainly, any ethics functioning from a base of respect<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for ourselves and others will prohibit the outright stealing of others\u2019 ideas and accomplishments.) On the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">other hand, an ethical egoist\u2014someone insisting that individuals are free agents and the world will work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">out for the best if everyone steadfastly pursues their own interests\u2014will see things somewhat differently.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">From this point of view, the responsibility to trumpet the accomplishments of others falls to those others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If they want to claim credit for a job well done, they may, but if they don\u2019t, it\u2019s no one else\u2019s responsibility<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to do it for them. Finally, what\u2019s important to see is that there are different intermediate points between<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">trumpeting your own accomplishments and claiming the accomplishments of others as your own. Acting<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethically requires determining which point you\u2019re at and justifying the stance.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The responsibilities workers hold to their superiors start with honesty. The basic problem with the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">creative magpie strategy on this ethical front is that it means passing on to managers misleading or false<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">information about who contributed how much to a project. This affects managers negatively\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">potentially very negatively\u2014because next time something needs to get done urgently and at the highest<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">possible level, they may not aim the assignment at those employees most apt to produce the best results.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Their performance as a manager, it follows, will be adversely affected when the work performed under<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">their direction comes in at a quality level below expectations. The career prospects of a manager, finally,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">will be hindered when a subordinate sacrifices honesty in the attempt to advance his or her own career.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The last responsibility that employees looking to be promoted ought to consider is their obligation to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organization in general. Here, both the magpie strategy and the e-mail to the gods trick raise serious<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">questions. The worker\u2019s central obligation to the organization is to help it flourish: they\u2019re being paid to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">help the enterprise reach its goals. The problem with the magpie strategy on this front is the same as the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">246<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">problem experienced by managers. When workers who do the best work see the credit stolen by others,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the organization loses some of its ability to produce at the highest possible level. Moving on to the e-mail<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to the gods strategy (the appending of harmful information about other workers to e-mails and then<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seeing that clients receive the information), this is especially damaging. Even if the information is true,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and should perhaps be shared with managers inside the organization, it\u2019s nearly impossible to see how<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">any organization can benefit when clients find out the work being done is substandard.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion. For ambitious employees looking to advance quickly in a situation where they\u2019re competing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">against their own coworkers, the recipe for success is obvious: get credit for doing better work than the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">others. One way to accomplish that is to actually do better work and make sure superiors know about it.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There are other ways too. Navigating the ethics of those ways requires workers to carefully evaluate their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">obligations to themselves, their coworkers, their managers, and their organization.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Accomplishment promotions and competitive promotions are distinct and occur on different ethical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">terrains.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Those pursuing competitive promotions ought to consider their responsibilities to themselves, their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">coworkers, their managers, and their organization.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Who is hurt by the creative magpie strategy and in what specific ways?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. You\u2019re working on a project with another worker and he\u2019s not doing well. His contributions need constant<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">correction. Does your obligation to the organization\u2019s well-being provide ethical justification for informing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">superiors about the shortcomings? Does the ethical situation change if you\u2019re also competing with that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">workmate for a promotion? If it changes, how and why? If not, why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[1] Colin Gautrey, \u201cDirty Tricks at Work\u2014Five Ways to Protect Yourself,\u201d EzineArticles.com, accessed May<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">17, 2011, http:\/\/ezinearticles.com\/?Dirty-Tricks-at- Work&#8212;Five-Ways-to-Protect-Yourself&amp;id=2703788.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">247<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6.4 Looking for a Better Job Outside the Company<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Consider ethical dilemmas confronting employees as they move from one organization to a competitor.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ethical Issues along the Way to a New Job<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Most people who leave one job for another make the transition smoothly; they learn of a new position,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">apply, interview, and win the post. Notice is provided to the current employer. The split is amicable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Everyone goes forward. On some occasions, however, ethical turbulence occurs because obligations to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">current employer are broken along the way out. These are some of the most commonly encountered<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">flashpoints:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Time abuse. The use of company time to seek another job.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Equipment-use abuse. Using the firm\u2019s equipment as part of the effort to find a job elsewhere.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Skill theft. Taking specific, job-related abilities acquired at one company to another.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Client adoption. Moving to a new company and helping it appropriate part of the former company\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">client base.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Market adoption. Moving to a new company and helping it appropriate part of the former company\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">market.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Idea appropriation. Taking ideas belonging to the old company to the new one.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Musical Chair Stockbrokers<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Successful stockbrokers share some basic skills. One is the ability to manage reams of information about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">diverse investments. The options they need to organize run from humdrum treasury bills, which are safe<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">investments but don\u2019t earn very much, to stock in companies like Google, which first went on sale in 2004<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">at a price of $85. By 2007, that same share cost more than $600. Other start-up companies also began<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">selling shares in 2004, but it\u2019s harder to remember their names since they went broke. Now it\u2019s not the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">stockbrokers\u2019 job to determine which investments are reliable and which more explosive; that\u2019s handled<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">by specialized analysts. What stockbrokers do is arrange the possibilities into clear groups of more and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">less speculative investments, then they provide options to their clients.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">248<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Talking and helping clients choose good options is another key stock broking skill. To do that, brokers<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">need to understand clients\u2019 situations and aspirations. If you\u2019re a young client with some extra cash, you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">may want to take a risk. But if you\u2019re nearing retirement, you may figure it\u2019s best to play it safe.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Regardless, the stockbroker-client relationship tends to be fairly sticky once it\u2019s fully established because<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they\u2019ve spent real time talking seriously: to help their broker work, clients need to open up about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">themselves, their current reality, and their hopes for the future. After that, it\u2019s difficult to just switch out of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the relationship.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">How do stockbrokers make money? They get a small percentage of every investment they oversee, and the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">larger brokerage firm, say, Smith Barney, gets a cut too. At least that\u2019s the way it works on a day-to-day<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">basis. There is, however, another option for brokers, at least for ones who\u2019ve accumulated a good, trusting<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">client list. They can switch firms for money. For a lot of money because brokerage houses fall over<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">themselves rushing to offer large signing bonuses to those employees who can bring a long client list with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">After a deal to jump to another brokerage house has been struck, the stealth begins. One way or another,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the broker needs to get his or her client files. It\u2019s a delicate operation; computers in most brokerages don\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">have USB drives, so you can\u2019t just pull the information off the hard drive. You\u2019ve got to print it all out or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">find some way to access the mainframe with a thumb drive. Regardless, brokers need to get those files<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because they hold each client\u2019s investment history and notes brokers use to remember their clients\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">stories, their family members, and all the little things that make the personal relationship work.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">With the client information in hand, the broker prepares for the nail-biting day of the actual switch. A<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">letter is written to clients (though not yet sent) reporting the broker\u2019s move to the new firm, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">explaining why it\u2019s a good change\u2014or just not bad\u2014for the clients\u2019 interests. Instructions and the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">necessary forms are included for clients to transfer their accounts easily and fast. The day before the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">change, the letters are delivered to the central post office. The next morning, the broker resigns and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hurries out of the office. With the first step outside, she hits the call button on her cell phone. A long and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">frantic day has begun: starting with the largest investor and running down the list, she telephones to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">explain what\u2019s happening, and to ask each client to stick with her through the switch.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">249<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Back at the old office, intense damage control begins. The manager rushes to divide up the ex-worker\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">client list among the remaining brokers, and they start phoning, pleading with the clients to stay with the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">old, reliable firm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Usually, most clients go.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For the moment, that\u2019s the end of it. But the switching will fire up again because a brokerage house that\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lost a rainmaker may go after one of the major brokers at another house. More, a broker who\u2019s jumped<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ship once for money might be tempted to do it again. Eventually, the wheel may get going so fast that no<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one can keep straight who\u2019s working where.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Facing the possibility that the whole thing could spin out of control, the poaching brokerage houses<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mutually disarmed in 2004 by drawing up a protocol for broker recruiting. The legally binding<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">agreement\u2014which all employees were asked to sign\u2014allowed brokers to take their clients\u2019 names and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">contact information when changing jobs, but nothing else, none of the investment history. That made the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">switch much more difficult since office-jumping brokers would need to rebuild their client relationships<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">almost from scratch.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Neither Bernadette Holland nor Amy Villani wanted to do the rebuilding when they jumped from the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Smith Barney brokerage house in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, to Janney Montgomery Scott LLC of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Philadelphia in late 2008, so they took their client files with them. At least that\u2019s what Smith Barney<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">maintained when they filed a lawsuit against the two women. Their complaint alleged, \u201cThe brokers took<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with them customer files and information, despite their written assurances that they had complied with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the protocol for broker recruiting, which expressly prohibits them from taking such files.\u201d [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Time Abuse<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Time abuse is the use of company time to seek another job. On the surface, it\u2019s unethical. We need to be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">careful here, however, to distinguish exactly what \u201ccompany time\u201d means. Many jobs and work contracts<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">are task related instead of time defined. That is, workers are hired to accomplish certain goals. In the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">construction business, a roofer may be signed up to get shingling done on a building before a certain<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">deadline. In a case like that, there is no such thing as company time. The roofer\u2019s free to work whenever<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and consequently to not work whenever. As long as the job gets done by the deadline, the obligation is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fulfilled. So if he wants to sit up on the roof and field calls for new jobs, it\u2019s hard to see ethical problems.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">250<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Problems do rise when workers are paid for their time. Most stockbrokers receive a base salary, a benefits<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">package, or both as part of their work agreement. In exchange, they\u2019re supposed to use the working day to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pursue the brokerage\u2019s interests, which means finding new clients and serving those already held. If<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Holland and Villani sat in the office talking with competing brokerage houses, they were breaking their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">obligation of fidelity\u2014that is, their duty to honor their professional agreements. Of course they could<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">respond that all workers take breaks. They eat a snack, sneak out for a cigarette, extend lunch. All those<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">things are true. It\u2019s also true, however, that the case can be made that those departures<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">actually help employees do their job by providing the refreshment that comes with the occasional break<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">from work. In the cases of Holland and Villani, it seems almost impossible for them to find a way to fold<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">conversations with competing brokerages into the obligation to their current one.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Could those conversations be justified even while recognizing that they breach the duty to fidelity? Yes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The brokers could argue that another obligation simply outweighs their responsibility to maintain their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">working agreement with Smith Barney. Scratching the surface a bit on the Smith Barney situation<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">provides an example. According to a story detailing the case in the Investment News,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Recruiters and executives from rival firms said the Smith Barney reps and advisers are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">continuing to leave the firm this year as it prepares to take the minority stake in a joint venture<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with Morgan Stanley, also of New York. Citigroup will exchange Smith Barney for a 49% stake in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the new firm, dubbed Morgan Stanley Smith Barney, and a $2.7 billion cash payment. [2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Smith Barney, this means, was being taken over by Morgan Stanley, and Smith Barney brokers were<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fleeing in droves.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Of course every ship-jumping broker will have unique reasons for leaving, but it does seem plausible that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">at least some brokers believed this new management wouldn\u2019t serve their interests well, and, by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">extension, their clients\u2019 interests. On this foundation, Holland and Villani could build an argument. Once<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it became clear that the kind of service they\u2019d been offering their clients would be impossible under the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">new management, they could conclude that their service responsibility to clients outweighed their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">responsibility to honor a commitment to Smith Barney. From there, the case may be made for the two to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">use company time to pursue the possibility of working for another brokerage.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">251<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, it\u2019s easier from an ethical perspective if the two could just isolate any discussions with potential<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">future brokerage houses to non-business hours, to lunch breaks, and after 5:00 p.m. If that\u2019s not possible,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">however, then the decision to impose on the working day will have to find an ethical justification.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Equipment-use abuse is occupying an employer\u2019s computers, telephones, and similar as part of the effort<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to find a job elsewhere. In the case of the two Smith Barney brokers, just as they may have used hours, so<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">too they may have used Smith Barney\u2019s equipment to negotiate their moving to another firm. This isn\u2019t a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">strong form of theft (assuming Holland and Villani didn\u2019t carry the machines out the door), but it\u2019s a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">betrayal of the obligation they received when they accepted the equipment\u2014the obligation to use it to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">serve Smith Barney\u2019s interests. Or to at least to not subvert Smith Barney. Visiting Facebook once in a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">while, in other words, is OK, but sending e-mails to competitors, not so much.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Skill Theft<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Skill theft is taking specific, job-related abilities acquired at one company to another. Stock broking\u2014like<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">many posts\u2014requires extensive, job-specific training, and it can\u2019t be picked up along the way: legally, you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">can\u2019t work in the field until you\u2019ve completed the required courses and passed subsequent exams.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Typically, the company pays for the learning. The larger houses organize their own stock broking<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">universities: new recruits are gathered and privately hired teachers lead them through the materials.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What\u2019s learned? Beyond the Wall Street knowledge about stocks and bonds, there are guidelines to master<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">about providing recommendations and specific rules to follow that ensure clients understand the risks<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">involved in creating a portfolio, especially on the more speculative side of the investment spectrum. Stock<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">broking is also a job in sales: brokers need to learn the delicate art of touting their own services without<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">making promises about returns that can\u2019t necessarily be kept. Finally, there\u2019s quite a bit of technical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">knowledge that needs to be acquired so brokers can adeptly manage job-related and sometimes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">complicated software programs. All of this is expensive. When a company hires, they\u2019re making a major<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">commitment and incurring a real cost.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What obligations does the cost create? The answer divides onto a legal side and an ethical one. With<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">respect to the law, many hiring organizations incurring significant training costs write clauses into job<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">contracts protecting against the loss if a fresh employee comes aboard for the training and then tries to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">leave and work elsewhere. Called a repayment clause, it stipulates that departing workers may be billed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">252<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for their training. In a typical clause, the cost must be repaid completely if the employee leaves<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">immediately, and then a declining percentage are repaid if the departure occurs after three, six, nine<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">months, and so on. (Here\u2019s an Internet board where workers discuss the clause and ways of getting out of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it: http:\/\/www.i-resign.com\/uk\/discussion\/new_topic.asp?t=648. [3])<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Frequently, ethics and the law fail to overlap. In this case, however, an ethical solution to the problem of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">leaving an organization and taking your training with you may correspond with the strictly legal one. To<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the extent it\u2019s possible to monetize the investment an employer makes in an employee, returning the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money could satisfy several fundamental moral duties. The duty to not harm others is satisfied because<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the recouped funds may be applied by the organization to hire and train another employee. The duty of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fidelity\u2014keeping obligations\u2014is satisfied insofar as the contract\u2019s clauses are honored. Finally, the duty to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reparation\u2014to repay others when we harm them\u2014is explicitly satisfied. The conclusion is that a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">stockbroker who takes a firm\u2019s training and leaves may justifiably claim that the action was ethically<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">acceptable because the contractual obligation was honored.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What if the contractual obligation isn\u2019t honored? Is there any way for an employee to build an ethical case<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">against repaying the company for training received? On the discussion board just mentioned, two routes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">are indicated. The first works from a utilitarian ethics, from the idea that the right action is the one<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bringing the greatest good to the greatest number. A contributor called there_are_many_questions<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">writes,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I recently took a promotion at my current job and part of this was to study a level 4 course they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">had chosen. I had also applied to university, and due to the competitiveness of the course I wasn\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sure that I would get in. Hence the reason I agreed to go for the promotion. As it happens I have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">been accepted into university and I begin my course shortly. I knew that I would be required to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pay back the cost of the course fees but it turns out, that they were more then I was originally<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">told. To add, because I am becoming a full time student I am unlikely to have a permanent<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">income. [4]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">So this person applied to a competitive university and wasn\u2019t sure about getting in. Faced with the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">uncertainty, he or she took a promotion at the current company, which required company-provided<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">training. In the end, as it turned out, there_are_many_questions got into the university and so left the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">253<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">company. Now the company wants the course fees back. As the writer notes, it\u2019s probable that he or she<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">won\u2019t be able to pay them while enrolled as a student.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Looking at this situation, there\u2019s no doubt here that the abandoned company has a strong ethical case.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201cWhy is there_are_many_questions paying a university for classes when he or she already owes us for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">classes taken?\u201d Good question. Here\u2019s a utilitarian response: when everyone\u2019s interests are fully taken into<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">account, the decision to go to university and shaft the company does, in fact, serve the greater good. The<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">abandoned company is damaged, no doubt, but really, unless it\u2019s a small company on the brink of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bankruptcy, it seems likely that they\u2019ll absorb the loss and move on. Further, there_are_many_questions<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">had just been promoted by the company, so, obviously, he or she had been doing good work for them; it\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not as though the entire professional relationship will be a pure loss. The jilted company, finally, will<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">suffer the employee\u2019s abandonment, but probably get over it without suffering lasting damage.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There_are_many_questions, on the other hand, has a singular opportunity. The university is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">competitive\u2014so much so that there was real uncertainty about gaining admission. To leave that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">opportunity behind simply to honor the clause of a contract seems like a choice causing real unhappiness,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one that will continue over the long term. There\u2019ll always be that feeling of \u201cwhat if?,\u201d as in \u201cWhat if I\u2019d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">just walked and gone to the university to learn to do what I really wanted?\u201d In sum, when you weigh on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one side the damage caused to the company by a departing employee who doesn\u2019t refund training costs,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and on the other side you weigh the damage done to there_are_many_questions if the university course is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">abandoned to repay the company\u2019s training, it feels like there\u2019s an imbalance. When viewed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dispassionately from outside the situation, the greater good really is served by walking away from the debt<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and going to the university. No one is saying that walking away from debts is ethical, but it would be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">more unethical to let the university opportunity pass.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another justification for walking away from the debt to the company could emerge along the lines of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethical egoism indicated by a contribution coming from Suze. She says the employee should hand over a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bit of money and then \u201ctell them to whistle for the rest, or else you will see them in court. I doubt they will<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pursue it.\u201d [5]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Solid ethical egoism. The right thing to do is the right thing for you, and that\u2019s it. If you can get away with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not paying, Suze says, and then go for it. The reasoning is the company \u201cprobably won\u2019t pursue it.\u201d If they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">254<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">do, well then you might have to come up with the money. Until that happens, though, her advice is to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">protect your own interests, let the company take care of theirs, and see where things end up.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Client Adoption<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Client adoption is moving to a new company and helping it appropriate part of the former company\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">client base. Holland and Villani are perpetrators. In fact, this is the central idea behind their move: to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">transfer clients along with them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">With respect to the law, Holland and Villani are completely free to take their clients. It\u2019s a black-and-white<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">legal situation. All that\u2019s in dispute is how much client information they can carry to their new office. And<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the ethics? The situation here seems fairly clear also, at least with respect to the brokers and the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">brokerage. There\u2019s no doubt that both Holland and Villani on one side, and the Smith Barney brokerage<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">house on the other, have a certain claim on the clients. While it\u2019s true that the brokers did most of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">work, the brokerage provided the infrastructure and opportunity. One way to adjudicate these competing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">claims when the broker and brokerage split is to check whether any prior agreements regulate the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">separation. In this case, an agreement does exist: the protocol for broker recruiting. The fact that the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">agreement is there indicates that all parties involved accept that brokers transferring and taking clients is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">part of the way things normally work: it\u2019s fair. What needs to be settled, and what the protocol does<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">presumably settle, are the rules for the process.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One difference, however, between ethics and the law in this situation is that ethical considerations open a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">broader scope onto the situation: the stakeholders increase. Where the law is concerned only with the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">brokerage house and the brokers, an ethical evaluation incorporates the clients as important since they\u2019re<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tangibly affected by any decision. So what are the clients\u2019 rights? How are they exposed by shifting<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">brokers? Their first clear right is to say \u201cno.\u201d They\u2019re under no obligation to follow when a broker changes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">firms, and there\u2019s good reason to stay put. The paperwork involved in moving is significant. More, not all<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">houses offer the same investments instruments, so there may actually be a cost involved as items in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">portfolio are sold on one side so that a comparable product may be purchased from the new brokerage.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This means the client really loses when they move along with a broker.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The clients are in a tough spot, though. Typically, they\u2019ve invested a good bit of their own energy and time<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in fostering a broker-client trust and mutual understanding. There\u2019s no guarantee\u2014and this is especially<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">255<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">true for longtime clients\u2014that another broker would easily understand how the current portfolio fits<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">together with the client\u2019s life. If that\u2019s right, then any client choosing to remain with the old firm will more<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">or less have to start over by rebuilding their investments in consultation with whichever new stockbroker<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gets assigned to their case. More complications could be added, but the point is, the clients aren\u2019t just<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bystanders. The brokers\u2019 decision to change houses is going to affect them, and they may end up losing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">either way.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">How do the clients\u2019 interests\u2014and the ethical responsibility to consider them\u2014fit into the stockbrokers\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">job switching? One way to begin reasoning toward an answer comes from Immanuel Kant\u2019s categorical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">imperative, specifically the idea that we are to treat others as ends and never as means. Kant\u2019s proposal is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that we\u2019re obligated, regardless of circumstances, to not treat others as tools or instruments; treating<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">another as a \u201cmeans\u201d is just using them to get something else. So the question here for brokers when<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">considering whether they hold an ethical license to do all they can to carry clients to a new firm becomes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">relatively simple. It would not be ethically recommendable if the change failed to serve the clients\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">interests. If it doesn\u2019t, if it turns out that the only people who come out ahead in all this are the brokers<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because they get a nice bonus from the new brokerage house for bringing over a busload of new investors,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">then what\u2019s happening is the clients are reducing to mere means. They\u2019re the tools the brokers use to get a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">payoff for them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On the other hand, if the change does serve the clients\u2019 interests, then Holland and Villani can say that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they aren\u2019t reducing the clients to nothing more than a payday, they\u2019re actually treating the clients the way<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they themselves would want to be treated in that situation. In Kant\u2019s language, the clients become \u201cends,\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they\u2019re no longer tools, and their interests can be considered a reason for Holland and Villani to make the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">switch. Now, we know from the case that Smith Barney was in the process of being engulfed by Morgan<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Stanley when Holland and Villani were making their move. If the brokers really believed that the services<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they could provide would be harmed by the change in corporate structure as Smith Barney became<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Morgan Stanley, and if they really believed their client services could be bettered by shifting over to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">new brokerage house, then there\u2019s space for claiming that bringing the clients along is morally right.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">256<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Market Adoption<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Market adoption occurs when an employee moves from one company to another and helps the new<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employer appropriate part of the former company\u2019s market. On the surface, this resembles client<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">adoption. A firm\u2019s market\u2014the people to whom they deliver goods or services\u2014is a collection of clients, a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">set of people who pay for the company\u2019s efforts. Even so, there are important differences between a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">market and a client, and they result in radical changes to the ethical atmosphere.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The fundamental difference between a client and a market is that clients have names and markets have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">definitions. Clients are individuals with whom a company has cultivated a relationship; markets are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">aggregates of people at whom companies aim their products. When Holland and Villani changed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">brokerage houses, they tried to take clients with them because they were people they\u2019d really talked to;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they knew their phone numbers and life stories. A market, on the other hand, is composed of people you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">don\u2019t know; it\u2019s just anyone who shares a set of characteristics. For example, a brokerage house may want<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">more business from middle-aged adults starting to think about retirement. So what do they do? They put<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">up TV ads showing a fiftyish husband and wife at the dinner table talking about something they\u2019d like to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">do together, say, visit China for a month. They can\u2019t go now. They\u2019re both working full time scraping<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">money to pay for the kids\u2019 college and making mortgage payments. When they retire, though, they\u2019ll have<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the time; the kids will be done with school, the house will be paid for. What they need to do now is plan<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the financial landscape. They have a question: what kind of investments guarantees their trip? The<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">commercial ends with a tagline: \u201cSmith Barney: For the Journey of Your Life.\u201d That\u2019s a bad commercial,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but it shows what a market is. Smith Barney doesn\u2019t care who shows up at their branch offices the next<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">day. They don\u2019t care if it\u2019s Sam Smith or Jane Jones; they just want fifty-year-olds with some money to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">invest.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Many companies are constantly trying to convert markets into clients, trying to replace purely economic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">relationships with personal ones because people tend to stick with their brands. Markets, by contrast,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shift easily; whichever company has the best TV commercial or the lowest prices, that\u2019s the one that gets<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the largest chunk.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Our economy is built on the idea of competition for markets: the premise that they\u2019re open and may be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pursued by any organization is the basis for business activity. Obviously, there are islands of exception,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">things like trash collection performed by the city government. But for the most part, it\u2019s nearly impossible<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">257<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to form an ethical argument against employees leaving one company and going to another and then<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">chasing the same market. To be against it isn\u2019t to be against one action or another on the part of an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employee; it\u2019s to be against the entire economic structure in which we live. (It\u2019s possible to be against that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">structure, but that\u2019s a different debate.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Idea Appropriation<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Idea appropriation occurs when an idea belonging to the old company is given over to the new one. If a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">chemist at Coca-Cola accepts a job at Pepsi and promptly reveals Coke\u2019s secret formula, that\u2019s idea theft.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the brokerage business at the level Holland and Villani worked, there probably weren\u2019t too many<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">secrets to steal. Clients yes, but no shadowy formulas for stock picking or anything like that.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Higher up in Smith Barney, however, it\u2019s perfectly possible that analysts responsible for selecting stock<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">winners (and weeding out losers) had developed an algorithm, a kind of recipe of numbers to produce<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">answers. In the finance industry, those who rely on numbers\u2014share price, a company\u2019s annual earnings,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and so on\u2014to make stock predictions are called quants, which is short for quantitative data analyst. They<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">take these numbers, stick them into a secret mathematical formula, and out pops another number<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">presumably showing whether the stock is a good buy or not. These formulas are a brokerage\u2019s concealed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">idea and, presumably at least, a key to their success: clients are going to flock to those brokerages<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">consistently providing good stock-buying tips. Now if you happen to be a quant at Smith Barney, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you\u2019re offered a similar position at a competing firm, can you take the formula with you?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This is a knotted question, both legally and ethically. Starting with the law, a company\u2019s ideas are broadly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">divided into two categories: trade secrets and patented or copyrighted information. Trade secrets consist<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of nonpublic information that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 concerns a company\u2019s own activities and that if known by competitors would negatively affect the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">company\u2019s ability to compete against them;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 is owned by the company (though it may not be copyrighted or patented) because it was developed by the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">company or purchased from another company;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 is meant to remain secret as is made clear by explicit directives, security measures, or contractual<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">agreements with employees. [6]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">258<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Trade secrets (which are sometimes called proprietary data) are ideas a company develops and uses, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that they don\u2019t want anyone to know about. In the case of the quants at Smith Barney, a formula for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">picking stock winners kept under lock and key would be a trade secret.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The other broad category of ideas belonging to companies is patented or copyrighted information. This is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">more or less a trade secret but without the secret. It\u2019s an idea a company develops that helps it compete,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but the strategy for protecting the idea from competitors is different. Instead of pretending like the idea<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doesn\u2019t exist, or doing everything possible to make sure the details don\u2019t leak, what the company does is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">make the idea public by registering it with the government, claiming thereafter the sole right to use the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">idea. After registration, the idea\u2019s no longer a secret, but that doesn\u2019t matter since anyone else who tries to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">use it is vulnerable to being sued.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">So the recipe for Coke is a trade secret but not patented. If you can figure out what it is, you\u2019re free to use<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it. The word Coke, on the other hand, is copyrighted. Everyone knows what it is, but you\u2019re not allowed to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">use it, or at least not use it to label your own soft drink. The result of all this for an employee switching<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">companies is that the legal questions involving stolen ideas tend to involve trade secrets. You can\u2019t steal<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an idea that\u2019s copyrighted because everyone knows that idea already. But a trade secret\u2014the recipe for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Coke, the formula an investment house like Smith Barney uses to pick stocks\u2014that definitely can be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">stolen; it can be revealed to the new company.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Economic Espionage Act of 1996 makes the theft of trade secrets a federal crime. The law is clear on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the issue. The problem is it\u2019s hard to prove that a trade secret is stolen. If you steal the recipe for Coke,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you might disguise the theft by adding a tad more sugar to the version you make. Or, if you steal one of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Smith Barney\u2019s quantitative stock-picking formulas, maybe you adjust the numbers slightly: not so much<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that it effects the predictions, but enough to make the formula different. In these cases it\u2019s going to be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hard to absolutely prove the formula is stolen. In broad strokes, finally, the law of intellectual property is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">clear. When you get down into specific cases, however, things rapidly get twisted.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What are the ethics? If you\u2019re a quant at Smith Barney and you get a call from your broker friends\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Holland and Villani\u2014saying that they\u2019re taking their clients to a new firm and they\u2019d like you to come<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">along, bringing Smith Barney\u2019s secret formula for stock picking as well, what kind of ethical responses are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">possible?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">259<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The \u201cno\u201d response is easily justified on moral grounds. The trade secret is company property, really no<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">different from a computer or a desk, and taking it\u2014even if you\u2019re taking it by memorizing it and carrying<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it out in your mind\u2014is theft just like stealing objects. Further support for the no answer comes from the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">responsibility to fidelity, the responsibility to maintain agreements. Almost all companies that work with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">trade secrets write a clause into employment contracts stipulating confidentiality on sensitive matters. So<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the ethical obligations not to steal, and to keep our word, make a good case for declining the request to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">steal an idea.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Going the other way, some situations allow a reasonable argument to be mounted in favor of leaving with<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the trade secret or proprietary data. One justification is authorship. Someone who provides a company<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with an invention can fairly expect to be rewarded by the company. Inventing an idea is labor like any<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">other, and in any field people who do exemplary work can expect promotions and rewards from the larger<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organization. If, unfortunately, an inventor feels as though the company isn\u2019t providing a reward\u2014a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">promotion, a healthy bonus, or similar\u2014then he or she may feel justified in leaving with his or her work,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">just as a good accountant may feel the need to look for employment elsewhere after being repeatedly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">passed over for promotion. The basic argument here is one of fairness. If a quant at Smith Barney invents<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an algorithm for stock picking that produces excellent results and then sits by and watches others who\u2019ve<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">contributed less receive larger year-end bonuses, the conclusion may be reached that for balance to be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">restored, it\u2019s necessary to take the algorithm to another firm where a reward will be guaranteed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another ethical argument could be located in the difficulty that may exist in separating the skills an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employee gains on the job from an idea or a certain kind of knowledge developed on the job. A quant who<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">figures out a good algorithm may be able to claim that, as a skilled manipulator of numbers as they relate<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to economic markets, his ability as an analyst allows him to take the strategy with him. Stated differently,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because of the unique skills possessed, when the quant is hired for a new brokerage, he would be able to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">just reinvent the algorithm. That\u2019s possible because of the rare analytic talents the quant possesses, not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because the old algorithm is being stolen. In general, it can be very difficult to separate skills as they relate<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to ideas from the ideas themselves. And in this case, it may be that the quant\u2019s skills provide a license to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">regenerate the stock-picking algorithm for whatever firm is paying the salary.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, an ethical case for the revelation of a trade secret may be made on humanitarian grounds. It\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">difficult to envision a good example of this is in the world of stock picking, but in the no-less-lucrative<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">260<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">field of medical research, a humanitarian context for taking an idea easily comes into focus. If a cure for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cancer were invented by a private company, the stock value would blow through the roof, but only if they<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kept the drug formula secret and sold the serum at a fairly high price. In this case, a worker in the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">company may feel justified in taking a job with an international health nonprofit, and then revealing the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">serum\u2019s formula and the technique for its production so that it could be made and distributed at a low cost<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to all those in need throughout the world. A theft would be committed and a wrong done, but an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">obligation to the greater good, to the health benefits the theft would allow, may justify a departing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">worker\u2019s carrying a company\u2019s secret out the door.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Using time and equipment paid for by a current employer to look for a new job is ethically problematic.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Job skills provided by employers may create employee obligations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Employees transferring from one company to another\u2014and asking established clients to follow\u2014face a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">broad range of ethical concerns.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Ideas belonging to an organization may not be taken to another without raising ethical concerns.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Ethically, is there a difference between a worker sitting at her desk during office hours and working on her<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Facebook page and one who\u2019s trolling Monster, looking to find a new job somewhere else? If not, why<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not? If so, what\u2019s the difference?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. If a company pays for your job training, is there a way to calculate how long you need to work there to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">satisfy the obligation to use the training for the company\u2019s benefit?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. In business terms, what\u2019s the difference between trying to steal clients from your old employer and trying<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to steal market share? In ethical terms, what\u2019s the difference?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. What\u2019s the difference between a trade secret and a patented idea?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] Bruce Kelly, \u201cSmith Barney Seeks Restraining Orders against Four Ex-Reps,\u201d investmentnews.com, accessed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">May 17, 2011.http:\/\/www.investmentnews.com\/article\/20090224\/REG\/902249971.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">261<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[2] Bruce Kelly, \u201cSmith Barney Seeks Restraining Orders against Four Ex-Reps,\u201d investmentnews.com, accessed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">May 17, 2011.http:\/\/www.investmentnews.com\/article\/20090224\/REG\/902249971.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[3] \u201cRepayment of Course Fees,\u201d I-resign.com, accessed May 17, 2011, http:\/\/www.iresign.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">com\/uk\/discussion\/new_topic.asp?t=648.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[4] There_are_many_questions, April 4, 2009 (4:26 p.m.), \u201cRepayment of Course Fees,\u201d I-resign.com, accessed May<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">17, 2011, http:\/\/www.i-resign.com\/uk\/discussion\/new_topic.asp?t=648.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[5] Suze, January 6, 2005 (5:42 p.m.), comment to bradley, \u201cRepayment of Course Fees,\u201d I-resign.com, accessed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">May 17, 2011, http:\/\/www.i-resign.com\/uk\/discussion\/new_topic.asp?t=648.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[6] Manuel Velasquez, Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases 6th Edition (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2006),<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">357. List adapted for this text.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">262<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6.5 Take This Job and\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define and consider ethical issues surrounding the decision to quit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Ethics of Quitting<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There\u2019s a difference between giving a few weeks\u2019 notice that you\u2019ve decided to leave your job in cold<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Minneapolis to try your luck in Florida, and suddenly walking out three days before the year\u2019s most<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">important presentation, the one your team was responsible for creating. The first scenario won\u2019t cause<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">many objections, but the second raises this question: what do departing workers owe employers?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If the answer is sought through a prism of fairness\u2014through the idea that justice in the workplace<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">requires equal treatment all around\u2014the answer might be \u201cnot very much.\u201d Since most work contracts<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">offer employment only at will, employers are typically positioned to let workers go at any time for any<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reason that\u2019s convenient. And they do.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When Ameritech was letting people go they would call them into a conference room and say their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">services were no longer needed. They would then show them to the door. Any coats or personal<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">effects left at their desk would be shipped to them. [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Especially in larger organizations where layoffs can come massively, the employee\u2019s pleading, \u201cYou<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shouldn\u2019t fire me because we just bought a house and had our first child,\u201d isn\u2019t going to persuade too<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">many CEOs. If it doesn\u2019t, it\u2019s going to be difficult to justify the demand that employees, no matter how<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vital they may be to the company, come in to work when they plainly don\u2019t want to.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It\u2019s also true, however, that many employers extend benefits going beyond contractual obligations, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">yes, some bend over backward to keep their workers on, even when it doesn\u2019t make strict business sense.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When Malden Mills burned to the ground, owner Aaron Feuerstein spent millions keeping all three<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">thousand employees on the payroll with full benefits for months. Some asked whether he was a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fool. [2] Maybe he was, but he proves that every situation is different: some employers are cutthroats,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">others doggedly loyal when it comes to the people doing the work.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This is the important point for anyone thinking about leaving their organization in a lurch. If the ethical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">justification for splitting is built on the idea of fairness\u2014which in this case reduces to the principle that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">263<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the employee owes the organization the same loyalty that the organization displays for the employee\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">then it\u2019s the worker\u2019s responsibility to ask how the organization responds to employees\u2019 needs.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It should be underlined that this ethical attitude isn\u2019t quite a form of turnabout is fair play: the argument<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">isn\u2019t so much that if a company has screwed (or not) people in the past, then they should get screwed (or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not) now. The argument from fairness is simply that the weight of self-interest when set against the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">interests on the other side should be more or less balanced.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A different framework for considering the question of walking out on a job virtually without warning<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">comes from the utilitarian perspective, from the idea that in any situation the morally right act is the one<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">increasing happiness for all those involved. Looking at the question this way, workers considering leaving<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">need to weigh their benefit from walking out against the suffering incurred by everyone else.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The \u201ceveryone else\u201d includes the worker\u2019s fellow employees. If a presentation really does need to be done<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and given in three days and you disappear, there\u2019s just not going to be time to hire someone else and get<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">them up to speed; those who are already there and on the project are going to have to do your share. It\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">worth noting here that the concern about whether the company has previously demonstrated loyalty to its<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">workers doesn\u2019t arise within this perspective. What matters is a calculation of what serves everyone\u2019s best<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">interest now and going forward. So even if you feel no loyalty to the company\u2014and even if the company<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">demonstrates no loyalty to its employees\u2014you may still decide to stay on until a more convenient<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">separation time can be found just so that you don\u2019t wrong those who work with you.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">%$&amp;^*#!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Everyone who\u2019s ever worked anywhere has felt the temptation at one point or another to not just quit but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to go out in flames: march into the boss\u2019s office, let loose an avalanche of %$&amp;^*#!, and storm out. It<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">would feel good. But should it leave you feeling guilty afterward? Within a utilitarian scheme, the answer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is \u201cmaybe not.\u201d If ethical justification is based on the idea that the right path is the one bringing the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">greatest good to the greatest number, then it might just be that the release and clean break the outburst<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">allows is worth the scene and the discomfort (or maybe the private joy) others feel about the whole thing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Of course, by the same reasoning, anyone standing outside that door and taking one last breath before<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">storming through better consider their own long-term happiness. Probably, bawling out the boss isn\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">going to help your future job-seeking prospects.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">264<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">KEY TAKEAWAYS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Most ethical issues surrounding the quitting of a job gather around those cases where the leaving is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">abrupt.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The ethics of leaving a job involves a range of people and their interests.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">REVIEW QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. If you feel as though you\u2019ve been mistreated at work, can an ethical justification be formed for walking<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">away at a moment of maximum pain for the company? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Can you think of a kind of job or line of work where any employee could walk off at any time without<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethical qualms? What characteristics of the job allow that freedom?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] James Carlini, \u201cReady to Leave? Why You Shouldn\u2019t Give Two Weeks\u2019 Notice,\u201d WTN News, April 27, 2005,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accessed May 17, 2011, http:\/\/wistechnology.com\/articles\/1757.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] \u201cMalden Mills: A Study in Leadership,\u201d Organizational Productivity Institute, Inc. ,Quality Monitor Newsletter,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">October 1996, accessed May 17, 2011, http:\/\/www.opi-inc.com\/malden.htm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">265<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6.6 Case Studies<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cooking a R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of cloudsoup, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/cloudsoup\/2762796137\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chef Robert Irvine\u2019s r\u00e9sum\u00e9 was impressive. According to the St. Petersburg Times, he advertised his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">experience as including:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 A bachelor\u2019s of science degree in food and nutrition from the University of Leeds.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Royal experience working on the wedding cake for Prince Charles and Princess Diana.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 He was a knight, as in Sir Robert Irvine, Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, handpicked by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the Queen.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 For several consecutive years, he\u2019d received the Five Star Diamond Award from the American Academy of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Hospitality Sciences.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 He\u2019d served as a White House chef.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The truth\u2014when the newspaper revealed it on a splashy front-page article\u2014wasn\u2019t quite so overpowering:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The claimed BS degree? According to a press officer at the University of Leeds, \u201cWe cannot find any<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">connection in our records between Robert and the university.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The royal wedding cake? Well, he did help pick some of the fruit that went into it.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The knighthood? No.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 The Five Star Diamond Award? True, but it\u2019s not the AAA\u2019s prestigious Five Diamond Award or Mobil\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">five stars. The American Academy of Hospitality Sciences is actually a guy\u2019s apartment in New York, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the award is granted to anyone who pays a fee.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">266<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 White House chef? Kind of. But he didn\u2019t prepare sophisticated dishes for the president or anything like<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that; he cooked food for the cafeteria line, serving military workers at the White House. [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">After the truth came out, Chef Irvine was fired from his popular TV show on the Food Network, Dinner:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Impossible. A few months later, however, after the scandal blew over and he\u2019d corrected his r\u00e9sum\u00e9, he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reapplied for his old job, was rehired, and he\u2019s on TV today.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. When Irvine first applied for the job as TV show chef, he had to consider whether he should \u201cembellish\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">his r\u00e9sum\u00e9, and if so, how far he should go. What ethical responsibilities should he have considered? To<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whom?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. The five types of positive r\u00e9sum\u00e9 misrepresentations are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o false credentials,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o false experience,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o false chronology,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o embellished experience,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o false references.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Negative r\u00e9sum\u00e9 misrepresentations have also been discussed. Looking back at Irvine\u2019s r\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">adventure, can you label each of his transgressions?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Are some of the lies worse than others in the sense that they relate directly to his ability to be a successful<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">TV chef? Are others less objectionable because they don\u2019t relate to the job he was applying for? Why or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. It\u2019s better to seek forgiveness than ask permission. In a sense, that\u2019s what Irvine did. He lied on his r\u00e9sum\u00e9,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">got the job, did well, got caught having lied on the r\u00e9sum\u00e9, got fired, sought forgiveness, got it, and got<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">back a TV show job he might never have received had he not lied in the first place. Ethically, how could<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you go about justifying his course of action?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. The Internet site Fakeresume.com includes the following advice for job seekers: \u201cHiring Managers<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Think You\u2019re Lying Anyway!! Yep that\u2019s right, the majority of human resources managers assume<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that EVERYONE embellishes, exaggerates, puffs up and basically lies to some extent on your<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">267<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9. So if you\u2019re being totally honest you\u2019re being penalized because they\u2019re going to assume<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that you embellished your r\u00e9sum\u00e9 to a certain extent!\u201d [2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Assume you believe this is true; can you make the ethical case for being honest on your r\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">regardless of what hiring managers think?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. Assume Fakeresume.com is right. Everyone \u201cembellishes, exaggerates, puffs up and basically lies to some<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">extent on their r\u00e9sum\u00e9.\u201d On the basis of the obligations you hold to others (hiring managers, coworkers,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and other applicants) and to yourself, could you form the argument that you have an ethical responsibility<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to lie?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7. You have a friend you like and respect. You\u2019ve spent a lot of time with him over the years in school and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you know he\u2019s very responsible, a hard worker, and smart. He\u2019d be good at almost any entry-level type<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">job; you\u2019re sure of it. He comes to you and asks you to fake having been his boss for a pizza delivery<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">business. \u201cI just want,\u201d he says, \u201csomeone out there who I can count on to say I\u2019m the good, responsible<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">type. You know someone who\u2019s always on time for work, that kind of thing.\u201d Would you do it? Justify your<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">answer.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Inmate Wages<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Tom\u00e1\u0161 Ob\u0161\u00edva\u010d, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/toob\/38893762\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">An Internet posting carries a simple Q&amp;A thread: someone\u2019s searching for a good upholstery shop in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Maryland. An unexpected answer comes back from Fenny L: criminals. A local jail has a job-training<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">program for their inmates and they contract the men at $1.50 per hour. [3]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">268<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The responses to the suggestion are intense and all over the place, but many circle around the ethics of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">numbingly low wage, leading Fenny L to introduce a new thread. Here are the three main points she<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">makes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 While I object to slave labor\u2026at the same time, I don\u2019t see this as slave labor. If I wished to become a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">professional uhhh\u2026upholsterer (what do they call themselves?!?) I would need to spend money on the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">classes and etc. The Dept. of Corrections doesn\u2019t charge the inmates for these classes\u2014thusly; I don\u2019t see a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">problem with only paying the inmates $1.50 for their work.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Also, we use free\/cheap labor ALL the time\u2026in the form of Interns. Interns are often paid nothing, or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">extremely little\u2014because they want the job experience\u2026that is their compensation. In turn, I feel that the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">inmates are getting job experience so that they can earn an honest living once they get out.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\uf0b7 Finally, I think that the Dept. of Corrections has to make the wages obscenely low\u2014because let\u2019s be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">honest\u2026how many people would feel comfortable with having a convict in their home to do work? The<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">only way they can be competitive and offer the inmates this opportunity, is to make it worth the consumer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to utilize them\u2014by having obscenely low wages. [4]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Suppose you made a mistake and ended up in jail for a few months. While there, you participated<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in this program. Now you\u2019re out and seeking an upholstering job.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o You\u2019re considering leaving the jail part of this episode off your r\u00e9sum\u00e9. Whose interests should<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you consider before going ahead? What ethical case could you make for leaving it off your<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Given the kind of work you\u2019d be doing\u2014going into peoples\u2019 homes and upholstering\u2014does the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nature of your \u201cmistake\u201d (drunk driving versus shoplifting, for example) influence the ethical<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">consideration of whether you ought to acknowledge this part of your life on your r\u00e9sum\u00e9? How?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Maybe for the first several years you should leave your prison training on your r\u00e9sum\u00e9, but is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there a kind of statute of limitations, a certain amount of time that, once passed, gives you an<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethical license to leave something negative off your r\u00e9sum\u00e9? How would you calculate the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">amount of time and based on what factors?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">269<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Sometimes a split opens between a community-wage level (what people in general in a certain<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">place are paid for certain labor) and an organizational-wage level (what people at a specific<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organization are paid for the same labor). The split clearly opens here; the prisoners are paid<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">much less than other upholsterers in the larger community.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Fenny L believes this split is justified by the ethics of a market economy. She makes the point that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">most people really don\u2019t want crooks wandering around their house, so in order to get business;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the prison needs to make its offer attractive by cutting labor prices. She\u2019s probably right in terms<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of economics, but in terms of ethics, do you find this reasoning convincing? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Can you form an ethical argument in favor of the prisoners demanding a pay raise to make their<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">salary comparable with other upholsterers?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. If you were an upholsterer and your company had a practice of hiring ex-convicts because they\u2019d work for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lower wages, could you make the ethical argument that you deserve a higher wage than those other<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">workers with similar experience and skills because you\u2019d never had trouble with the law? What would<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">your argument look like?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. If you were an upholsterer looking to wiggle a pay hike, would you ask a friend to pose as the boss from a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">competing outfit and offer you the same job at a higher salary? In considering the question, what are the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">specific ethical obligations tugging one way or the other, and to whom do you have the obligations?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Fenny L. believes the workers are receiving a fair wage because they\u2019re getting valuable training<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and experience that will improve their future job prospects. That\u2019s probably true, but the fact<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">remains that the workers are being paid much less money, for the same work, than others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Is an internship\u2014or any post where you receive less than the community-wage level for a certain<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kind of work\u2014a humiliation? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Is there an ethical objection to allowing you to be humiliated? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. Many jobs require company-sponsored training, and frequently employees enrolling in corporate training<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">programs sign repayment clauses, promising to repay the training\u2019s cost if they leave before a certain<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">amount of time has passed, say, one year. Is there an ethical argument here for the idea that repayment<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">clauses are a form of prison and therefore unethical? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7. Upholstering is not a job where experience counts very much. Yes you need some initial training and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">practice, but once you\u2019ve got that, ten years more experience isn\u2019t going to make you a significantly better<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">270<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">upholsterer of common items. Accepting that reality, if you were the upholsterer who\u2019d been with the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">company the longest, could you still translate your seniority into an ethical argument that you deserve a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">higher wage than others who\u2019ve been around less time? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Dirty Tricks<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Henk de Vries, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/henkdevries\/2662269430\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In his book 21 Dirty Tricks at Work, author Colin Gautrey gives his readers a taste of how intense life at<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the office can get. Here are two of his favorite tricks. [5]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. The exposure trick. Coercing a coworker by threatening to make public a professional or personal<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">problem<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If you\u2019re angling for a raise, and you know something damaging about your supervisor, you may<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be tempted by the tactic of exposure. Imagine you know that your supervisor has a prescription<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">drug habit and it\u2019s getting worse. Her performance at the office has been imbalanced but not so<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">erratic as to raise suspicions. You plan to confront her and say you\u2019ll spill the beans unless she gets<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you a raise. Whose interests are involved here? What responsibilities do you have to each of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">them? What ethical justification could you draw up to justify your threat?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. The bystander trick. Knowing that someone is in trouble but standing on the sidelines and doing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nothing even when intervention is clearly appropriate and would be helpful to the business<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">271<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">At an upholstering company you\u2019re in competition for a promotion with a guy who learned the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">craft in jail, through the Department of Corrections\u2019 job-training course. He hadn\u2019t revealed that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fact to anyone, but now the truth has come to light. You\u2019ve worked with him on a lot of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">assignments and seen that he\u2019s had a chance to make off with some decent jewelry but hasn\u2019t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">taken anything. You could speak up to defend him, but you\u2019re tempted to use the bystander trick<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to increase the odds that you\u2019ll win the duel. What ethical argument could you draw up to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">convince yourself that you shouldn\u2019t stand there and watch, but instead you should help your<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">adversary out of the jam?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The End of Destiny\u2019s Child<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of Alex Johnson, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/89934978@N00\/2997961865\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The R&amp;B group Destiny\u2019s Child was composed of Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Williams. They started slow in 1990 (Beyonc\u00e9 was nine), giving mini-concerts in crumbling dance halls<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">around Houston, and then kept at it through small-time talent shows, promised record deals that never<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">materialized, and the disintegration of Rowland\u2019s family (Beyonc\u00e9\u2019s parents took her into their home).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">They finally got a crummy but real record deal in 1998 and made the most of it.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">By 2002 they\u2019d become a successful singing and dance act. But soon after, they broke up under the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pressure of Beyonc\u00e9\u2019s solo career, which seemed to be speeding even faster than the group effort.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In 2004 they reunited for a new album, Destiny Fulfilled, which went triple platinum. On the European<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">leg of the subsequent world tour, Beyonc\u00e9 quit more definitively. She took the fan base with her and began<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">evolving into the hugely successful Beyonc\u00e9 we know now: pop music juggernaut, movie celebrity,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">clothing design star\u2026The other two members of the original group? Today they appear on B-list talk<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">272<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shows (when they can get booked) and are presented to viewers as Kelly Rowland, formerly of Destiny\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Child, and Michelle Williams, formerly of Destiny\u2019s Child.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">According to the New York Times it shouldn\u2019t be surprising that things ended up this way: \u201cIt\u2019s been a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">long-held belief in the music industry that Destiny\u2019s Child was little more than a launching pad for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles\u2019s inevitable solo career.\u201d [6]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Which leads to this question: Why did she go back in 2004 and do the Destiny Fulfilled album with her<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">old partners? Here\u2019s what the New York Times reported: \u201cMargeaux Watson, arts and entertainment<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">editor at Suede, a fashion magazine, suggests that the star does not want to appear disloyal to her former<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">partners, and called Beyonc\u00e9\u2019s decision to return to the group a charitable one.\u201d But \u201cfrom Day 1, it\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">always been about Beyonc\u00e9,\u201d Ms. Watson said. \u201cShe\u2019s the one you can\u2019t take your eyes off of; no one really<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cares about the other girls. I think Beyonc\u00e9 will eventually realize that these girls are throwing dust on her<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shine.\u201d [7]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Destiny\u2019s Child rolled money in, and it needed to be divided up. Assume the three singers always<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">split money equally, going way back to 1990 when it wasn\u2019t the profits they were dividing but the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">costs of gasoline and hotel rooms, which added up to more than they got paid for performing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">About the money that finally started coming in faster than it was going out, here are two common<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">theories for justifying the payment of salaries within an organization: Money is apportioned<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">according to the worker\u2019s value to the organization, and money is apportioned according to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">experience and seniority relative to others in the organization.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o How would these two distinct ways of divvying up the revenue change the salary assigned to the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">three singers?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o When success came, how could Beyonc\u00e9 ethically justify demanding a greater share of the pie?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o How could you justify experience and seniority as the ethically preferable route to follow when<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">paying the three singers making up Destiny\u2019s Child?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. There are a lot of rhythm and blues groups out there, singing as hard as they can most nights on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">grimy stages for almost no audience, which means the organizational-wage level of Destiny\u2019s Child<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">was way, way above the wage level of other organizations in the same line of work.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">273<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o When the members of Destiny\u2019s Child cash their paychecks, should they feel guilty about getting<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">so much more than others in their profession who work just as hard as they do, but in different<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organizations where the pay is less? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Cashiers at Whole Foods Market get paid more than cashiers at Wal-Mart. Should the Whole<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Foods cashiers feel guilty? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Beyonc\u00e9 didn\u2019t break clean from Destiny\u2019s Child. She rejoined the organization because, according to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Watson, \u201cshe didn\u2019t want to appear disloyal to her former partners.\u201d Beyonc\u00e9 felt an ethical responsibility<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to mind the interests of Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams. As she thought about leaving the group<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">more definitively, what other people (if any) do you suppose she should have considered in order feeling<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethically justified in finally and permanently taking off on her own? What are the obligations she holds to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Rowland, Williams, and any others you have added to the list?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Destiny\u2019s Child was a pop group; their hits included \u201cSay My Name,\u201d which isn\u2019t too different from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Beyonc\u00e9\u2019s smash \u201cSingle Ladies (Put a Ring on It).\u201d The videos are pretty close, too: nearly<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">identical mixes of rhythm, dancing, fun, and sexy provocation. After comparing the video of \u201cSay<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">My Name\u201d [8] with \u201cSingle Ladies,\u201d [9] it\u2019s hard to deny that Beyonc\u00e9 benefited from her time in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Destiny\u2019s Child. Very possibly, she feels as though she owes Rowland and Williams part of her<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">success, and that\u2019s why she did the reunion record and tour. Now, if you were Rowland or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Williams, could you form an ethical argument that Beyonc\u00e9 owes you more than that based on<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the following:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Client appropriation. When Beyonc\u00e9 left, she benefited from a group of devoted listeners<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">constructed by Destiny\u2019s Child. Do you suppose these would be clients, a market, or some mix?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">How do you imagine Beyonc\u00e9 benefited from them and what should she do to repay the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">obligation?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">o Skill theft. When Beyonc\u00e9 left, Destiny\u2019s Child still had gas in its engine: the group was selling CDs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and touring successfully. It could do that because of the skills the three members learned years<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">earlier through tireless rehearsals and small-time concerts. During all those years they were<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">training for musical success, but when they got it, Beyonc\u00e9 quickly left the organization. She went<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">out on her own and kept doing what she\u2019d learned to do with Rowland and Williams. Given that,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">use an ethical theory to make the case that Beyonc\u00e9 is significantly obligated to the other two.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">274<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What is her obligation? Is there some point\u2014either after a certain amount of time has passed or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an amount of money has been paid or something else\u2014where the obligation will have been<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">satisfied? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Stolen Intel<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Source: Photo courtesy of ctitze, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ctitze\/329928527\/.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Biswamohan Pani, a low-level engineer at Intel, apparently stole trade secrets worth a billion dollars from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the company.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">His plot was simple. According to a Business week article, he scheduled his resignation from Intel for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">June 11, 2008. He\u2019d accumulated vacation time, however, so he wasn\u2019t actually in the office during June,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">even though he officially remained an employee. That employee status allowed him access to Intel\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">computer network and sensitive information about next-generation microprocessor prototypes. He<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">downloaded the files, and he did it from his new desk at Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), which is Intel\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">chief rival. Pani had simply arranged to begin his new AMD job while officially on vacation from Intel.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Why did he do it? The article speculates that \u201cPani obtained Intel\u2019s trade secrets to benefit himself in his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">work at AMD without AMD\u2019s knowledge that he was doing so, which is a fairly frequent impulse among<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employees changing jobs: to take a bit of work product from their old job with them.\u201d[10]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">According to Nick Akerman, a New York lawyer who specializes in trade secret cases, \u201cIt\u2019s amazing how<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">poorly most companies [protect their trade secrets].\u201d [11]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">275<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">After being caught, Pani faced charges in federal court for trade secret theft, with a possible prison term of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ten years. He pleaded innocent, maintaining that he downloaded the material for his wife to use. She was<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an Intel employee at the time and had no plans to leave.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">QUE STIONS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Can the fact that Pani got the information so easily be used to build an ethical case that what he did<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wasn\u2019t wrong? If not, why not? If so, what does the case look like?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Ethically, does it matter whether Pani was a key author of the taken documents? Why or why not?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. According to the article, a lot of people do what Pani did. Is that a justification for his action? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Did Pani have a responsibility to formally end his employment status with Intel before joining AMD, or is it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">OK for him to be vacationing from Intel while working at AMD? Whose interests need to be considered to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">answer this question thoroughly?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. As James Carlini, a professor at Northwestern University, points out in an essay, [12] it is accepted wisdom<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in the world of business ethics that employees leaving a company ought to provide two-week\u2019 notice to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employers. Use the Pani case to make the argument that employees should notify employers that they\u2019re<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">leaving only at the last moment.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. Pani left Intel after receiving a poor job review. Probably he was mad about that. From a utilitarian<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">perspective\u2014one that defines the ethical good as the greatest good for the greatest number over the long<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">haul\u2014would Pani have acted more ethically had he stormed into his boss\u2019s office and screamed at the guy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and quit instead of biting his tongue, getting a job elsewhere, and doing what he did? Explain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[1] Ben Montgomery, \u201cTV Chef Spiced Up His Past Exploits,\u201d St. Petersburg Times, February 17, 2008, accessed May<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">17, 2011,http:\/\/www.sptimes.com\/2008\/02\/17\/Southpinellas\/TV_chef_spiced_up_his.shtml.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[2] Fakeresume.com accessed May 17, 2011, http:\/\/fakeresume.com.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[3] Fenny L., April 7, 2009, \u201cSearching for good upholstery shop in MD,\u201d accessed May 17,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011, http:\/\/www.yelp.com\/topic\/gaithersburg-searching-for-good-upholstery- shop-in-md.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[4] Fenny L., April 17, 2009, \u201cEthics of Inmate Wages,\u201d accessed May 17,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/www.yelp.com\/topic\/washington-ethics-of-inmate-wages.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[5] \u201c21 Dirty Tricks,\u201d The Gautrey Group, accessed May 17, 2011,http:\/\/www.siccg.com\/fre\/DirtyTricks.php.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">276<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[6] Lola Ogunnaike, \u201cBeyonc\u00e9\u2019s Second Date with Destiny\u2019s Child,\u201d New York Times, November 14, 2004, accessed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">May 17, 2011,http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2004\/11\/14\/arts\/music\/14ogun.html?_r=1.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[7] Lola Ogunnaike, \u201cBeyonc\u00e9\u2019s Second Date with Destiny\u2019s Child,\u201d New York Times, November 14, 2004, accessed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">May 17, 2011,http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2004\/11\/14\/arts\/music\/14ogun.html?_r=1.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[8] \u201cDestiny\u2019s Child\u2014Say My Name,\u201d YouTube video, 4:00, posted by \u201cDestinysChildVEVO,\u201d October 25,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2009, http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sQgd6MccwZc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[9] \u201cBeyonc\u00e9\u2014Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It),\u201d YouTube video, 3:19, posted by \u201cbeyonceVEVO,\u201d October 2,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2009, http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4m1EFMoRFvY.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[10] Michael Orey, \u201cLessons from Intel\u2019s Trade-Secret Case,\u201d Bloomberg Businessweek, November 18, 2008,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accessed May 17,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/print\/technology\/content\/nov2008\/tc20081118_067329.htm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0[11] Michael Orey, \u201cLessons from Intel\u2019s Trade-Secret Case,\u201d Bloomberg Businessweek, November 18, 2008,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accessed May 17,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2011,http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/print\/technology\/content\/nov2008\/tc20081118_067329.htm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[12] James Carlini, \u201cReady to Leave? Why You Shouldn\u2019t Give Two Weeks\u2019 Notice,\u201d WTN News, April 27, 2005,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accessed May 17, 2011, http:\/\/wistechnology.com\/articles\/1757.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">277<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter 7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Employee\u2019s Ethics: Making the Best of the Job You<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Have as You Get from 9 to 5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter Overview<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Chapter 7 &#8220;Employee\u2019s Ethics: Making the Best of the Job You Have as You Get from 9 to 5&#8221; examines<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">some ethical decisions facing employees. It considers the values guiding choices made over the course of a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">workday.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">278<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7.1 Taking Advantage of the Advantages: Gifts, Bribes, and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Kickbacks<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L EARNING OBJECTIVE S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Define a conflict of interest.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Show how gifts in the business world may create conflicts of interest.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Delineate standard practices for dealing with gifts.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Consider how receiving gifts connected with work may be managed ethically.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Define bribes and kickbacks in relation to gifts.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. Show how the ethics of bribes and kickbacks can be managed inside the ethics of gifts.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Living the High Life<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If you\u2019re young, looking for work, and headed toward a big city (especially New York), then you could do a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lot worse than landing a job as a media buyer for an advertising agency. According to an article in New<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">York magazine, it\u2019s working out well for twenty-four-year-old Chris Foreman, and it\u2019s working out despite<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a salary so measly that he can\u2019t afford his own place, a ticket to a movie, or even to add meat to his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">homemade spaghetti. [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This is what makes the job click for Foreman: as a media buyer, he oversees where big companies like<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">AT&amp;T place their advertisements. And because those ads mean serious money\u2014a full page in a glossy,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">top-flight magazine costs about five times what Foreman earns in a year\u2014the magazines line up to throw<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the good life at him. Thanks to the generosity of Forbes magazine, for example, Foreman spends the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">occasional evening on the company\u2019s vast Highlander yacht; he drinks alcohol almost as old as he is,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">munches exquisite hors d\u2019oeuvres, and issues orders to white-suited waiters. While guests arrive and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">depart by helicopter, Foreman hobnobs with people the rest of us see only on movie screens. A scan of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Highlander guest book turns up not just celebrities but serious power too: Margaret Thatcher was a guest<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">once.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A night on the Highlander is a good one, but it\u2019s far from the only event lighting up Foreman\u2019s glitzy life. A<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">few of his other recent outings are listed in the article, with some estimated cash values attached: An all Saylor<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">279<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">expenses-paid ski weekend (worth almost $1,000, in Foreman\u2019s estimation); tickets to see Serena<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Williams at the US Open ($75 each); invites to the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue party, where he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">chatted with Heidi Klum and Rebecca Romijn-Stamos; prime seats for sold-out Bruce Springsteen<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">concerts ($500 each); dinners at Cit\u00e9, Sparks, Il Mulino, Maloney &amp; Porcelli, and Monkey Bar, to name a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">few of his favorites ($100 a pop).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Foreman observes the irony of his life: \u201cIt\u2019s kind of crazy, I had dinner at Nobu on Monday [the kind of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">restaurant few can afford, even if they\u2019re able to get a reservation], but I don\u2019t have enough money to buy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">socks.\u201d [2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Highlander\u2019s spectacularly wealthy owner is Steve Forbes. If he invites former British Prime Minister<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Margaret Thatcher aboard for a holiday weekend, you can understand why: she\u2019s not just an interesting<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">person; she\u2019s living history. Serena Williams would be an interesting guest, too, in her way. The same goes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for Heidi Klum and Ms. Romijn-Stamos, in a different way. What they all have in common, though, is that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">you know exactly what they\u2019ve got, and why a guy with a big bank account would treat them to an evening.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">But what, exactly, does Mr. Forbes expect to get in return for inviting media buyer Chris Foreman? The<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">answer: \u201cWe media buyers are the gatekeepers\u2014no one at AT&amp;T actually purchases the ads. If at the end<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of a buying cycle, your budget has an extra $200,000, you\u2019ll throw it back to the person who treated you<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">best.\u201d [3]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The answer, in a word, is money.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What\u2019s Wrong with Gifts and Entertainment?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The fundamental problem with the gifts Foreman received and the free entertainment he enjoyed is that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they create a conflict of interest, a conflict between professional obligations and personal welfare. As a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">paid media buyer, it\u2019s Foreman\u2019s job and obligation to buy ads in the magazines that will do his clients the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">most good, that\u2019ll deliver the biggest bang for the buck. But against that, as a single twenty-four-year-old<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">guy in New York City, it\u2019s in his personal interest to purchase ads in Forbes magazine since that probably<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gets him invited back to the Highlander with its free drinks, exquisite dinners, and, if he\u2019s lucky, some face<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">time with women he\u2019s already seen quite a bit of in Sports Illustrated. This is a tough spot, and there are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">two broad ways it can play out:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">280<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Foreman can do the parties at night, go home, sleep, wake up with a clear head, and buy the best ads for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">his client. Let\u2019s say the advertising money he\u2019s spending belongs to AT&amp;T and they\u2019re trying to attract new<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">clients in the forty-five to fifty-five demographic of heavy cell phone users. He takes that target, checks to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">see what magazine those people like to read more than any other, and buys a full pager there. If the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">magazine happens to be Forbes, great, if not, then Forbes doesn\u2019t get anything back for its party. In this<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">case, Foreman knows he\u2019s done right by AT&amp;T and his employer. To the best of his ability, he guided<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">advertising money to the spot where it\u2019ll do the most good. There remains a potential problem here,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">however, which is the appearance of a conflict of interest. Even though Foreman didn\u2019t let the parties<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">affect his judgment, someone looking at the whole thing from outside might well suspect he did if it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">happens that Forbes gets the ad buy. This will be returned to later on in this chapter.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. The darker possibility is that Forbes isn\u2019t the best media buy, but they get the ad anyway because<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Foreman wants to keep boarding the Highlander. In this case, Foreman is serving his own interest but<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">failing his obligations to his employer and to his client.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In pure ethical terms, the problem with the second possibility, with selling out the client, can be reduced<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to an accusation of lying. When Foreman or any employee signs up for a job, shows up for work, and then<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accepts a paycheck, they\u2019re promising to be an agent for the organization, which is formally defined in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">commercial law as someone acting on behalf of the organization and its interests. In some situations it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">can be difficult to define exactly what those interests are, but in Foreman\u2019s it\u2019s not. He does well for his<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">employer when he gives the clients the best advice possible about spending their advertising dollars.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">That\u2019s his promise and he\u2019s not fulfilling it.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Redoubling the argument, in the case of the typical media buyer, there\u2019s probably also an explicit clause in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the employment contract demanding that all media advice be objective and uncorrupted by personal<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">interest. Even without that formal step, however, the shortest route to an ethical condemnation of buying<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ads because a night on the Highlander (or some other gift) has been received is to underline that the act<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">turns the media purchaser into a liar. It makes him or her dishonest every time they come into work<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because they\u2019re not providing the objective and impartial advice they promise.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In discussing conflicts of interests, it\u2019s important to keep in mind that those who find themselves caught<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">up in one haven\u2019t necessarily been corrupted. Just because Foreman finds himself torn between giving<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">impartial advice to his client and giving the advice that gets him good parties doesn\u2019t mean his judgment<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">281<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is poisoned. That said, it\u2019s extremely difficult to walk away from a conflict of interest unstained: any time<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">serious gifts or rich entertainment gets injected into a business relationship, suspicious questions about<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">professionalism are going to seep in too.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, there are two broad ways of dealing with gifts, especially those creating conflicts of interest. They<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">can be flatly refused, or rules can be formulated for accepting them responsibly.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Refusing Gifts and Entertainment<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One way to avoid the gift and conflict of interest problem altogether for Chris Foreman or anyone in a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">similar situation is to simply refuse any gifts from business partners. Far more frequently than private<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">businesses, government organizations take this route. The approach\u2019s advantage, obviously, is that it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wipes out the entire question of wrongdoing. The disadvantage, however, is that it dehumanizes work; it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seems to forbid many simple and perfectly appropriate gestures of human interaction.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Here\u2019s an example of what can happen when efforts to eradicate conflicting interests go to the extreme:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it\u2019s from a New York Times front-pager about the state governor:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Governor David A. Paterson violated state ethics laws when he secured free tickets to the opening<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">game of the World Series from the Yankees last fall for himself and others, the New York State<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Commission on Public Integrity charged on Wednesday. [4]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">So, the governor is in trouble because he got some tickets to watch his home team play in the baseball<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">championship? That\u2019s going to make Chris Foreman\u2019s head swim. Without getting into the details of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Paterson case, accepting these tickets doesn\u2019t seem like a huge transgression, especially for someone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whose job pays well and is already packed with gala events of all kinds. It\u2019s not as though, in other words,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Peterson\u2019s going to be blown away by the generosity or become dependent on it. In the case of Foreman<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who could barely afford to eat, it\u2019s reasonable to suspect that he may come to rely on his occasional trip to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the Highlander, but it just doesn\u2019t seem likely that the governor\u2019s judgment and ability to fulfill<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">professional obligations are going to be distorted by the gift provided by the New York Yankees baseball<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">club. More, as the state\u2019s elected leader, a case could probably be made that the governor actually had a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">professional responsibility to show up and root for the home team (as long as the visitors aren\u2019t the Mets).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As a final note, since the now former governor is legally blind, the value of the gift seems limited since he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">couldn\u2019t actually see the game he attended.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">282<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Despite this case\u2019s apparent frivolity, the general practice of eliminating conflict of interest concerns by<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">simply banning gifts can be justified. It can be because so many gifts, just by existing, create the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">appearance of a conflict of interest. An appearance of conflict exists when a reasonable person looking at<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the situation from outside (and without personal knowledge of anyone involved) will conclude from the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">circumstances that the employee\u2019s ability to perform his or her duties may be compromised by personal<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">interest. This is different from an actual conflict because when there\u2019s really conflict, the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">individual feels torn between professional obligations and personal welfare. Almost certainly, Foreman<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">was tempted to help out Forbes because he really liked the parties. But the case of Governor Paterson<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">presents only the appearance of a conflict of interest because we don\u2019t know whether he even wanted the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tickets to the Yankees game. Given the fact that he\u2019s blind, he may well have preferred staying home that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">night. Still, for those of us who can\u2019t know his true feelings, it does seem as though there might,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">potentially, be some incentive for Paterson to return the Yankee favor and provide them some special<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">advantage. It\u2019s almost certain that at some time in the future, the baseball club will have an issue up for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">debate by the state government (perhaps involving the construction of a stadium or maybe just a license<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to sell beer inside the one they currently have), and as soon as that happens, the appearance of conflict is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there because maybe Paterson\u2019s response will be colored by the tickets he got.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Conclusion. Refusing to accept any gifts from business associates is a reasonable way of dealing with the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ethical dilemma of conflicting interests. By cutting the problem off at the roots\u2014by eliminating not only<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">conflicts but the appearance of them\u2014we can go forward with confidence that a worker\u2019s promise to<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">represent the organization faithfully is uncorrupted by the strategic generosity of others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What Other Remedies Are Available for Conflict of Interest Problems Stemming<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">from Gifts?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Categorically refusing gifts may be recommendable in some cases, but in most economic situations a total<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ban isn\u2019t realistic. People make business arrangements the same way they make friendships and romance<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and most other social things\u2014that mean invitations to the Highlander if you\u2019re lucky, or just to a few<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Budweiser\u2019s in the hotel bar. And if you turn everyone down every time, it\u2019s probably going to dampen<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">your professional relationships; you may even lose the chance to get things done because someone else<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">will win the contract between drinks.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Saylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books\u00a0 Saylor.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">283<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">So where does the line get drawn for accepting gifts with ethical justification? Whether you happen to be a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">renowned politician in a large state or someone just out of school trying to make a go of it in the world,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">there are a number of midpoints between Governor Paterson\u2019s obligation to refuse tickets to a game he<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">couldn\u2019t see anyway and Chris Foreman\u2019s raucous partying on the Highlander. Three of the most common<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">midpoints are<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. transparency,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. recusal,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. organizational codes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> REVIEW QUE STIONS<br \/>\n1. Why might someone\u2019s social skills be considered a factor in receiving a promotion?<br \/>\n2. What are some advantages and disadvantages of seniority promotion?<br \/>\n3. Why might a promotion be based on projected performance?<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n357<br \/>\n[1] Maya, \u201cAlcohol: Income Booster?,\u201d Monster (blog), September 20, 2006, accessed May 24,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/monster.typepad.com\/monsterblog\/2006\/09\/alcohol_ income_.html.<br \/>\n[2] Bethany L. Peters and Edward Stringham, \u201cNo Booze? You May Lose,\u201d Reason Foundation, September 1, 2006,<br \/>\naccessed May 24, 2011,http:\/\/reason.org\/news\/show\/127594.html.<br \/>\n[3] Bethany L. Peters and Edward Stringham, \u201cNo Booze? You May Lose,\u201d Reason Foundation, September 1, 2006,<br \/>\naccessed May 24, 2011,http:\/\/reason.org\/news\/show\/127594.html.<br \/>\n[4] Maya, \u201cAlcohol: Income Booster?,\u201d Monster (blog), September 20, 2006, accessed May 24,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/monster.typepad.com\/monsterblog\/2006\/09\/alcohol_ income_.html.<br \/>\n[5] Deloitte Consulting: WetFeet Insider Guide (San Francisco: WetFeet), accessed May 24,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/www.wellesley.edu\/Activities\/homepage\/consultingclub\/wetfeet%20-%20deloitte_consulting.pdf.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n358<br \/>\n8.4 Firing<br \/>\nL EARNING OBJECTIVE S<br \/>\n1. Define legal guidelines on firing employees.<br \/>\n2. Elaborate justifiable reasons for deciding to fire.<br \/>\n3. Set standards for the actual firing process.<br \/>\n4. Consider ways of limiting the need to terminate employees.<br \/>\nOptimal Level Firing<br \/>\nA study funded by the CATO Institute and titled \u201cThe Federal Government Should Increase Firing Rate\u201d<br \/>\nconcludes this way: \u201cThe rate of \u2018involuntary separations\u2019 is only about one-fourth as high in the federal<br \/>\ngovernment as in the private sector. No doubt private-sector firing is below optimal as well since firms are<br \/>\nunder threat of expensive wrongful discharge lawsuits.\u201d [1]<br \/>\nThere is, in other words, an optimal level for firing, and in both the public and private sectors it\u2019s not<br \/>\nbeing met. People aren\u2019t being fired enough.<br \/>\nThe strictly economic question here is, \u201cWhat is the optimal firing level?\u201d No matter the answer, there\u2019s an<br \/>\nethical implication for the workplace: firing workers is a positive skill. For managers to perform well\u2014for<br \/>\nthem to serve the interest of their enterprise by maximizing workplace performance\u2014the skills of<br \/>\ndischarging employees must be honed and applied just like those of hiring and promoting.<br \/>\nOn the ethical front, these are the basic questions:<br \/>\n\uf0b7 When can an employee be fired?<br \/>\n\uf0b7 When should an employee be fired?<br \/>\n\uf0b7 How should an employee be fired once the decision\u2019s been made?<br \/>\n\uf0b7 What steps can management take to support workers in a world where firing is inevitable?<br \/>\nWhen Can an Employee Be Fired?<br \/>\nIn the world of for-profit companies, most work contracts offer at-will employment. Within this scheme, a<br \/>\nclause is written into the contract offering employment only as long as the employer desires. Stated more<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n359<br \/>\naggressively, managers may discharge an employee whenever they wish and for whatever reason. Here\u2019s a<br \/>\nstandard version of the contractual language:<br \/>\nThis is an \u201cAt Will\u201d employment agreement. Nothing in Employer\u2019s policies, actions, or this<br \/>\ndocument shall be construed to alter the \u201cAt Will\u201d nature of Employee\u2019s status with Employer,<br \/>\nand Employee understands that Employer may terminate his\/her employment at any time for<br \/>\nany reason or for no reason, provided it is not terminated in violation of state or federal law.<br \/>\nThe legal parameters for firing seem clear.<br \/>\nThings blur, however, once reality hits. As the Cato study authors note, simply the fear of a possible<br \/>\nlawsuit does impinge to some extent on the freedom to fire, especially when the discharged worker fits<br \/>\ninto a protected group. This means older workers, foreigners, or disabled workers may protest that no<br \/>\nmatter what reasons are given for termination\u2014assuming some are given\u2014the real reason is their age,<br \/>\nnationality, or disability. Further, gender protection may be claimed by women fired from largely male<br \/>\ncompanies and vice versa.<br \/>\nAnother round of blurring occurs on the state level where legislation sometimes adds specific employee<br \/>\nprotections, and so curtails employers\u2019 rights. In Minnesota, for example, firing may not be based on a<br \/>\nworker\u2019s participation in union activities or the performance of jury duty.<br \/>\nThese varied and frequently changing legal protections are the reason managers are typically instructed to<br \/>\nkeep detailed records of employee performance. If those can be produced to show a pattern of<br \/>\nincompetence or simply inadequate results, they can justify a dismissal before a judge, if it ever comes to<br \/>\nthat.<br \/>\nEven though legal complexities mean managers are well advised to be careful about firing workers, and<br \/>\nit\u2019s prudent to be sure that there are directly work-related reasons for the dismissal, none of that changes<br \/>\nthe fact that at-will hiring gives wide latitude to the company, and fired workers are typically left with few<br \/>\ngood avenues of protest. One way to see how tilted the table is toward the employer and away from the<br \/>\nemployee is to compare the American at-will firing system with the European model, where a reasonable<br \/>\ncause for termination must be demonstrated. In the United States, employers may more or less fire<br \/>\nanyone for any reason, and the burden of showing the termination was illegal or unfair falls entirely on<br \/>\nthe worker. In Europe, by contrast, the legal burden falls largely on the employer. Instead of the worker<br \/>\nhaving to show the firing was wrong, now the company has to show the firing was right. This is a big deal.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n360<br \/>\nIt\u2019s like the difference between innocent until proven guilty and guilty until proven<br \/>\ninnocent. Just because firing means the company holds the burden of proof: it must demonstrate that the<br \/>\nworker wasn\u2019t holding up his or her end of the employment contract. That\u2019s a lot harder to do than just<br \/>\nproducing some work evaluations to buttress the claim that she wasn\u2019t fired because she\u2019s Jewish or he<br \/>\nwasn\u2019t let go because he\u2019s Asian. As opposed to the European reality, the conclusion is, employees in the<br \/>\nUnited States hired at will have little recourse against a company that wants them out.<br \/>\nFinally, it\u2019s worth noting that elements of just cause law have been working their way into the American<br \/>\nlegal system in recent years.<br \/>\nWhen Should an Employee Be Fired?<br \/>\nBecause the legal footing is usually more or less solid for American managers, the real hard questions<br \/>\nabout terminating employees aren\u2019t legal ones about what can\u2019t be done but ethical ones about what<br \/>\nshould be done.<br \/>\nSometimes firing is unavoidable. Economic slowdowns frequently bring furloughs and terminations.<br \/>\nWhen the company\u2019s books turn red, and after the entire easy cost cutting has been done, people need to<br \/>\nbe cut. Who? There are three broad philosophies:<br \/>\n1. Inverted seniority<br \/>\n2. Workload<br \/>\n3. Recovery preparation<br \/>\nInverted Seniority occurs when the last worker hired is the first released. This works especially well for<br \/>\nassembly-line-type labor where one worker can replace another easily. As long as replacement is possible,<br \/>\ndismissing the most recently hired allows clear and impersonal rules to make downsizing orderly.<br \/>\nWorkload firings focus the pain of job cuts on that part of the company suffering most directly from a<br \/>\nfalloff in business. An office furniture supply company may find its line of hospital products unaffected by<br \/>\nan economic downturn (people keep getting sick even if they don\u2019t have a job) so layoffs are taken from<br \/>\nother divisions. This may mean losing workers with higher seniority or better job performance, but it<br \/>\nminimizes cash-flow disruption.<br \/>\nRecovery preparation takes the long view on an economic slowdown: firings and layoffs are executed not<br \/>\nso much to compensate for the present downturn but to sharpen the company for success when the<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n361<br \/>\neconomy bounces back. Staying with the office furniture supply company, the owner may see better longterm<br \/>\nopportunities for profits in the nonhospital units, so the downsizing may occur across the board. The<br \/>\nidea is to keep those slow-moving units at least minimally prepared to meet new demand when it<br \/>\neventually comes.<br \/>\nSometimes economic slowdowns don\u2019t reflect a problem with the larger economy, they\u2019re the result<br \/>\nof fundamental changes in the market, frequently brought on by technological advance. For example, the<br \/>\npopularization of digital photography has shrunk the market for old fashioned film. Seeing this coming,<br \/>\nwhat can a company like Kodak do? They\u2019re probably going to let workers from the old film side go to<br \/>\ncreate room for new hires in the digital division. This is potentially unfair to terminated workers because<br \/>\nthey may be doing exemplary work. Still, it would be unfair\u2014and financially disastrous\u2014to the company<br \/>\nas a whole to not change with the times.<br \/>\nRank and yank is a management philosophy promoted by former General Electric Company CEO Jack<br \/>\nWelch. Every year, he counsels, the entire workforce should be ranked and the bottom 10 percent<br \/>\n(\u201cThere\u2019s no way to sugarcoat this,\u201d he says) should be fired to make room for new employees who may be<br \/>\nable to perform at a higher level. Here, the responsibility to the company is being weighed far heavier than<br \/>\nthe one to the employee because, theoretically at least, those in the bottom 10 percent may be doing fine<br \/>\non the job\u2014fulfilling their responsibilities adequately\u2014it\u2019s just that others out there who could be hired to<br \/>\nreplace them may do it better. In the hope they will, workers who\u2019ve done nothing wrong are sacrificed. [2]<br \/>\nThere are two main criticisms of this practice. First, it\u2019s a betrayal of employees who are fulfilling their<br \/>\ncontractual obligations (they\u2019re just not over performing as well as others). Second, it\u2019s counterproductive<br \/>\nbecause it lowers morale by drowning workers in the fear that even though they\u2019re doing what\u2019s being<br \/>\nasked, they may end up in that dreaded bottom 10 percent.<br \/>\nEmployee misbehavior is the least controversial reason to fire a worker. Here, the ethics are relatively<br \/>\nclear. Employees aren\u2019t being mistreated when they\u2019re dismissed because it\u2019s their own actions that lead<br \/>\nto their end. Standard definitions of misbehavior include<br \/>\n\uf0b7 rudeness toward clients or customers,<br \/>\n\uf0b7 drinking or drugs on the job,<br \/>\n\uf0b7 theft of company property or using company property for personal business,<br \/>\n\uf0b7 frequent and unexplained absences from work,<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n362<br \/>\n\uf0b7 entering false information on records,<br \/>\n\uf0b7 gross insubordination,<br \/>\n\uf0b7 fighting or other physical aggression,<br \/>\n\uf0b7 harassment of others (sexual, sexual orientation, religious, racial, and similar).<br \/>\nHow Should an Employee Be Fired Once the Decision\u2019s Been Made?<br \/>\nAt the Friday all-staff meeting the office manager stands up to announce, \u201cThe good news is the following<br \/>\npeople have not been fired!\u201d He reads a list of seventeen names. There are nineteen people at the meeting.<br \/>\nThat\u2019s from a (perhaps unemployed) comic\u2019s stand-up routine. Unfortunately, people have written into<br \/>\nthe CNNMoney.com with real stories that aren\u2019t so far removed:<br \/>\n\uf0b7 An employee received news of her firing in a curt letter delivered to her home by FedEx.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 A man tells of being halted at the building door by security and being humiliatingly sent away.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 People report that they arrived at their office to find the lock changed and their stuff thrown in a box<br \/>\nsitting on the floor. [3]<br \/>\nAll these are inhumane firings in the sense that no flesh and blood person took the trouble to present the<br \/>\nbad news.<br \/>\nIt\u2019s easy to understand why inhumane firings occur: not many people enjoy sitting down with someone<br \/>\nand telling them they\u2019re out. So it\u2019s tempting to yield to cowardice. Instead of facing the worker you\u2019ve<br \/>\nfired, just drop a note, change the lock, and talk to security. On the ethical level, however, firing an<br \/>\nemployee is no different from working with an employee: as a manager, you must balance your duties to<br \/>\nthe company and the worker.<br \/>\nHow can the manager\u2019s duty to the organization be satisfied when terminating a worker? First, to the<br \/>\nextent possible, the fired person should leave with a positive impression of the organization. That means<br \/>\ntreating the employee with respect. No mailed notices of termination, no embarrassing lockouts, just a<br \/>\ndirect, eye-to-eye explanation are probably the most reliable rule of thumb.<br \/>\nSecond, the terminated employee should not be allowed to disrupt the continued work of those who<br \/>\nremain. If deemed necessary, security personnel should be present to ensure the ex-worker leaves the<br \/>\npremises promptly. Also, if the worker is involved in larger projects, a time for severance should be found<br \/>\nwhen their contribution is minimal so that other members of the team will be able to carry on near<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n363<br \/>\nnormally. (It may be recommendable to arrange the termination to coincide with the finishing of a larger<br \/>\nproject so that everyone may start fresh with the new, substitute employee.)<br \/>\nThird, the financial costs of the termination should be minimized. This means having clear reasons for the<br \/>\ntermination and documents (pertaining to worker performance or behavior) supporting the reasons to<br \/>\nguard against lawsuits. Also, there should be clear understandings and prompt payment of wages for work<br \/>\ndone, as well as reimbursements for travel expenses and the full satisfaction of all monetary obligations to<br \/>\nthe employee. This will allow the human resources department to close the file.<br \/>\nWith duties to the company covered, how can the manager\u2019s duty to the employee be satisfied?<br \/>\nConsultants\u2014both legal and ethical\u2014typically share some bullet-point answers. First, the employee<br \/>\nshould be addressed honestly and directly with a clear explanation for termination. Speak firmly, the<br \/>\nadvice is; don\u2019t waver or provide any kind of false hope. Further, the termination should not come as a<br \/>\ntotal surprise. Previous and clear indications should have been given concerning employee performance<br \/>\nalong with specific directions as to what areas require improvement. Many companies institute a structure<br \/>\nof written warnings that clearly explain what the employee\u2019s job is and why their work is not meeting<br \/>\nexpectations.<br \/>\nSecond, getting fired is embarrassing, and steps should be taken to minimize the humiliation. The<br \/>\nemployee should be the first to know about the discharge. Also, the severance should occur in a private<br \/>\nmeeting, not in view of other workers. To the extent possible, the employee should have an opportunity to<br \/>\nsay good-bye to workmates or, if this is the preference, to leave discreetly. For this reason, a meeting late<br \/>\nin the day may be chosen as the appropriate time for notice to be given.<br \/>\nThird, to the extent possible and within the boundaries of the truth, an offer should be extended to<br \/>\nprovide a recommendation for another job.<br \/>\nFourth, make sure the employee gets all the money coming for work done, without having to jump<br \/>\nthrough hoops.<br \/>\nWhat Steps Can Management Take to Support Workers in a World Where Firing<br \/>\nIs Inevitable?<br \/>\nOne response to the inescapable reality that firing happens is preemptive; it\u2019s to reduce the moral<br \/>\nuncertainty and hardship before they arise. Two strategies serve this purpose: actions can be<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n364<br \/>\nimplemented to minimize the occasions when firing will be necessary, and steps can be taken to reduce<br \/>\nthe severity of the firing experience for employees when it happens.<br \/>\nIn her book Men and Women of the Corporation, Rosabeth Moss Kanter generates a list of measures that<br \/>\ncorporations use to diminish firings, and reduce the professional impact for those who are let go. Here\u2019s<br \/>\nan abbreviated selection of her recommendations, along with a few additions:<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Recruit for the potential to increase competence, not simply for narrow skills to fill today\u2019s slots.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Rotate assignments: allow workers to expand their competence.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Retrain employees instead of firing them.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Offer learning opportunities and seminars in work-related fields.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Subsidize employee trips to work-related conferences and meetings.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Provide educational sabbaticals for employees who want to return to school.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Encourage independence and entrepreneurship: turn every employee into a self-guided professional.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Keep employees informed of management decisions concerning the direction of the company: What units<br \/>\nare more and less profitable? Which ones will grow? Which may shrink?<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Ensure that pensions and benefits are portable. [4]<br \/>\nKEY TAKEAWAYS<br \/>\n\uf0b7 At-will firing grants employers broad legal latitude to discharge employees, but it does not erase ethical<br \/>\nconcerns.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Justifiable worker firings include cases where workers bear none, some, or all of the blame for the<br \/>\ndischarge.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 The act of firing a worker requires managers to weigh responsibilities to the organization and to the exemployee.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Steps can be taken to limit the need for, and effects of, employee discharge.<br \/>\nREVIEW QUE STIONS<br \/>\n1. What\u2019s the difference between at-will and just cause firing?<br \/>\n2. How might fundamental changes in the marketplace require a company to fire workers?<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n365<br \/>\n3. What is rank and yank?<br \/>\n4. When managers fire employees, what duties do they hold to the organization, and what are the duties to<br \/>\nthe dismissed worker?<br \/>\n5. What are some steps organizations can take to protect their workers from the effects of discharge if firing<br \/>\nbecomes necessary?<br \/>\n[1] Chris Edwards and Tad DeHaven, \u201cFederal Government Should Increase Firing Rate,\u201d Cato Institute, Tax and<br \/>\nBudget, no. 10 (November 2002), accessed May 24, 2011,http:\/\/www.cato.org\/pubs\/tbb\/tbb-0211-10.pdf.<br \/>\n[2] Allan Murray, \u201cShould I Rank My Employees?,\u201d Wall Street Journal, accessed May 24,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/guides.wsj.com\/management\/recruiting-hiring-and-firing\/should-i- rank-my-employees.<br \/>\n[3] \u201cWorst Ways to Get Fired,\u201d CNNMoney.com, September 6, 2006, accessed May 24,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/blogs\/yourturn\/2006\/09\/worst-ways-to-get-fired.html.<br \/>\n[4] List adapted from Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1993),<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n366<br \/>\n8.5 Case Studies<br \/>\nFashionable<br \/>\nSource: Photo courtesy of Ralph Aichinger, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/sooperkuh\/3275153928\/.<br \/>\nIn her blog Love This, MJ (full name not provided) relates that she\u2019s been an aspiring clothes designer<br \/>\nsince she started sewing tops for her Barbie dolls. Things weren\u2019t going well, though, as she tries to break<br \/>\ninto the industry. One thing she notices is that there aren\u2019t a lot of female fashion designers out there\u2014<br \/>\nVera Wang, Betsey Johnson, and a few more. Not many. So she starts trying to figure it out with questions<br \/>\nlike these:<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Do women want straight guy designers to dress them because they dress to please the men? It could make<br \/>\nsense: what that designer likes, the man in her life is going to love too.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Do women prefer gay men to dress them because gay men are their new girlfriends? Gay men are usually<br \/>\nmore receptive to trends and physical appearances too.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Do women prefer women designers because she knows a woman\u2019s body better?<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Do men have the same issue? Do some men prefer a lesbian designer? Would they balk at being dressed<br \/>\nby a gay designer? [1]<br \/>\nQUE STIONS<br \/>\n1. Assume MJ is right when she hypothesizes that most women like straight male designers because straight<br \/>\nguys are the ones they\u2019re trying to impress, so they want clothes straight guys like. Now imagine you\u2019ve<br \/>\nbeen put in charge of a new line of women\u2019s clothes. Your number one task: sales success. You\u2019ve got five<br \/>\napplicants for the job of designing the line. Of course you could just ask them all about their sexual<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n367<br \/>\norientation(s), but that might leave you open to a discrimination lawsuit. So could you devise a test for<br \/>\nnew applicants that\u2019s fair\u2014that gives everyone an equal chance\u2014but still meets your requirement of<br \/>\nfinding someone who produces clothes that straight guys get excited about?<br \/>\n2. Four standard filters for job applicants are<br \/>\no education level,<br \/>\no high-risk lifestyle,<br \/>\no criminal record,<br \/>\no flamboyant presence in social media.<br \/>\nWhich of these might be used to winnow out applications for a job as a clothes designer? Explain<br \/>\nin ethical terms.<br \/>\n3. MJ wonders whether women might prefer women designers because she knows a woman\u2019s body better. Is<br \/>\nthere a bona fide occupational qualification for a women\u2019s fashion company to hire only women<br \/>\ndesigners? Is there a difference between a BFOQ based on sex and one based on sexual orientation?<br \/>\n4. MJ asks, \u201cDo women prefer gay men to dress them because gay men are their new girlfriends?\u201d Assume<br \/>\nyou think there\u2019s something to this. Could you design a few behavioral interview questions that test the<br \/>\napplicants\u2019 ability to become girlfriends (in the sense that MJ means it) with their clients? Would these be<br \/>\nethically acceptable interviews, or do you believe there\u2019s something wrong and unfair about them?<br \/>\nGod at Work<br \/>\nSource: Photo courtesy of Geoff Stearns, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/tensafefrogs\/1523795\/.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n368<br \/>\nThe University of Charleston is a private, nonreligious institution with a very particular job opening: the<br \/>\nHerchiel and Elizabeth Sims \u201cIn God We Trust\u201d Chair in Ethics. According to the job description, the<br \/>\nsuccessful candidate for this job as a professor \u201cmust embrace a belief in God and present moral and<br \/>\nethical values from a God-centered perspective.\u201d [2]<br \/>\nQUE STIONS<br \/>\n1. You\u2019re in charge of getting applicants for this post and you\u2019ve got a small advertising budget. What ethical<br \/>\nresponsibilities should you consider when determining where to place the ad? How broadly should you<br \/>\nadvertise the position?<br \/>\n2. According to Erwin Chemerinsky, a law professor at Duke University, \u201cThe description that<br \/>\n\u2018candidates must embrace a belief in God and present moral and ethical values from a Godcentered<br \/>\nperspective,\u2019 violates the Civil Rights Act as religious discrimination in<br \/>\nemployment.\u201d [3] Imagine you\u2019re in charge of every step of the process of filling this job. How<br \/>\ncould you respond in terms of<br \/>\no bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs),<br \/>\no testing,<br \/>\no interviewing?<br \/>\n3. You\u2019re the university president. The person who currently holds the In God We Trust<br \/>\nProfessorship has, by all accounts, been doing a mediocre to poor (but not directly unacceptable)<br \/>\njob. One day you happen to trip across the person\u2019s blog page and notice that your professor<br \/>\nclaims to be a sadist and practices a mild form of devil worship (also, the prof\u2019s favorite movie<br \/>\nis The Omen). Right now the In God We Trust Professor of ethics is down the hall lecturing to<br \/>\nseventy-five undergrads. You sneak to the door and listen from outside. The professor sounds just<br \/>\nlike always: dull and passionless, but the talk is about the Bible, and nothing\u2019s being said that<br \/>\nseems out of line with the job description. Still, you decide to terminate the relationship.<br \/>\no In a pure at-will working environment, you can just fire the professor. But imagine you want to<br \/>\ndemonstrate just cause. How does this change the way you approach the situation? What would<br \/>\nyour just causes be?<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n369<br \/>\no The professor\u2019s classes are passionless because he doesn\u2019t believe in what he\u2019s teaching. Still, his<br \/>\nteachings are not directly wrong. Does this case show why a manager may be ethically required in<br \/>\ncertain situations to implement a strategy of rank and yank? Explain.<br \/>\nTesting Baseball Players\u2019 DNA<br \/>\nSource: Photo courtesy of katkimchee,http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/midwestkimchee\/206762729\/.<br \/>\nThe New York Times reports that there\u2019s a \u201chuge difference between sixteen and nineteen years old,\u201d<br \/>\nwhen you\u2019re talking about prospects for professional baseball. A kid whose skills knock your socks off for a<br \/>\nsixteen-year-old just looks modestly good when he practices with nineteen-year-olds. [4]<br \/>\nThis is a significant problem in the Dominican Republic, which produces excellent baseball players but<br \/>\nlittle in the way of reliable paperwork proving who people really are and when they were born. The<br \/>\nCleveland Indians learned all about that when they gave a $575,000 bonus to a seventeen-year-old<br \/>\nDominican named Jose Ozoria, only to later find out he was actually a twenty-year-old named Wally<br \/>\nBryan.<br \/>\nThis and similar cases of misidentification explain why baseball teams are starting to apply genetic tests to<br \/>\nthe prospects they\u2019re scouting. Typically, the player is invited to provide a DNA sample from himself and<br \/>\nhis parents to confirm that he\u2019s no older than he claims. The player pays for the test and is reimbursed if<br \/>\nthe results show he was telling the truth.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n370<br \/>\nQUE STIONS<br \/>\n1. Many experts in genetics consider testing an unethical violation of personal privacy.<br \/>\no What does it mean to \u201cviolate personal privacy\u201d?<br \/>\no Can a utilitarian argument (the greatest good for the greatest number should be sought) in favor<br \/>\nof DNA testing in the Dominican Republic be mounted? What could it look like?<br \/>\n2. In the baseball world, other tests that clearly are allowed as part of the hiring process include testing a<br \/>\nplayer\u2019s strength and speed. Is there anything in the fair application of these tests that may ethically<br \/>\nallow\u2014even require\u2014that baseball teams extract DNA to confirm the age?<br \/>\n3. Assume you accept that testing a prospect\u2019s age is a bona fide occupational qualification (after all,<br \/>\nthe job is to be a prospect: a developing player, not an adult one). Once you accept that, how do<br \/>\nyou draw the line? Couldn\u2019t teams be tempted to use DNA facts for other purposes?<br \/>\nThe Times article interviews a coach who puts it this way:<br \/>\nI know [the baseball teams taking the DNA samples] are looking into trying to figure out<br \/>\nsusceptibility to injuries, things like that. If they come up with a test that shows someone\u2019s<br \/>\nconnective tissue is at a high risk of not holding up, can that be used? I don\u2019t know. [5]<br \/>\nCan you formulate an ethical argument in favor of teams secretly using DNA tests to do just that,<br \/>\ncheck for as many yellow and red flags as possible in the young prospect\u2019s genetic code?<br \/>\n4. Baseball scouting\u2014the job of hiring excellent future players and screening out mediocre ones\u2014is very<br \/>\ncompetitive. Those who do it well are paid well; those who don\u2019t are cycled out quickly to make room for<br \/>\nsomeone else. You have the job, you have the DNA sample. What do you do? Why?<br \/>\n5. You decide to do the test in question four. The problem is people aren\u2019t trees; you can\u2019t age them<br \/>\njust by counting genetic rings\u2014you also need to do some cross-testing with the parents\u2019 DNA. You<br \/>\ndo that and run into a surprise: it turns out that the young prospect\u2019s father who\u2019s so proud of his<br \/>\nathletic son isn\u2019t the biological dad. Now what?<br \/>\no Is there an argument here against DNA testing, period? What is it?<br \/>\no Remember, the family paid for the test. Do you have a responsibility to give them these results?<br \/>\nExplain.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n371<br \/>\n6. Lou Gehrig was the first athlete ever to appear on a box of Wheaties. From 1925 to 1939 he played for the<br \/>\nYankees in every game: 2,130 straight appearances, a record that lasted more than fifty years. He was<br \/>\nvoted into the baseball Hall of Fame in 1939. He died in 1941 from a genetic disorder\u2014yes, Lou Gehrig\u2019s<br \/>\ndisease\u2014that today\u2019s DNA tests would identify. Is there an ethical argument here against DNA testing of<br \/>\nprospects or one in favor? Or is the argument about this more theoretical\u2014should the rules be decided<br \/>\nregardless of what has actually happened at some time or place? Explain.<br \/>\n7. In a different sport, the sprinter Caster Semenya won the world eight-hundred-meter challenge in 2009<br \/>\nwith a time that few men could equal. She looked, in fact, vaguely like a man, which led the International<br \/>\nAthletics Federation to run a genetic gender test. She is, it turns out, neither a woman nor a man; she\u2019s a<br \/>\nhermaphrodite: a little bit of both. Does the fact that genetic tests don\u2019t always return clean, black-andwhite<br \/>\nresults make their use less advisable from an ethical perspective? Why or why not?<br \/>\nWindfall at Goldman<br \/>\nSource: Photo courtesy of Manuel Cernuda, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/melkorcete\/180238980\/.<br \/>\nGoldman Sachs is an expansive financial services company. Many clients are institutional: private<br \/>\ncompanies and government organizations wanting to raise cash seek Goldman\u2019s help in packaging and<br \/>\nthen selling stock or bonds. On the other side, private investors\u2014wealthy individuals wanting to multiply<br \/>\ntheir riches\u2014receive a hearty welcome at Goldman because they have the cash to purchase those stocks<br \/>\nand bonds. Ultimately, Goldman Sachs is a hub where large companies, governmental powers, and<br \/>\nwealthy people come and do business together.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n372<br \/>\nExecutives at Goldman Sachs are among the world\u2019s highest paid. According to a New York Times article,<br \/>\n\u201cAt the center of Goldman\u2019s lucrative compensation program is the partnership. Goldman\u2019s partners are<br \/>\nits highest executives and its biggest stars. Yet while Goldman is required to report compensation for its<br \/>\ntop officers, it releases very little information about this broader group, remaining tightlipped about even<br \/>\nbasic information like who is currently a partner.\u201d [6]<br \/>\nThe rest of the article investigates this shadowy partnership. The conclusions: \u201cGoldman has almost 860<br \/>\ncurrent and former partners. In the last 12 years, they have cashed out more than $20 billion in Goldman<br \/>\nshares and currently hold more than $10 billion in Goldman stock.\u201d<br \/>\nThis tally of accumulated wealth in Goldman stock doesn\u2019t even include the standard salary and cash<br \/>\nbonuses the partners receive, but leaving that aside, here\u2019s the math: $30 billion divided by 860 divided<br \/>\nby 12 should give some sense of the wealth each of these corporate stars is accumulating over the course of<br \/>\na year. To give a provisional idea of how large the number of dollars is here, when you try plugging $30<br \/>\nbillion into an iPhone calculator, you find the screen can\u2019t even hold a number that long. Using a different<br \/>\ncalculator yields this result: $2.9 million per partner every year.<br \/>\nThe 2.9 million can be compared with the salary earned by the average American: $50,000 a year. The<br \/>\nGoldman partner gets that in less than a week. This huge money explains the clawing fight that goes on<br \/>\ninside Goldman to become a partner. The odds are long. Each time the books are opened to admit a new<br \/>\nclass, only 1 of 330 Goldman employees makes the cut. It is, in the words of one former partner, \u201ca very<br \/>\nDarwinian, survival-of-the-fittest firm.\u201d<br \/>\nIn the public comments section of the New York Times story about Goldman, a person identified as GHP<br \/>\npicks up on the firm\u2019s characterization as a \u201cDarwinian, survival-of-the-fittest\u201d place. He wrote, \u201cThe<br \/>\nFrench revolution was also very Darwinian, let\u2019s give that a try.\u201d During the French Revolution, the<br \/>\nwealthy and powerful were rewarded with a trip to the guillotine.<br \/>\nProbably, GHP isn\u2019t just annoyed about how much money executives at Goldman make, he, like a lot of<br \/>\npeople, is peeved by the fact that the company was bailed out by the federal government during the 2008\u2013<br \/>\n9 financial crisis. Had the taxpayers (people making $50,000) not kicked in, Goldman might\u2019ve gone<br \/>\nbankrupt, and all that money its partners accumulated in stock would\u2019ve vanished. As it happens, the US<br \/>\ngovernment\u2019s bailout was masterminded by US Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson. His previous job was<br \/>\nCEO (and partner) at Goldman.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n373<br \/>\nQUE STIONS<br \/>\n1. Goldman is dominated by a \u201cDarwinian, survival-of-the-fittest\u201d mentality. What does that mean?<br \/>\no In ethical terms, how can this mentality be justified?<br \/>\no Would a company dominated by this mentality, whether it\u2019s Goldman or not, be more likely to<br \/>\nannounce job openings to a limited public, or as a massive public announcement? Why?<br \/>\n2. Describe the advantages of a \u201cbehavioral interview.\u201d If you were in charge of hiring for a company seeking<br \/>\nemployees who flourish in a survival-of-the-fittest environment, what kind of question might you ask in a<br \/>\nbehavioral interview? Why?<br \/>\n3. One contributor to the New York Times comments section writes, \u201cThere are sure to be lots of<br \/>\npointed, angry posts about how unfair it is that these guys make so much money etc. But if we are<br \/>\nhonest, there is a fair amount of envy and pure remorse that we weren\u2019t bright enough to go<br \/>\ndown that path! And these guys are very bright.\u201d<br \/>\nHow could these comments be construed to explain why high wages and big bonuses are used by<br \/>\nGoldman to motivate its workers? What is it that makes big money (or the possibility of big<br \/>\nmoney) function as a powerful motivator to encourage employees to work hard and well?<br \/>\nEthically, how can this use of big money be justified?<br \/>\n4. One difference between offering an employee a wage increase and offering a bonus is that the<br \/>\nlatter doesn\u2019t come automatically the next year. The employee has to earn it from scratch all over<br \/>\nagain.<br \/>\no Why might managers at Goldman award their best workers with a bonus instead of a wage<br \/>\nincrease?<br \/>\no By appeal to an ethical theory, could you make the case that, in general, employees should be<br \/>\npaid mainly through a bonus system? How would the theory work at two extremes: wealthy<br \/>\nGoldman executives and waitresses at a corner diner?<br \/>\n5. Given the kind of work that\u2019s done at Goldman\u2014bringing wealthy people and powerful organizations<br \/>\ntogether to make deals\u2014why might party aptitude (the ability to mix socially after hours) be considered<br \/>\nwhen deciding who does and who doesn\u2019t make partner at Goldman? How could that decision be justified<br \/>\nethically? How could it be criticized ethically?<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n374<br \/>\n6. Make the case that in theoretical terms, managers at Goldman have an ethical responsibility to institute<br \/>\nthe process of rank and yank.<br \/>\nThe Five O\u2019Clock Club<br \/>\nSource: Photo courtesy of C.P. Storm, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/cpstorm\/140115572\/.<br \/>\nA Washington Post story about firing employees relates that some companies use \u201cthe surgical method:<br \/>\nterminations that last about 15 seconds, after which former employees are ushered off company<br \/>\nproperty.\u201d[7]<br \/>\nIt doesn\u2019t have to be that way, though. For about $2,000 per fired employee, the outplacement company<br \/>\nFive O\u2019Clock Club will help employers manage the actual termination moment more compassionately.<br \/>\nLater on, the fired worker receives a year of career coaching to help get back on track.<br \/>\nWhat do the Five O\u2019Clock Club recommend managers do at the critical moment when giving the bad<br \/>\nnews? To answer, according to the Post, they offer a booklet titled How to Terminate Employees While<br \/>\nRespecting Human Dignity, which \u201casks managers to approach layoffs with the understanding that,<br \/>\n\u2018unlike facilities and equipment, humans have an intrinsic worth beyond their contribution to the<br \/>\norganization.\u2019\u201d [8]<br \/>\nThen some catchphrases are provided for managers to use:<br \/>\n\uf0b7 George, you\u2019ve been a trooper. I\u2019m sorry that this organization has moved in a different direction.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 George, you have made many good friends here. We hope those friendships will continue.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 George, you have made considerable and long-lasting contributions and they are acknowledged and<br \/>\nappreciated. [9]<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n375<br \/>\nFive O\u2019Clock Club vice president Kim Hall\u2014who downs a lot of Tylenol and coffee on the job\u2014relates<br \/>\nseveral other phrases that may be helpful:<br \/>\n\uf0b7 I know this is hard, but you\u2019ll get back on your feet.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 The timing could actually work in your favor. A lot of people take vacation in the summer. There\u2019s no<br \/>\ncompetition for job hunters.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Maybe this is a chance to begin your dream career. Follow your heart.[10]<br \/>\nIn sum, the Five O\u2019Clock Club helps workers feel better when they\u2019re fired, and helps them get on with<br \/>\ntheir lives. Meanwhile, employers get a hedge against lawsuits. The outplacement service, according to the<br \/>\nFive O\u2019Clock Club literature, \u201ccan redirect anger or anxiety away from the organization and\u2026encourage<br \/>\nthe newly-fired to sign their severance agreements so they can get on with their lives.\u201d [11]<br \/>\nQUE STIONS<br \/>\n1. The Five O\u2019Clock Club charges $2,000 per firing. If you were fired, would you prefer to receive the<br \/>\ncompassionate end the Five O\u2019Clock Club provides, or just get shown the door but also get to keep<br \/>\nthat $2,000 for yourself?<br \/>\no If you\u2019re the boss, do you have the right to decide this for the fired employee? Why or why not?<br \/>\no If you\u2019re the boss, do you have the responsibility to decide this for the fired employee? Why or<br \/>\nwhy not?<br \/>\n2. According to the Five O\u2019Clock Club, \u201cUnlike facilities and equipment, humans have an intrinsic<br \/>\nworth beyond their contribution to the organization.\u201d<br \/>\no Does this sound like utilitarian ethical thinking to you, or is it more in line with the notion of an<br \/>\nethics guided by basic duties and rights? Why?<br \/>\no Probably, everyone agrees that humans aren\u2019t just machines that can be installed and replaced.<br \/>\nBut can an ethical argument be made to treat people in the workplace as machines\u2014that is, to<br \/>\nabruptly hire them when they\u2019re useful and fire them when they\u2019re not? What ethical theory (or<br \/>\ntheories) could help you make the case?<br \/>\n3. In general terms, here are three firing situations:<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n376<br \/>\no an economic downturn (good workers are sacked because the company can\u2019t afford to keep<br \/>\nthem)<br \/>\no rank and yank (workers are fulfilling their duties but not as well as most of the others)<br \/>\no misbehavior (a worker is fired directly because of something done or not done)<br \/>\nLooking at these three contexts and the Five O\u2019Clock Club, do you think their services should be<br \/>\nhired in all three situations? Do the ethics of firing change depending on why the person is being<br \/>\nfired? Explain.<br \/>\n4. Recall some of the Five O\u2019Clock Club\u2019s pre-packed firing sentences:<br \/>\no George, you&#8217;ve been a trooper. I&#8217;m sorry that this organization has moved in a different direction.<br \/>\no George, you have made many good friends here. We hope\u2026.<br \/>\no George, you\u2026are acknowledged and appreciated.<br \/>\no Maybe this is a chance to begin your dream career. Follow your heart.<br \/>\nThe contrasting method of firing employees\u2014the surgical method\u2014is to look the person in the<br \/>\neye, say you\u2019re fired, and have security march the ex-employee out the door, all in less than a<br \/>\nminute.<br \/>\no Is it possible to make the case that the surgical method is actually more compassionate and<br \/>\nrespectful?<br \/>\no Is there a place for compassion in business? From a manager\u2019s perspective, how should<br \/>\ncompassion be defined within a business context?<br \/>\n5. Maybe the Five O\u2019Clock Club gets hired because a company really wants to help and support fired<br \/>\nemployees. Or maybe the company doesn\u2019t really care about them; all they want is to avoid wrongful<br \/>\ntermination lawsuits. Ethically, does it matter why the company contracts the Five O\u2019Clock Club? Explain.<br \/>\n[1] \u201cSexual Orientation in the Fashion Industry,\u201d Love This! (blog), accessed May 24,<br \/>\n2011,http:\/\/lovethis.wordpress.com\/2007\/07\/28\/sexual-orientation-in-the-fashion-industry.<br \/>\n[2] Rob Capriccioso, \u201cDivinely Inspired Bias?,\u201d Higher Ed, March 1, 2006, accessed May 24,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/news\/2006\/03\/01\/charleston.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n377<br \/>\n[3] Rob Capriccioso, \u201cDivinely Inspired Bias?,\u201d Higher Ed, March 1, 2006, accessed May 24,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/news\/2006\/03\/01\/charleston.<br \/>\n[4] Michael S. Schmidt and Alan Schwarz, \u201cBaseball\u2019s Use of DNA Raises Questions,\u201d New York Times, July 21, 2009,<br \/>\naccessed May 24, 2011,http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/07\/22\/sports\/baseball\/22dna.html?hp.<br \/>\n[5] Michael S. Schmidt and Alan Schwarz, \u201cBaseball\u2019s Use of DNA Raises Questions,\u201d New York Times, July 21, 2009,<br \/>\naccessed May 24, 2011,http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/07\/22\/sports\/baseball\/22dna.html?hp.<br \/>\n[6] Susanne Craig and Eric Dash, \u201cStudy Points to Windfall for Goldman Partners,\u201d New York Times, January 18,<br \/>\n2011, accessed May 24, 2011,http:\/\/dealbook.nytimes.com\/2011\/01\/18\/study-points-to-windfall-for-goldmanpartners\/?<br \/>\nhp.<br \/>\n[7] Eli Saslow, \u201cThe Art of Letting Employees Go,\u201d Washington Post, August 9, 2009, accessed May 24,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wpdyn\/<br \/>\ncontent\/article\/2009\/08\/08\/AR2009080802659.html?hpid=topnews.<br \/>\n[8] Eli Saslow, \u201cThe Art of Letting Employees Go,\u201d Washington Post, August 9, 2009, accessed May 24,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wpdyn\/<br \/>\ncontent\/article\/2009\/08\/08\/AR2009080802659.html?hpid=topnews.<br \/>\n[9] Eli Saslow, \u201cThe Art of Letting Employees Go,\u201d Washington Post, August 9, 2009, accessed May 24,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wpdyn\/<br \/>\ncontent\/article\/2009\/08\/08\/AR2009080802659.html?hpid=topnews.<br \/>\n[10] Eli Saslow, \u201cThe Art of Letting Employees Go,\u201d Washington Post, August 9, 2009, accessed May 24,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wpdyn\/<br \/>\ncontent\/article\/2009\/08\/08\/AR2009080802659.html?hpid=topnews.<br \/>\n[11] Eli Saslow, \u201cThe Art of Letting Employees Go,\u201d Washington Post, August 9, 2009, accessed May 24,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wpdyn\/<br \/>\ncontent\/article\/2009\/08\/08\/AR2009080802659.html?hpid=topnews.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n378<br \/>\nChapter 9<br \/>\nManager\u2019s Ethics: Deciding on a Corporate Culture and<br \/>\nMaking It Work<br \/>\nChapter Overview<br \/>\nChapter 9 &#8220;Manager\u2019s Ethics: Deciding on a Corporate Culture and Making It Work&#8221; examines some<br \/>\nethical decisions facing managers. It considers how leaders guide organizations by selecting and then<br \/>\ninstilling the specific values and culture that define a workplace.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n379<br \/>\n9.1 What Is Corporate Culture?<br \/>\nLEARNING OBJECTIVES<br \/>\n1. Define the concept of corporate culture or, more broadly, organizational culture.<br \/>\n2. Learn to recognize and distinguish specific organizational cultures.<br \/>\n3. Consider ways that a culture may be instilled in an organization.<br \/>\nI\u2019m a Mac, and I\u2019m a PC<br \/>\n\u201cI\u2019m a Mac, and I\u2019m a PC\u201d is the first line from a set of advertisements produced for Apple. [1] Two guys<br \/>\nstand in front of a white screen, a step or two apart. The one pretending to be an Apple Macintosh<br \/>\ncomputer looks a lot like you\u2019d expect the typical Apple computer user to look: casual, young, and cool;<br \/>\nhe\u2019s not stressed but certainly alert and thoughtful. He hasn\u2019t had a haircut in a while, but the situation<br \/>\nisn\u2019t out of control. He speaks up for himself without being aggressive. His t-shirt is clean, his jeans<br \/>\nreliable, and his tennis shoes stylish. The PC, on the other hand, can\u2019t relax in a polyester suit that\u2019s a half<br \/>\nsize too small, especially for his inflated waistline. Bulky glasses slide down his greasy nose. Short, parted<br \/>\nhair glues to his head. He\u2019s clean, shaven, and very earnest. In one of the commercials, the PC man talks<br \/>\nabout the things he does well: calculation, spreadsheets, and pie charts. The Mac responds that he feels<br \/>\nmore comfortable helping users make their own movies and organize their music collections.<br \/>\nUnderneath these ads there are two very different corporate cultures, two very different kinds of<br \/>\ncompanies making two very different products even though both sell their machines in the store\u2019s<br \/>\ncomputer section. Now, because this is advertising and it\u2019s paid for by Apple, we should take the claims<br \/>\nbeing made with a grain of salt. And, obviously, Apple didn\u2019t air these spots because they wanted to<br \/>\nexhibit their corporate culture. They wanted to sell computers (and hammer the competition in the<br \/>\nprocess). None of that, however, changes the fact that the commercials do a good job of displaying what a<br \/>\ndifference between corporate cultures looks like. It looks like these two guys. They\u2019re both capable and<br \/>\ndedicated, but everything about each of them makes the other one squirm; it\u2019s hard to imagine they could<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n380<br \/>\nwork well together because their habits and comportments\u2014everything from how they dress to the way<br \/>\nthe talk\u2014is so completely different.<br \/>\nThe same can be said about workplaces. It\u2019s easy to imagine a kind of office where PC fits nicely. People<br \/>\nthere would wear ties and skirts. They\u2019d be punctual. Their days and working styles would be regimented<br \/>\nand predictable. Employees would have their own cubicle offices, and anyone proposing an \u201cinformal<br \/>\nFriday\u201d break from the dress code would be looked on with suspicion. By contrast, Mac would function<br \/>\nwell in an open, warehouse-like space with a bike rack out front. Flextime would be common\u2014that is,<br \/>\npeople arriving earlier or later in the morning depending on their preference and on the circumstances of<br \/>\ntheir lives (whether they have children, when they can avoid rush-hour traffic). Regardless of when they<br \/>\nshow up, they take responsibility for making sure they log a full workday. The attire would be casual and<br \/>\ndiverse. Maybe the boss wears jeans. Some people would probably be annoying others with their loud<br \/>\nmusic, but everyone would force smiles and be tolerant.<br \/>\nOne of the reasons the Apple ad works well is that it resists the temptation to simply say Apple is superior.<br \/>\nYes, PC is dorky and Apple is cool, but Apple does admit that PC really is better at analytic-type activities<br \/>\nlike producing clean spreadsheets. The same mixed findings apply to corporate culture. At the PC office,<br \/>\nthe clothes aren\u2019t nearly as comfortable as the ones you find at the Mac place, but at least there aren\u2019t any<br \/>\nguys wearing jeans that fall a little too low over their back end. And the flextime scheduling at Apple may<br \/>\nmake for a happier workforce, but only until it happens that a project suddenly arises and needs to be<br \/>\nexecuted immediately, and one of the key participants has flex-timed and already left for the day. The<br \/>\nother team members are left, that means, to do his share of the work. What about the bike racks outside?<br \/>\nEveryone agrees that it\u2019s great that the Mac people are peddling to work, but only until a morning<br \/>\nthunderstorm pops up and no one can make it to the office. The point is there are advantages and<br \/>\ndrawbacks to every corporate culture. It\u2019s hard to say that one is better than another (just like Macs work<br \/>\nfor some people while others prefer PCs), but it\u2019s certainly true that there are different value systems<br \/>\nbeneath the distinct cultures.<br \/>\nAnyone who has a management role in any organization will be expected to have a grip on what values<br \/>\nguide the enterprise and how they reflect in the day-to-day life of people on the job. Further, some<br \/>\nmanagers\u2014and all entrepreneurs\u2014will not only need to apply guiding values; they\u2019ll have to select and<br \/>\ncreate them.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n381<br \/>\nDefinitions of Corporate Culture<br \/>\nCorporate culture is easier to get intuitively than put into words. Because you can\u2019t touch it, measure it, or<br \/>\ntake its picture (even though you can show two people in an advertisement who obviously belong to<br \/>\ndifferent corporate cultures), it\u2019s not surprising that there\u2019s no consensus definition attached to the term.<br \/>\nHere are three attempts to put the idea in words. A corporate culture is<br \/>\n\uf0b7 \u201cthe shared beliefs top managers have in a company about how they should manage themselves and other<br \/>\nemployees, and how they should conduct their business\u201d; [2]<br \/>\n\uf0b7 \u201cthe pattern of shared values and beliefs that gives members of an institution meaning and provides them<br \/>\nwith rules for behavior in their organization\u201d; [3]<br \/>\n\uf0b7 \u201ca general constellation of beliefs, mores, customs, value systems and behavioral norms, and ways of<br \/>\ndoing business that are unique to each corporation, that set a pattern for corporate activities and actions,<br \/>\nand that describe the implicit and emergent patterns of behavior and emotions characterizing life in the<br \/>\norganization.\u201d [4]<br \/>\nThere are common threads to these cited definitions and some points that may be added:<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Corporate culture is shared; it\u2019s not like a regulation or a code that\u2019s imposed from some specific place<br \/>\noutside the organization. The culture may begin that way, but once installed, it belongs to all those<br \/>\nparticipating in the workplace.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Corporate culture provides guidance. It\u2019s not a potted plant to be looked at; corporate culture tells an<br \/>\nemployee that the Daffy Duck necktie is too far out there and should be left in the closet. The pumpkin<br \/>\nnecktie, however, is OK as long as we\u2019re coming up on Halloween. Analogously, though more significantly,<br \/>\nit tells a salesman whether it\u2019s OK to flagrantly lie to a customer, to stretch the truth a little, or only to play<br \/>\nit straight.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Corporate culture provides meaning in the organization; it tells members why they are there. At Goldman<br \/>\nSachs, the bottom line really is the bottom line: people are there to make money. At Greenpeace, by<br \/>\ncontrast, people arrive in the morning to protect the planet, and while it\u2019s true that many receive a<br \/>\npaycheck for their efforts, that\u2019s not the reason they show up for work.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Corporate culture is top heavy; management carries the heaviest burden. Unlike simple office codes\u2014such<br \/>\nas turning in your expense reports within a week of terminating travel\u2014that apply to people more or less<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n382<br \/>\nuniformly, the burden of understanding and promulgating the organization\u2019s culture falls heavily, though<br \/>\nnot exclusively, on the leaders.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 A corporate culture is a constellation of values, a set of ways of seeing the business world.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 The constellation of cultural values is dynamic; everyone involved every day stretches and pushes the<br \/>\norganization\u2019s culture.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 An organization\u2019s culture is organic; it\u2019s born and grows with the organization. It dies there too.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 The organization\u2019s culture includes life values, ones that cross beyond purely business concerns to touch<br \/>\nquestions including, \u201cIs it OK to date someone from work?\u201d \u201cCan I cry at my desk?\u201d \u201cWill anyone object if<br \/>\nI have a shouting match with my wife from the telephone in my cubicle?\u201d<br \/>\nThis list isn\u2019t exhaustive. It does, however, show how thoroughly corporate culture penetrates the<br \/>\nworkday.<br \/>\nWhat\u2019s My Organization\u2019s Culture?<br \/>\nManagers\u2019 job responsibilities include protecting and promoting their organization\u2019s culture. Fulfilling the<br \/>\nresponsibility requires determining exactly what culture lives in the workplace. There\u2019s no secret decoding<br \/>\nmechanism, but there are a number of indicating questions that may be asked. One of the most natural is<br \/>\nto brainstorm associated words. For example, imagine visiting two offices, one filled with people who look<br \/>\nlike the Apple Mac from the commercial, and the other with those who\u2019d fit naturally into the office where<br \/>\nPCs are bought and used. Just looking at the commercial and jotting words as they flow might lead to lists<br \/>\nbeginning this way:<br \/>\n\uf0b7 On the Apple side: sloppy, fun, warm, loose, careless, resigned, informal, smart, creative, soft-spoken,<br \/>\ncontrolled, cool, and haughty.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 On the PC side: uptight, formal, reliable, demanding, uncomfortable, determined, perfectionist, detail<br \/>\noriented, disciplined, unconcerned with appearances, and geeky.<br \/>\nThese are short, rapidly composed lists, but they\u2019re developed enough to observe two profiles of work-life<br \/>\npeeking out. You can see that that the Apple office is going to fit closely with values including comfort,<br \/>\ninnovation, and independence, while the PC office will be more compatible with values including<br \/>\nreliability and responsibility. You can count on the PC office to get things done, but if you\u2019re looking for<br \/>\nsomething outside the box, you may be better off going the Apple route.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n383<br \/>\nOther questions getting at the heart of an organization\u2019s culture and basic values include these dealing<br \/>\nwith the workplace time: How many hours are expected at work each week? Is there flextime? Is there<br \/>\ntelecommuting? Is there a punch clock or some other kind of employee time-in-the-office monitoring? Is<br \/>\nit more important that the employee be present or that the work gets done? In some offices it\u2019s the<br \/>\nformer; in others, the latter.<br \/>\nThen there are questions about employee interaction. Is each worker situated in a private room or a more<br \/>\nopen, common space? Do people tend to compete with each other or is teamwork a higher value? To the<br \/>\nextent there\u2019s individual competition, how far does it go? Is it a good-natured jousting, or closer to hostile<br \/>\nblood sport? Of course different kinds of organizations are going to recommend themselves to one side or<br \/>\nthe other of the spectrum. For example, a doctor\u2019s office, an archeological dig, a construction company are<br \/>\nrelatively good places to value teamwork. A stockbroking office, a pro basketball team, and an actors\u2019<br \/>\nstudio are spots where you may want to encourage individuals to outdo those around them.<br \/>\nWhat\u2019s the workplace mood? Fun? Somber? Energetic? Modern? Traditional? Many Volkswagen<br \/>\ndealerships are remarkable for their huge windows and sunlight; it\u2019s a kind of work environment for the<br \/>\nsales staff meant to encourage an open, airy feel conducive to car buying. Elevated heating and cooling<br \/>\ncosts go along with all that glass, however, and different workplaces where money is valued more than<br \/>\nambience may choose to cut operating costs with a drabber space. Going beyond the architecture,<br \/>\ndifferent offices have different moods. It\u2019s pretty rare that you see practical jokes or trash-basket<br \/>\nbasketball games going on at the dentist\u2019s office. On the other hand, anyone who\u2019s ever operated a call<br \/>\ncenter telephone knows there\u2019s a solid chunk of each workday dedicated to high jinks.<br \/>\nIs the workplace personalized? Some office cubicles burst with family snapshots and personal<br \/>\nmemorabilia. Most assembly lines, on the other hand, are practically devoid of individual touches.<br \/>\nAre employee\u2019s workers or people doing work? If the former\u2014if the value the organization attributes to<br \/>\nthose receiving paychecks is limited to what they do to earn the check\u2014then few resources will be<br \/>\ndedicated to supplemental and benefits. On the other side, a corporate culture valuing its employees as<br \/>\npeople may provide extra vacation time, health insurance, and retirement plans. Branching out further,<br \/>\nyou can get an idea of a workplace culture by checking to see if a gym or exercise room is provided. Day<br \/>\ncare for those with young children is another sign of the corporate culture that values workers as integral<br \/>\npeople.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n384<br \/>\nDress codes reflect the organization\u2019s values. Is uniformity or individuality more highly prized? If<br \/>\nuniformity is the rule, what kind is it? In some advertising agencies, for example, the people who work in<br \/>\nthe creative department conceiving the commercials at first appear to be a diverse collection of<br \/>\nindependent-minded dressers, but get a few together and you\u2019ll immediately perceive a uniform that\u2019s as<br \/>\nbinding as the most traditional office\u2014it\u2019s just that ratty jeans replace slacks and clever t-shirts replace<br \/>\nneckties.<br \/>\nAnother cultural indicator runs through the employees\u2019 leisure time. Where do people hang out? Do they<br \/>\ngo to football games, the opera, and church? Do they spend their weekend mornings on family excursions<br \/>\nbecause they have spouses and children, or are they still in bed, sleeping off the night before? More, is<br \/>\nleisure time spent with coworkers? Do employees get together just because they enjoy each other\u2019s<br \/>\ncompany? If they do, the social outings are more likely to occur in connection with organizations seeking a<br \/>\nharmonious workforce and expending resources to foster camaraderie on the job. They\u2019re less likely to<br \/>\noccur at organizations where everyone is fiercely competing with everyone else, as sometimes happens,<br \/>\nfor example, at stockbrokerages.<br \/>\nHealthy community interaction is a value emphasized in some corporate cultures. Everyone has seen the<br \/>\n\u201cadopt a highway\u201d signs indicating that a local firm or group has taken responsibility for keeping a stretch<br \/>\nof highway litter-free. The professional sports leagues have traditionally asked players to dedicate some<br \/>\nseason and off-season time to community outreach. Other kinds of organizations, by contrast, may not<br \/>\neven have a local community. Telecommuting and cloud computing mean employees can easily form a<br \/>\nfunctioning organization with members living in different states, even different countries.<br \/>\nSocial cause activism is another marker of corporate culture. The shoemaker TOMS Shoes fights rural<br \/>\npoverty in developing nations by donating shoes. Other companies focus entirely on doing well in the forprofit<br \/>\nmarketplace.<br \/>\nPolitical action may (or may not) infuse a corporate culture. Many companies steer clear of overt or even<br \/>\nhints of political partisanship for fear of alienating one or the other half of the electorate. This is especially<br \/>\ntrue for larger enterprises spread across the entire country, drawing consumers from liberal corners of<br \/>\nSan Francisco, conservative bastions of north Dallas, and the libertarian towns of New Hampshire. Local<br \/>\nbusinesses, however, especially those catering to relatively homogenous communities, may find no<br \/>\ndownside to flipping the switch on political activism and breeding partisanship as a guiding value. The<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n385<br \/>\ncompany Manhattan Mini Storage provides (obviously) storage for household items in Manhattan. Their<br \/>\nbig competition comes from warehouses in New Jersey. The Manhattan Mini Storage billboard ads read,<br \/>\n\u201cIf You Store Your Things in New Jersey, They May Come Back Republican.\u201d This appeal may work pretty<br \/>\nwell in central New York City, but it won\u2019t seem very funny most other places.<br \/>\nLike politics, religious belief and doctrine are rarely set at the center of the largest corporations, but<br \/>\nsmaller outfits operating in a narrow social context may well embody a particular faith.<br \/>\nConclusion. Taken together, these categories of values begin shaping the particular culture defining an<br \/>\norganization.<br \/>\nHow Is Organizational Culture Instilled?<br \/>\nA specific culture may be instilled in an organization through a set of published rules for employees to<br \/>\nfollow or by the example of leaders and employees already working inside the organization.<br \/>\nInstilling a culture through established rules typically means publishing an organizational code governing<br \/>\nbehavior, expectations, and attitudes. The multinational firm Henkel\u2014the company that invented laundry<br \/>\ndetergent and today produces many cleaning and health products sold under different brand names<br \/>\naround the world\u2014has published this kind of code. It\u2019s quite long, but here\u2019s an edited section:<br \/>\nShared values form the foundation of our behavior and our actions throughout Henkel. Every<br \/>\nsingle person plays a key role here. It is the sum of our actions that makes Henkel what it is\u2014a<br \/>\nlively corporate culture in which change is embraced as opportunity and everyone is committed<br \/>\nto continuous improvement.<br \/>\nOur Values<br \/>\n1. We are customer driven.<br \/>\n2. We develop superior brands and technologies.<br \/>\n3. We aspire to excellence in quality.<br \/>\n4. We strive for innovation.<br \/>\n5. We embrace change.<br \/>\n6. We are successful because of our people.<br \/>\n7. We are committed to shareholder value.<br \/>\n8. We are dedicated to sustainability and corporate social responsibility.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n386<br \/>\n9. We communicate openly and actively.<br \/>\n10. We preserve the tradition of an open family company. [5]<br \/>\nThis statement sounds good in general. The stubborn problem, however, with trying to capture a<br \/>\ncorporate culture with a string of dictates and definitions parallels the ones constantly faced in ethics<br \/>\nwhen trying to make decisions by adhering to pre-established rules and duties: frequently, the specific<br \/>\nsituation is far more complicated than the written code\u2019s clear application. So, in the case of Henkel, we<br \/>\nlearn that they embrace change, but does that mean employees can change the dress code by showing up<br \/>\nfor work in their pajamas? Does it mean managers should rank and yank: should they constantly fire the<br \/>\nlowest-performing workers and replace them with fresh, young talent in order to keep turnover going in<br \/>\nthe office? There\u2019s no way to answer those questions by just looking at the code. And that creates the<br \/>\nthreat of an at least perceived cultural dissonance within the organization\u2014that is, a sense that what<br \/>\nactually happens on the ground doesn\u2019t jibe with the lofty principles supposedly controlling things from<br \/>\nabove.<br \/>\nSocial Conditioning<br \/>\nThe second form of instilling a culture doesn\u2019t work through rules but through social conditioning; it\u2019s not<br \/>\nabout written codes so much as the cues provided by the customs of the workplace, by the way people<br \/>\nspeak and act in the organization. New employees, in other words, don\u2019t read handbooks but look around,<br \/>\nlisten, and try to fit in.<br \/>\nIn his book Business Ethics, O. C. Ferrell lists some of the social ways a culture infiltrates the<br \/>\norganization. [6] Selecting a few of those and adding others yields this list:<br \/>\n1. The founder\u2019s ethical legacy to the organization may contribute to its living culture. Wal-<br \/>\nMart\u2019s founder Sam Walton was a legend in austerity; he industriously minimized costs so in-store prices<br \/>\ncould be lowered correspondingly. This is a continuing aspect of Wal-Mart\u2019s cultural legacy, though it can<br \/>\nbe controversial on other fronts. Some complain that Wal-Mart is in essence encouraging third world<br \/>\nsweatshop labor by ruthlessly granting contracts to lowest-cost providers.<br \/>\n2. Stories and myths embedded in daily conversations may indicate culturally appropriate<br \/>\nconduct. Warren Buffett, leader of the Berkshire Hathaway investment group is a kind of Yogi Berra of<br \/>\nthe finance world, a highly skilled professional with a knack for encapsulating pieces of wisdom. Here\u2019s a<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n387<br \/>\nparaphrase of one of Buffett\u2019s thoughts, \u201cI\u2019m rich because I\u2019ve always sold too early and bought too late.\u201d<br \/>\nConservative investing, the lesson is, yields value for shareholders. It\u2019s also a high ethical value within the<br \/>\ncorporate culture he tries to nurture.<br \/>\n3. Heroes or stars in the organization may consistently communicate a common message<br \/>\nabout the organization\u2019s guiding values. There\u2019s a difference between lists of values written up in a<br \/>\nhandbook and a group of leaders who together consistently talk about guiding values and live by them.<br \/>\n4. The dress, speech, and physical work setting may be arranged to cohere with the<br \/>\norganization\u2019s values. The United Nations threw a wrench into its own efforts to reduce global carbon<br \/>\nemissions by scheduling its thirteenth annual global warming meeting in Bali. The weather was nice there,<br \/>\nbut since most participants came from the United States and Europe, it became difficult not to notice that<br \/>\nthe values of the organization\u2019s handbook (control of carbon emissions) didn\u2019t jibe with the values of the<br \/>\norganization\u2019s members (burn tons of jet fuel to work in a place with sunny beaches). On the other hand,<br \/>\nthe UN Foundation\u2014which advocates reduced greenhouse gas emissions and similar\u2014recently moved<br \/>\ninto an environmentally friendly building with cubicles formed from a biodegradable product and many<br \/>\nsimilar, environmentally friendly features. [7]<br \/>\n5. An organizational culture may reinforce itself through self-selective processes. A selfselective<br \/>\nprocess is one where individuals effectively select themselves into a group as opposed to being<br \/>\nchosen by others. Hiring presents a good example. Presumably, when an organization hires new<br \/>\nemployees, certain filters are constructed to reduce the applicant pool to those most likely to succeed. The<br \/>\nprocess becomes self-selective, however, when job interviews are conducted as they are at Google. There,<br \/>\nperspective employees are faced with bizarre questions that have nothing to do with the typical \u201cWhy do<br \/>\nyou want to work at Google?\u201d and \u201cWhy would you excel at this job?\u201d Instead, they get the following:<br \/>\no You have five pirates, ranked from five to one in descending order. The top pirate has the right to propose<br \/>\nhow a hundred gold coins should be divided among them. But the others get to vote on his plan, and if<br \/>\nfewer than half agree with him, he gets killed. How should he allocate the gold in order to maximize his<br \/>\nshare but live to enjoy it? (Hint: One pirate ends up with 98 percent of the gold.)<br \/>\no A man pushed his car to a hotel and lost his fortune. What happened?<br \/>\no Explain the significance of \u201cdead beef.\u201d<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n388<br \/>\nIn response, some applicants will dive into the challenges excitedly, while others will find the whole<br \/>\nprocess really weird and prefer not to be caught within a mile of a place where job interviewers ask such<br \/>\nbizarre questions. In the end, those who enjoy and want to continue with the job application process are<br \/>\nprecisely those who will fit in at Google. Perspectives, that means, select themselves.<br \/>\nConclusion. Two ways a corporate culture may be instilled and nurtured in a workplace are a list of codes<br \/>\nto be followed and a set of social techniques that subtly ensure those sharing a workspace also share<br \/>\nvalues corresponding with the organization.<br \/>\nKEY TAKEAWAYS<br \/>\n\uf0b7 An organizational culture is the set of values defining how and why members live at work.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Distinguishing an organizational culture requires observing a range of values from the way people dress<br \/>\nto the degree of cooperation and competition in the workplace.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 An organization\u2019s culture may be instilled through codes and rules.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 An organization\u2019s culture may be instilled through social cues and pressures.<br \/>\nREVIEW QUESTIONS<br \/>\n1. List five aspects of a corporate or organizational culture.<br \/>\n2. Describe two workplace decisions that may be determined by a corporate culture.<br \/>\n3. List some questions you could ask about a workplace that would start to give you a sense of its culture.<br \/>\n4. What are five ways that an organization may attempt to instill a culture through social conditioning?<br \/>\n5. In your own experience in a job or any organization, what\u2019s an example of social conditioning that<br \/>\nenforced the place\u2019s culture?<br \/>\n[1] \u201c\u2018Get a Mac\u2019 Collection,\u201d YouTube video, 9:39, posted by \u201cAploosh,\u201d February 26,<br \/>\n2007,http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=siSHJfPWxs8.<br \/>\n[2] \u201cCan this Man Save Labor?\u201d BusinessWeek, September 24, 2004, 84.<br \/>\n[3] Robert Kuttner, \u201cLabor and Management\u2014Will They Ever Wise-Up?\u201d BusinessWeek, May 9, 1994, 16.<br \/>\n[4] Simon Head, \u201cInside the Leviathan,\u201d New York Review of Books, December 16, 2004, 88.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n389<br \/>\n[5] Henkel North America, Vision and Values (Du\u0308sseldorf, Germany: Henkel AG &amp; Co.,<br \/>\n2008),http:\/\/businessethicsworkshop.com\/Chapter_9\/images\/HenkelNorthAmerica_ Vision_and_Values.pdf.<br \/>\n[6] O. C. Ferrell, John Fraedrich, and Linda Ferrell, Business Ethics, 7th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 181.<br \/>\n[7] \u201cUN Foundation Green Building,\u201d YouTube video, 2:23, posted by \u201cunfoundation,\u201d February 14, 2008, accessed<br \/>\nMay 25, 2011, http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=15_MdcSUlSY.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n390<br \/>\n9.2 The Relation between Organizational Culture and<br \/>\nKnowing the Right Thing to Do<br \/>\nLEARNING OBJECTIVES<br \/>\n1. Delineate an ethically questionable organizational culture.<br \/>\n2. Consider responses to an ethically questionable organizational culture.<br \/>\n3. Define compliance in the business world.<br \/>\n4. Discuss a way of measuring compliance.<br \/>\nDishonesty in the Fish Market<br \/>\nA frequently recurring business ethics question involves dishonesty: when, if ever, is it OK to lie, to stretch<br \/>\nthe truth, to not tell the whole truth? A simple scene of deceit goes like this: A fish dealer sells both<br \/>\nexpensive salmon caught in the wild and relatively cheap farmed salmon. Occasionally, he switches the<br \/>\nfarmed for the wild\u2014a change that\u2019s very difficult to detect through appearance or taste, even by expert<br \/>\nchefs\u2014and pockets the difference. Randy Hartnell is a fish dealer in New York who suspected that a lot of<br \/>\nthat kind of dishonest fish switching was going on among his competitors. He investigated and published<br \/>\nan Internet report. As he tells it, he visited the famed Fulton Fish Market in lower Manhattan and found<br \/>\nsome dealers openly admitting that the fish they were selling as wild had actually come from a farm. [1]<br \/>\nThis led the New York Times to do a follow-up story. Using sophisticated chemical tests,<br \/>\nthe Times confirmed that, yes, at six of eight places sampled, fish being sold as wild for about thirty<br \/>\ndollars per pound was actually farmed salmon, which typically sells for about ten dollars a pound.<br \/>\nIn the six bad cases, the person who actually made the switch participated in an organization where one or<br \/>\nboth of two things were true about the culture:<br \/>\n1. Profit was understood as being more important than honesty.<br \/>\n2. Honesty was presumably important, but recalcitrant workers paid little attention and sacrificed the truth<br \/>\nto make a buck.<br \/>\nThese are two very different situations, and they lead to distinct discussions: One has to do with choices<br \/>\nbeing made about what specific culture to instill in an organization. The other concerns compliance,<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n391<br \/>\nwhich, in the business world, measures the distance between what an organizations says it believes and<br \/>\nwhat its members actually do.<br \/>\nAn Ethically Questionable Corporate Culture<br \/>\nThe first situation\u2014one where a fish seller puts profit above honesty because that\u2019s just the way things are<br \/>\ndone in the company\u2014is one which most outside observers would categorize as fundamentally corrupt.<br \/>\nEveryone inside the operation knows what\u2019s going on\u2014principal and peripheral members are lying to<br \/>\nbring in money\u2014and newcomers are meant to pick up on and continue the practice. The organization<br \/>\nitself is dishonest.<br \/>\nWhat responses are available? First, we need to check whether a serious attempt is being made, or there\u2019s<br \/>\na real interest in making a serious attempt, to justify the deceitful actions. If there isn\u2019t, if management<br \/>\nand leaders of a fish-selling business aren\u2019t interested in ethical debates, there\u2019s not much ethical<br \/>\narguments can do about it. For those wishing to change a situation like this, the law (criminal and civil)<br \/>\npresents good venues for action. Bad publicity in the New York Times might do the trick too.<br \/>\nIf, on the other hand, there is an interest on the organization\u2019s part in justifying their actions from an<br \/>\nethical viewpoint, we could ask, \u201cCan institutionalized lying be justified and, if so, how?\u201d Three possible<br \/>\nanswers run through three distinct ethical theories: duty theory, consequentialist-utilitarian theory,<br \/>\negoism:<br \/>\n1. Can basic duty theories justify putting profits above honesty? Probably not. Duty theories affirm that right<br \/>\nand wrong is determined by a set of unchanging rules, and they typically include don\u2019t steal, don\u2019t lie, and<br \/>\nsimilar. Because this kind of ethics starts from the proposition that dishonesty is wrong, it\u2019s hard to see a<br \/>\nnon-frivolous way of justifying the fish seller\u2019s deceit.<br \/>\n2. Can a consequentialist-utilitarian theory justify putting profits above honesty? Utilitarian theory is<br \/>\noriented by the common welfare. Acts in business\u2014whether it\u2019s lying or doing anything else\u2014are defined<br \/>\nas acceptable or reproachable depending on whether they end up doing the most good for the most<br \/>\npeople. Any act, the theory affirms, that ultimately makes more people happier is good.<br \/>\nIn this case, we can imagine an organization promoting lying as a common operating principal and<br \/>\nmaking the case that the ethical stance is, in fact, good. Every Christmas, department stores deploy heavy<br \/>\nmen in red suits to proclaim that they live at the North Pole and ride a sleigh pulled by reindeer. The<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n392<br \/>\nstores promote these fictions\u2014addressed to innocent children, no less\u2014to make money. Almost no one<br \/>\nfinds that ethically objectionable, however. One reason is that they\u2019re implicitly accepting the affirmation<br \/>\nthat an act making people happier in the end is good, even if it\u2019s dishonest. Similarly, the CIA covert<br \/>\noperations branch (undercover spying, insofar as it truly exists) fits a utilitarian mold. In this<br \/>\norganization, lying is good because it ultimately serves the American national interest and the basic<br \/>\nprinciples of liberal democracies. Again here, the effects of what\u2019s done matters more than what\u2019s done.<br \/>\nFinally, can this reasoning be applied to the lying fish seller? Maybe. As the New York Times story notes,<br \/>\nthe truth is that even the highest-level chefs and experts have a hard time distinguishing farmed from wild<br \/>\nsalmon. There is, therefore, a kind of placebo effect for food. If the fake stuff tastes just as good as the real<br \/>\nthing, and the only real difference between selling one or the other is that the fish dealer makes out like a<br \/>\nbandit, then an argument could be formed that the double-dealing does, in fact, increase happiness (the<br \/>\nfish dealer\u2019s) without hurting anyone else. Therefore, the dishonesty is ethically justifiable. In practical<br \/>\nterms, however, it\u2019s difficult to see how this strategy could get too far. Sooner or later someone is going to<br \/>\nnotice the difference, and as people begin to feel scammed (and therefore unhappy), the justification for<br \/>\nthe double-dealing crumbles.<br \/>\n3. Can an ethical theory of egoism justify putting profits above honesty? Egoism is a coherent ethical<br \/>\napproach to the world that does offer some justification for a deceitful fish trader. On this account, the<br \/>\nethical good for organizations and individuals in the economic world is defined as just whatever serves the<br \/>\norganization\u2019s or individual\u2019s interest. And switching in the farmed stuff in for the wild is good for the fish<br \/>\nsellers. (It\u2019s hard to find any other explanation for the fact that, as the New York Times discovered, fully<br \/>\n75 percent of the places where fish was sold had some switching going on.) By definition, then, the dealing<br \/>\nis ethically justifiable under this theory. Of course, most proponents of egoism in the business world don\u2019t<br \/>\nstop there. They go on to note that other, honest dealers who are pursuing their interests have a good<br \/>\nreason to reveal the fraud. And, as it turns out, that\u2019s just what honest dealer Randy Hartnell did,<br \/>\npresumably helping his own business in the process.<br \/>\nConclusion. Organizational cultures that incorporate lying as an acceptable part of day-to-day business do<br \/>\nexist. Whether or not these cultures are ethically justifiable depends on the deep theoretical stances<br \/>\npeople adopt when going into business.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n393<br \/>\nThe Ethics of Compliance<br \/>\nWhat happens when an organization\u2019s principles are laudable, but they don\u2019t get put into practice by the<br \/>\npeople actually doing the work? What happens, the question is, when an enterprise (say, a fish-selling<br \/>\noperation) internally promotes basic values including honesty, but outside in the world where the<br \/>\ntransactions happen, the lesson is lost and individual sellers are swapping farmed for wild salmon?<br \/>\nIn the business world, this is called a breakdown in compliance. Of course there are different reasons for<br \/>\ncompliance failure, everything from a bad-apple employee to a misunderstanding of directions, but the<br \/>\nbroadest explanation is simply that key elements of the organization\u2019s guiding philosophy aren\u2019t getting<br \/>\nthrough to the members. One response to this possibility is a corporate culture ethics audit.<br \/>\nA corporate culture ethics audit attempts to loosely measure how open channels are between the ethical<br \/>\nvalues stationed at the top, and the actual practices down below, and one common way of doing the<br \/>\nmeasuring is with a questionnaire addressed to all an organization\u2019s members. Strings of questions can be<br \/>\nanswered simply yes\/no or on a numerical scale from strongly agree (5) down to strongly disagree (0).<br \/>\nThese questionnaires can be distributed and the responses coming back summed and compared with<br \/>\nprevious samples in the same workplace or against results drawn from other workplaces. The goal is to get<br \/>\na sense of where people are at in terms of putting company ideals into practice.<br \/>\nIt goes without saying that a simple questionnaire can, at best, provide only a crude picture of what\u2019s<br \/>\nactually going on inside an organization. The process must begin somewhere, however, and two attempts<br \/>\nat drawing up auditing questionnaires come from O. C. Ferrell\u2019s Business Ethics [2] and Dr. Arthur Gross<br \/>\nSchaefer. [3] Combined, and with additions, subtractions, and modifications, the following corporate ethics<br \/>\naudit emerges. (As a quick note, this test could be nuanced by changing the responses from yes or no, to<br \/>\nagree or disagree on a one-through-five scale. Some audits also add a section for comments.)<br \/>\nA Corporate Culture Ethics Audit<br \/>\nAnswer yes or no.<br \/>\nPart 1: Corporate Culture as Defined and Understood throughout the Organization<br \/>\n1. Are codes of ethics and business practices clearly communicated to employees?<br \/>\n2. Are there rules or procedures in company publications that may be consulted?<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n394<br \/>\n3. Is there a value system and understanding of what constitutes appropriate behavior within the<br \/>\norganization that is shared by members at all levels of the organization?<br \/>\n4. Is there open communication going both ways between superiors and subordinates on questions<br \/>\nconcerning ethics and organizational practices and goals?<br \/>\n5. Have employees ever received advice on how to bring behavior into closer alignment with the<br \/>\norganization\u2019s values and norms?<br \/>\n6. Does the organization have methods for detecting ethical and behavioral concerns?<br \/>\n7. Are there penalties that are publicly discussed for transgressions of the organization\u2019s rules and values?<br \/>\n8. Are there rewards for decisions corresponding with the organization\u2019s culture (even if they don\u2019t result in<br \/>\na profit)?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Air pollution is the most immediate form of environmental poison for most of us, but not the only<br \/>\nsignificant one. In China, more than 25 percent of surface water is too polluted for swimming or fishing. [4]<br \/>\nSome of those lakes may have been ruined in the same way as Onondaga Lake near Syracuse, New York.<br \/>\nOver a century ago, resorts were built and a fish hatchery flourished on one side of the long lake. The<br \/>\nother side received waste flushed by the surrounding cities and factories. Problems began around 1900<br \/>\nwhen the fish hatchery could no longer reproduce fish. Soon after, it was necessary to ban ice harvesting<br \/>\nfrom the lake. In 1940, swimming was banned because of dangerous bacteria, and in 1970, fishing had to<br \/>\nbe stopped because of mercury and PCB contamination. The lake was effectively dead. To cite one<br \/>\nexample, a single chemical company dumped eighty tons of mercury into the water during its run on the<br \/>\ncoast. Recently, the New York state health department loosened restrictions slightly, and people are<br \/>\nadvised that they may once again eat fish caught in the lake. Just as long as it\u2019s not more than one per<br \/>\nmonth. Those who do eat more risk breakdown of their nervous system, collapse of their liver, and teeth<br \/>\nfalling out. [5]<br \/>\nLike liquid poisons, solid waste can be dangerous. Paper bags degrade fairly rapidly and cleanly, but<br \/>\nplastic containers remain where they\u2019re left into the indefinite future. The metal of a battery tossed into a<br \/>\nlandfill will break down eventually, but not before dropping out poisons including cadmium. Cadmium<br \/>\nweakens the bones in low doses and, if exposure is high, causes death.<br \/>\nAt the industrial waste extreme, there are toxins so poisonous they require special packaging to prevent<br \/>\neven minimal exposure more or less forever. The waste from nuclear power plants qualifies. So noxious<br \/>\nare the spent fuel rods that it\u2019s a matter of national debate in America and elsewhere as to where they<br \/>\nshould be stored. When the Chernobyl nuclear plant broke open in 1986, it emitted a radioactive cloud<br \/>\nthat killed hundreds and forced the permanent evacuation of the closest town, Pripyat. Area wildlife<br \/>\ndestruction would require an entire book to document, but as a single example, the surrounding pine<br \/>\nforest turned red and died after absorbing the radiation storm.<br \/>\nFinally, all the environmental damage listed so far has resulted from ruinous substance additions to<br \/>\nnatural ecosystems, but environmental damage also runs in the other direction as depletion. Our cars and<br \/>\nfactories are sapping the earth of its petroleum reserves. Minerals, including copper, are being mined<br \/>\ntoward the point where it will become too expensive to continue digging the small amount that remains<br \/>\nfrom the ground. The United Nations estimates that fifty thousand square miles of forest are disappearing<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n633<br \/>\neach year, lost to logging, conversion to agriculture, fuel wood collection by rural poor, and forest<br \/>\nfires.[6] Of course, most of those tree losses can be replanted. On the other hand, species that are driven<br \/>\nout of existence can\u2019t be brought back. As already noted, current rates of extinction are running far above<br \/>\n\u201cbackground extinction\u201d rates, which are an approximation of how many species, would disappear each<br \/>\nyear were the rules of nature left unperturbed.<br \/>\nConclusion. Technically, there\u2019s no such thing as preserving the environment because left to its own<br \/>\ndevices the natural world does an excellent job of wreaking havoc on itself. Disruptions including floods,<br \/>\ncombined with wildlife battling for territory and food sources, all that continually sweeps away parts of<br \/>\nnature and makes room for new species and ecosystems. Still, changes wrought by the natural world tend<br \/>\nto be gradual and balanced, and the worry is that our industrialized lifestyle has become so powerful that<br \/>\nnature, at least in certain areas, will no longer be able to compensate and restore any kind of balance. That<br \/>\nconcerns has led to both legal efforts, and ethical arguments, in favor of protecting the environment.<br \/>\nThe Law<br \/>\nLegal efforts to protect the environment in the United States intensified between 1960 and 1970.<br \/>\nThe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in 1970 to monitor and report on the state of<br \/>\nthe environment while establishing and enforcing specific regulations. Well known to most car buyers as<br \/>\nthe providers of the mile-per-gallon estimates displayed on the window sticker, the EPA is a large agency<br \/>\nand employs a workforce compatible with its mission, including scientists, legal staffers, and<br \/>\ncommunications experts.<br \/>\nOther important legal milestones in the field of environmental protection include:<br \/>\n\uf0b7 The Clean Air Act of 1963 and its many amendments regulate emissions from industrial plants and<br \/>\nmonitor air quality. One measure extends to citizens the right to sue companies for damages if they aren\u2019t<br \/>\ncomplying with existing regulations: it effectively citizenries\u2019 law enforcement in this area of<br \/>\nenvironmental protection.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 The Clean Water Act, along with other, related legislation, regulates the quality of water in the geographic<br \/>\nworld (lakes and rivers), as well as the water we drink and use for industrial purposes. Chemical<br \/>\ncomposition is important, and temperature also. Thermal pollution occurs when factories pour heated<br \/>\nwater back into natural waterways at a rate sufficient to affect the ecosystem.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n634<br \/>\n\uf0b7 The Wilderness Act, along with other legislation, establishes areas of land as protected from development.<br \/>\nSome zones, including the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in northern Minnesota, are reserved for minimal<br \/>\nhuman interaction (no motors are allowed); other areas are more accessible. All wilderness and national<br \/>\npark areas are regulated to protect natural ecosystems.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 The Endangered Species Act and related measures take steps to ensure the survival of species pressed to<br \/>\nnear extinction, especially by human intrusion. One example is the bald eagle. Subjected to hunting, loss<br \/>\nof habitat, and poisoning by the pesticide DDT (which caused eagle eggs to crack prematurely), a once<br \/>\ncommon species was reduced to only a few hundred pairs in the lower forty-eight states. Placed on the<br \/>\nendangered species list in 1967, penalties for hunting were increased significantly. Also, DDT was banned,<br \/>\nand subsequently the eagle made a strong comeback. It is no longer listed as endangered.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 requires that an environmental impact statement be<br \/>\nprepared for many major projects. The word environment in this case means not only the natural world<br \/>\n$223 million: enough to pay five thousand gas station attendants. The list goes on. Reality imitates<br \/>\nHollywood: nearly every field of work has its stars. [5]<br \/>\nWhat Is the Star System?<br \/>\nThe star system in the economic world is a winner-take-almost-all structure for distributing wealth: those<br \/>\nwho are successful in any particular field take home a vastly disproportionate share of the revenue. This is<br \/>\neasy to see in the movies and some other places (big-time professional sports, for example), but what<br \/>\nmakes the star system a pressing issue in business ethics is that it seems to be expanding through our<br \/>\neconomic lives. To begin getting a sense of the expansion\u2014exactly what it is and means\u2014two distinctions<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>may be drawn:<br \/>\n1. Individual worth versus salary (or income)<br \/>\n2. Vertical versus horizontal expansion of the star system<br \/>\nIndividuals can separate from the larger population mass in terms of individual worth, and in terms<br \/>\nof salary. Loosely, the first is how much money someone would have if they sold everything they owned<br \/>\nand concentrated the dollars in a single bank account; the second is the amount an individual gets paid<br \/>\neach year to do something. These two measures may be very distinct\u2014someone may be a star in one<br \/>\ncategory and ordinary in the other. Indra Tamang is a Nepalese immigrant who served a wealthy New<br \/>\nYorker as butler for many years. In terms of salary, he could not be called a star. When his matron passed<br \/>\naway, however, she left him just under $10 million (and cut her own children out in the process). That<br \/>\nrocketed Tamang into the upper end of the net-worth scale, even while his always-modest salary went to<br \/>\nzero. [6]<br \/>\nAt the other extreme, but still in New York, basketball player Eddy Curry received $10 million to play a<br \/>\nsingle year\u2019s worth of basketball for the New York Knicks, clearly establishing him in the top echelon of<br \/>\nearners. Still, he\u2019s not worth much. In fact, he\u2019s worth around zero: his house is in foreclosure, and<br \/>\ncreditors are suing for his cars. It\u2019s not clear where all the money went, but a pretty good clue comes from<br \/>\nthe fact that one of his creditors is charging a jaw-dropping 85 percent interest rate, and that\u2019s only legal<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n683<br \/>\nin Nevada. [7] Finally, it\u2019s clear that the Nepalese butler and the high-rolling basketball player are extreme<br \/>\ncases. More typically, individual worth and salary dovetail: those who make a lot end up having a lot. Still,<br \/>\nthe difference between them remains as two dimensions of a star system.<br \/>\nThe second distinction to draw through an examination of gaping wealth differences is horizontal versus<br \/>\nvertical. Vertical wealth imbalances measure the distance between top earners and typical ones. It\u2019s the<br \/>\ndistance between the hyper rich, a Bill Gates in Seattle or a Carlos Slim in Mexico City, and the guy<br \/>\npouring cement at a Seattle construction site or the waitress serving tamales in a Mexico City restaurant.<br \/>\nAccording to Internal Revenue Service\u2019s tax returns, in the fifteen years from 1992 to 2007, the four<br \/>\nhundred wealthiest Americans have seen their average yearly income jump from about $50 million a year,<br \/>\nto $350 million. That\u2019s about $300 million of extra space between the big earners and everyone else.[8] As<br \/>\na parallel statistic, according to a Hofstra political science professor, \u201cThe ratio of executive salary to the<br \/>\naverage paycheck during the mid-twentieth century was about thirty to one. In the last decade it has<br \/>\nranged from three hundred to over five hundred to one.\u201d [9]<br \/>\nThough there are many ways to measure the star system, there\u2019s a common conclusion: in terms of pure<br \/>\ndollars, the rich are getting richer relative to everyone else.<br \/>\nAs against the star system\u2019s vertical measure, horizontal expansion refers to the number of fields of<br \/>\nactivity where large wealth imbalances are prevalent. Some occupations fairly naturally lead to all or nearnothing<br \/>\nincomes: wildcat oil drilling, hedge-fund managing, movie acting. Other fields seem naturally<br \/>\ninclined to resist divergences. There aren\u2019t many farmers on lists of the hyper wealthy. Plumbers<br \/>\nfrequently earn a solid income, but rarely climb above that. The idea of the star system\u2019s horizontal<br \/>\nexpansion is that more and more careers resemble the first set of occupations, while fewer and fewer<br \/>\nresemble the second set. It\u2019s difficult to find raw statistics to prove this expansion, but it\u2019s not hard to<br \/>\nlocate reasons for suspecting it.<br \/>\nOne important reason the star system may be spreading is technological advancement. Justin Bieber, for<br \/>\nexample, is a cute adolescent boy from Canada with a nice singing voice and good instincts for catchy pop<br \/>\nlicks. Had he appeared forty years ago, he may have become known around his hometown of London,<br \/>\nOntario. With a lot of long drives and late nights, he may have become a star in his Canadian province and<br \/>\nearned a nice concert income for a while. Thanks to YouTube, however, he was able to jump straight from<br \/>\nsinging a few songs a few times in remote Canadian towns to international superstardom. Similarly,<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n684<br \/>\nlawyers that may once have become successful in a single courthouse can now buy cheap, late-night<br \/>\nadvertising on a cable network and set up branch offices around an entire state or even the nation. Anyone<br \/>\nsitting at home with a laptop can use the camera to film themselves pitching some product or service and<br \/>\nthen display the commercial around the world using Google Ads for only a few pennies. What\u2019s happening<br \/>\nis that people who have a good product or service or pitch are today able to scale up their success very<br \/>\nrapidly and inexpensively. No one is say<br \/>\n2. Define and consider the main ethical arguments reproaching a star system.<br \/>\nJustifying the Star System: Rights<br \/>\nIn evaluating the ethics of the star system, three arguments are commonly mounted in favor of respecting<br \/>\nvast wealth disparities:<br \/>\n1. The rights argument<br \/>\n2. The social welfare argument<br \/>\n3. The fairness argument<br \/>\nThe rights argument defends the respectability of wealth concentrations by affirming that not allowing<br \/>\nthose accumulations is a violation of human freedom. From this perspective, all ethics centers on<br \/>\nindividual opportunity: right and wrong is about guaranteeing that free individuals can pursue whatever<br \/>\ngoals and as much money as they like on the way to finding their own happiness. Concerns about society\u2019s<br \/>\noverall welfare become secondary and derivative.<br \/>\nEthics that make freedom the highest value can be used in a thought experiment inspired by the<br \/>\nphilosopher Robert Nozick to produce a substantial defense of an economic star system. It goes this way:<br \/>\n1. Imagine that everyone in our society has the same income, everything goes forward as perfect equality,<br \/>\nand no one complains.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>2. Next, imagine that NBA superstar Kobe Bryant proposes a new contract with his team. It stipulates that<br \/>\nthe ticket price for every home game will go up five dollars, and that extra five bucks goes directly to him.<br \/>\n3. The team owners say, \u201cNo.\u201d<br \/>\n4. Kobe says, \u201cI\u2019m going to quit, and go get a job as a gym teacher at the school near my house.\u201d<br \/>\n5. The owners change their mind.<br \/>\n6. Some season ticket holders, angry at the new price, cancel their purchase, but most say, \u201cYeah, it\u2019s worth<br \/>\nan extra five dollars to see Kobe.\u201d<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n697<br \/>\n7. A total of 17,500 people fit into the Forum, the Los Angeles basketball arena where Kobe Bryant plays,<br \/>\nand he plays forty-one games there each year.<br \/>\n8. Kobe pockets an extra $3,590,000. Annually.<br \/>\nDoes anyone have a problem with this? Is there someone who didn\u2019t agree to the arrangement, to this new<br \/>\nsociety where one guy\u2014Kobe Bryant\u2014is suddenly a lot richer than everyone else? Is there someone who\u2019s<br \/>\nbeing forced to do something they don\u2019t want to do? Is anyone else being denied the chance to renegotiate<br \/>\ntheir own contract or search for a different job? Are there any legitimate grounds someone can stand on<br \/>\nto launch a complaint?<br \/>\ntitle is there, and the lead actors\u2019 names too. Sometimes the director gets big billing. The producer, the<br \/>\nstudio, they\u2019re easy to locate. You need to go a long way down the poster, though, and into the fine print,<br \/>\nto find the writer\u2019s name.<br \/>\nInside the industry\u2019s day-to-day working life, writers don\u2019t get much respect. Longtime agent Nancy<br \/>\nNigrosh writes that frequently they\u2019re not invited to the screening or any other film-opening festivity. She<br \/>\npaints the situation bleakly: \u201cUnless you hire your own hardworking publicist you\u2019ll be sitting at the kiddy<br \/>\ntable and arguing politely with security at the star\u2019s tent at the premier because here\u2019s the other thing:<br \/>\nnobody cares.\u201d [1]<br \/>\nThe heart of the reason no one cares is the way films are composed. It\u2019s not like a novel or a poem or even<br \/>\njournalism where one person more or less shepherds a work from beginning to end. Instead, scripts are<br \/>\nwritten and then rewritten by someone else. Then another author is called in for some further<br \/>\nadjustments and it\u2019s all reworked while the filming actually happens, and by the time the movie\u2019s done,<br \/>\nit\u2019s almost impossible to figure out who deserves credit for which words. In that kind of situation, writers<br \/>\nfind themselves in a bad spot when it comes to bargaining for money. It\u2019s true that the studios need<br \/>\nwriters, and that provides some leverage, but they don\u2019t usually need any particular writer. There are<br \/>\nexceptions, but since movie scripting is usually an assembly-line process, substituting one with another<br \/>\nprobably won\u2019t affect the final product too much in most cases.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n705<br \/>\nOne response to this reality is that workers organize and sell their labor collectively. Conceptually, the<br \/>\nidea is simple. When employers threaten to replace individual workers with others who\u2019ll perform the<br \/>\nsame services for even less credit and at a lower price, the other employees\u2014seeing that they could be next<br \/>\nin line to face replacement\u2014stand together in support of their colleague.<br \/>\nWhether the workers are Hollywood writers, Detroit autoworkers assembling cars, or hotel maids<br \/>\ncleaning the rooms and making up the beds, the strategy of forming an alliance to defend common<br \/>\ninterests can work by reversing the star system. The star system promotes the general welfare by freeing<br \/>\nindividuals to pursue their own interests. In labor unions, individuals promote their own interests by<br \/>\ndefending the general welfare or, at least, the collective welfare of their fellow laborers.<br \/>\nUnions: Definition and Quick History<br \/>\nA labor union is an organization of wage earners formed to promote job-related interests, especially with<br \/>\nrespect to wages and working conditions. A union can be as informal as a band of salespeople telling the<br \/>\nboss they\u2019re not going to come in the next morning unless the coffeemaker is fixed. Most discussion,<br \/>\nhowever, surrounds larger and more formalized unions: members pay dues, hold elections to choose<br \/>\nleaders, and in the largest instances, hire a professional management team to advocate for the laborers\u2019<br \/>\ncommon interests.<br \/>\nTwo inflection points mark the history of labor unions in the United States. The Wagner Act (more<br \/>\nformally, the National Labor Relations Act) was approved in Washington, DC, in 1935. It blocked<br \/>\nemployers from mistreating or firing workers attempting unionize a shop\u2019s workforce. The act also<br \/>\nprohibited the summary firing of workers who\u2019ve gone out on strike. The freedom to organize, along with<br \/>\nthe power to strike effectively, quickly translated into more unions, more walkouts, and two large<br \/>\norganizations guiding the efforts of many smaller trade unions: the American Federation of Labor (AFL)<br \/>\nand the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). While it\u2019s true that in the years after World War II<br \/>\nbusiness-damaging strikes grew more frequent, wages also rose and nourished a broad American middle<br \/>\nclass. Organized labor came to play a central role in business life.<br \/>\nThe maturation of organized labor in the United States harmonized with world events. Political parties<br \/>\ndedicated to workers\u2014especially the hard labor sectors\u2014swept the globe, frequently leading to socialist<br \/>\nand communist societies. Those movements eventually reached US shores. In 1947, communists eager to<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n706<br \/>\nmaximize their influence took control of sectors of the United Auto Workers Union, the Detroit collective<br \/>\nmaking nearly all the cars Americans drove. Pictures from the time\u2014auto workers waving signs<br \/>\nannouncing they\u2019re for \u201cTommie the Commie\u201d seem far out of sync with today\u2019s reality but serve to<br \/>\nremind how quickly the world\u2019s orienting values and ideologies can change. [2]<br \/>\nIn that same heated year, 1947, congress responded to sweeping unionization and complaints that the<br \/>\nworkers\u2019 organizations had become too powerful with the Taft-Hartley Act. It prohibited the so-called<br \/>\nclosed shop, which is a workplace where being hired carries with it the requirement to already be a union<br \/>\nmember. It allowed, however, a union shop, a workplace where all employees are required to join or at<br \/>\nleast pay the dues associated with joining. Later, the US Supreme Court ruled that even though striking<br \/>\nworkers couldn\u2019t be fired for walking off (in accordance with the Wagner Act), they could be permanently<br \/>\nreplaced. Over time, this significantly diminished union strength since those going on strike were now<br \/>\nrisking their jobs.<br \/>\nAs decades rolled forward, the counter union tide on the legal front eventually replicated as important<br \/>\nchanges in American industry. Many of the skilled and heavy laboring jobs involving cars, steel, and<br \/>\nsimilar industries that had responded well to organizational efforts began drying up for at least two<br \/>\nreasons. Increased international trade allowed companies to shift many labor-intensive tasks to other<br \/>\ncountries with lower wages. Also, jobs that remained Stateside faced the threat of machines taking over<br \/>\nmany functions. Detroit assembly lines formerly composed of blue-collar workers are now dominated by<br \/>\nsophisticated robots. Politically, organized labor also dimmed over the second half of the twentieth<br \/>\ncentury. In the 1980s, the nation\u2019s air traffic controllers went on strike. President Reagan fired them all<br \/>\nand hired new ones. Reagan also challenged the world\u2019s communist nations; the collapse of countries<br \/>\nexplicitly guided by the collective welfare of laborers was rapid and nearly complete.<br \/>\nToday, organized labor unions play roles in most sectors of American economic life, but their influence is<br \/>\nlimited, except in a few areas. Government workers continue to be very highly unionized: more than half<br \/>\nof all union laborers in the United States today have government jobs. Unions also remain in small fields<br \/>\nthat resist marketplace forces. The National Football League players, for example, are unionized: you can\u2019t<br \/>\njust send their jobs overseas. Also, workers in the health-care field have a fairly high unionization rate:<br \/>\nyou can\u2019t replace a nurse with a machine (at least, not yet). In political terms, and though diminished,<br \/>\nunions continue to be a notable force. The single largest outside spender in the 2010 election campaign<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n707<br \/>\nwas the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees. AFSCME spent a whopping $90<br \/>\nmillion (much coming from workers\u2019 dues) to support candidates around the country. Still, with only 1.6<br \/>\nmillion members, the group is no larger than the United Auto Workers union back in 1970 when US<br \/>\npopulation was only two-thirds of today\u2019s number. Currently, the UAW has about 400,000 active<br \/>\nmembers.<br \/>\nThree questions asked about unions in the field of business ethics are:<br \/>\nnearly all<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>708<br \/>\nsolidarity<br \/>\nwith immigrants coming after him was to set up a free school where new arrivals could learn basic skills<br \/>\nhelping them find employment in their new country. Called the Grace Institute, there\u2019s an ethical<br \/>\nsolidarity incarnated in the school, one uniting immigrants around their shared experiences and common<br \/>\nhardships. Broad social movements also provide abundant examples of the ethics of solidarity. A case<br \/>\ncould be made, for instance, that women and African Americans have a special obligation to unite with<br \/>\nhomosexuals seeking workplace equality because women and African Americans too know, and have<br \/>\nshared the suffering of discrimination.<br \/>\nIt\u2019s true that the case of Hollywood film writers isn\u2019t so dramatic as immigration or broad job<br \/>\n2011,http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=AUoEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA31&amp;dq=<br \/>\nuaw+membership+local+600+ford&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=5KbBTKbcNML98Ab01LGdBg&amp;sa=<br \/>\nX&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=6&amp;ved=0CEoQ6AEwBQ#v=<br \/>\nonepage&amp;q=uaw%20membership%20local%20600%20ford&amp;f=false.<br \/>\n[3] Michael Cieply and Brookes Barnes, \u201cWriters Say Strike to Start Monday,\u201d New York Times, November 2, 2007,<br \/>\naccessed June 9, 2011,http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/11\/02\/business\/media\/02cndhollywood.<br \/>\nhtml?pagewanted=all.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n714<br \/>\n15.5 Union Strikes<br \/>\nLEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>1. Define a labor strike.<br \/>\n2. Consider ethical justifications for striking.<br \/>\n3. Weigh responsibilities set against striking.<br \/>\n4. Consider the rights of employers and strikebreakers.<br \/>\nThe Hollywood Writers\u2019 Strike<br \/>\nThe most contentious area, both economically and ethically, of union action involves strikes: workers<br \/>\ncollectively walking off the jobsite in an attempt to pressure employers to accede to their demands. The<br \/>\nWriters Guild of America (WGA) led one of the most publicized recent walkouts when Hollywood script<br \/>\nwriters put down their pencils and closed their laptops\u2014at least officially\u2014in November of 2007. By the<br \/>\ntime they returned in early 2008, the economic damage wrought in the Los Angeles basin was massive,<br \/>\n$3.5 billion according to some estimates, but the resolution ultimately satisfied most members of the<br \/>\nmoviemaking community.<br \/>\nDuring the strike, two constellations of ethical issues came to the fore. First, questions involved<br \/>\n\uf0b7 the right for workers to not work,<br \/>\n\uf0b7 the right of employers to find someone who will work,<br \/>\n\uf0b7 the rights of third parties to go on with their lives and work.<br \/>\nThe second set of questions involved responses to the strike:<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Who in Hollywood, if anyone, is obligated to support the writers?<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Is it OK to take a striker\u2019s job?<br \/>\nJustifying Not Working<br \/>\nSome Hollywood writers are contracted by faceless studios to churn out rewrites for movies; others<br \/>\ngenerate TV dramas and soap operas. There\u2019s work to be done inventing jokes for sitcoms like The Office,<br \/>\nand opening monologues for Jay Leno\u2019s Tonight show need to be written a few days every week. As the<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n715<br \/>\nwriters\u2019 strike extended, the walkout\u2019s effects beamed into living rooms. Almost immediately, Leno went<br \/>\ninto reruns. The Office, which had a few episodes in the can, lasted several weeks. The moviemakers\u2014<br \/>\nmany of whom live underneath piles of scripts submitted unsolicited by writers\u2014kept going.<br \/>\nOut on the picket lines, Leno zipped around in his vintage sports car to support the stoppage, and<br \/>\noccasionally stopped to chat with the strikers and crack good-humored jokes. Of course Leno, who makes<br \/>\nmillions a year, probably didn\u2019t really need his paychecks. Others in Hollywood, however, live from day to<br \/>\nday and without much room for unemployment. Set designers, prop companies, on-site catering services,<br \/>\nall the people surrounding the now-halted industry saw their income wither. In the face of the injurious<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>consequences, three arguments nonetheless favor and justify the writers\u2019 walkout.<br \/>\n1. The rights argument in favor of the workers\u2019 strike is direct and convincing for many: all individuals have<br \/>\na right to not go to work in the morning. Whether we\u2019re talking about a union action or just someone who<br \/>\nwakes up with a hangover, any ethical theory that takes its bearings from individual rights is generally<br \/>\ngoing to turn in a verdict in favor of the worker\u2019s right to stay home.<br \/>\n2. The last resort argument affirms that workers are justified in striking when three conditions are met:<br \/>\nFirst, there must be a just cause. The driving issue cannot be petty angers or interpersonal conflicts of<br \/>\nsome kind; instead, the motive must be wages or working conditions that are out of step with industry<br \/>\nnorms or reasonable expectations. In the writers\u2019 case, this condition may have been met because they<br \/>\nrepresented one of the few talent sectors not benefitting from payments for programming broadcast over<br \/>\nnew media, especially the Internet. Second, there must be proper authorization, which means the workers<br \/>\nthemselves must support the action, and have reached a well-deliberated decision. In the writer\u2019s case,<br \/>\nmost did support the action, which had been planned for months. Third, the strike must be a last resort,<br \/>\nmeaning attempts to find solutions must\u2019ve been fully explored. Here too writers met the condition as<br \/>\nlong negotiations had explored most possible solutions.<br \/>\n3. The marketplace argument is the rawest of the justifications for striking, and it answers the ethical<br \/>\nquestion with economic facts. If workers can get away with striking, the reasoning goes, and then they\u2019re<br \/>\njustified. The argument is less flippant than it sounds. If workers really are being underpaid for their<br \/>\nlabors, then when an employer seeks others to replace those who\u2019ve walked out, none will emerge, at least<br \/>\nnone capable of doing the work well. On the other hand, if market conditions determine that the striking<br \/>\nworkers are demanding more than they legitimately should within the current economic context, then<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n716<br \/>\nwhen an employer tries to replace strikers with fresh hires, the cost of doing so will be less than the wage<br \/>\nincrease the strikers are demanding.<br \/>\nOn the other side, the kinds of arguments normally set up to obligate striking workers to return to their<br \/>\nstations involve responsibilities to the larger community:<br \/>\n1. The public safety argument applies only in selected situations. The famous air-traffic controllers\u2019 strike in<br \/>\nthe 1980s involved the safety of fliers. Similarly, police officers, firefighters, and similar may find it<br \/>\ndifficult to justify a full-fledged strike given the serious suffering that may result. There are many<br \/>\nborderline cases, however. For example, in Tennessee some fire departments collect fees directly from<br \/>\nthose they protect. In one case, a man who hadn\u2019t paid found that his house was on fire and called the<br \/>\ndepartment; they responded, but only to protect nearby homes from the fire\u2019s spread. They watched the<br \/>\nflaming home burn to the foundation without intervening because the bill hadn\u2019t been paid. Of course, the<br \/>\nsituation would\u2019ve been different had a person been trapped inside. In this case, however, the loss and<br \/>\ndispute was entirely about money. [1]<br \/>\n2. The public welfare argument against workers going on strike weighs in when strikes affect third parties,<br \/>\npeople outside the initial dispute. The scriptwriters\u2019 walkout, for example, left a large chunk of Hollywood<br \/>\nunemployed. The most rudimentary way to elaborate the argument is simply to note that the suffering<br \/>\ncaused across the entire industry by the five-month writers\u2019 strike almost surely outweighed the benefits<br \/>\nthe writers finally obtained. It should also be remembered, however, that if some workers somewhere<br \/>\ndon\u2019t draw the line against owners and employers, those employers will have no incentive to not<br \/>\npush everyone\u2019s wages down, ultimately affecting the welfare of most all the industry\u2019s participants.<br \/>\n3. The immediate welfare argument against the writers\u2019 strike finds support in an ethics of care. An ethics<br \/>\nof care values most highly an individual\u2019s immediate social web; concern for those people who are nearest<br \/>\noutweighs abstract rules or generalized social concerns. In the case of the Hollywood writers\u2019 strike, the<br \/>\nsuffering incurred by families and friends related to particular strikers may be taken to outweigh any<br \/>\nbenefits the broad union collective won from the action.<br \/>\nFinally, it\u2019s important to note that strikes don\u2019t need to be long-term walkouts. The dynamic and ethics<br \/>\nsurrounding the refusal to work change when, for example, a union decides to go on strike for only a<br \/>\nsingle day as a way of pressuring management.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n717<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Standing in Line and Crossing It: The Ethics of Supporting Strikes and<br \/>\nBreaking Them<br \/>\nThe Hollywood writers\u2019 strike featured some big-name backing. Jay Leno cruised around in his Bugatti;<br \/>\nSteve Carell, star of The Office, refused to cross the picket lines; and Sally Field mingled with writers in<br \/>\nthe Disney Studios lot. These shows of support scored public relations points and provoked this question:<br \/>\nwhat obligation do workers in related fields hold to support strikers?<br \/>\nThe range of responses corresponds well with those already outlined to justify the unionization of workers<br \/>\nin a particular shop.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 One way to oblige workers in related fields to support strikers is the argument from fairness. When<br \/>\nworkers in a certain industry strike and win concessions, those gains may be cited by other workers as<br \/>\njustifying their own demands. In fact, in Hollywood the writers themselves had used this strategy in the<br \/>\npast: instead of going on strike, they\u2019d waited for the directors union (Directors Guild of America) to<br \/>\nnegotiate demands with the major studios and then used those results to make their own case for<br \/>\nconcessions. The argument for supporting striking workers based on fairness is that all workers for a<br \/>\nparticular company or across an industry may well benefit when one group makes gains, and if that\u2019s so,<br \/>\nthen those other groups also have a responsibility to support the strikers when they\u2019re sacrificing.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 A second argument is based on solidarity, on the idea that an alliance between workers in an industry is<br \/>\nethically natural: there\u2019s an obligation to share in a struggle when facing similar challenges. Because other<br \/>\nmembers of the Hollywood community are uniquely positioned to understand the realities and hardships<br \/>\nof screenwriting life, they have a duty to act on that empathy.<br \/>\nAs events transpired, the WGA did, in fact, receive wide support from across Hollywood, but the solidarity<br \/>\nwas far from complete. As this outburst from a writer\u2019s blog shows, some network studios tried to keep<br \/>\ntheir soap operas in production by hiring strikebreakers, or scabs, as they\u2019re known to picketers:<br \/>\nThe scab writer\u2019s work under fake names, work from home and use different email addresses so<br \/>\nonly the executive producer knows the real identities of the scabs. These tend to be experienced<br \/>\nsoap writers who aren\u2019t currently on a show. They are then promised employment after the<br \/>\nstrike is over. While they\u2019re scabbing, they get paid less than union writers. [2]<br \/>\nThis under-the-table scripting captures a conflict inherent in the union\u2019s attempt to use economic force<br \/>\nagainst employers. On one side, by cutting off their labor, strikers are trying to win concessions through<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n718<br \/>\neconomic force. But their success depends on the suspension of basic economic rules: as this blogger is<br \/>\nadmitting, there are scriptwriters out there willing to work at current wages for the studios. It sounds like<br \/>\nthey may even be willing to work for less.<br \/>\nFor these secretive scriptwriters, what ethical justifications can be mounted for what is, in essence, picketline<br \/>\ncrossing? The blog post decrying scab workers actually rallied some to post arguments in the<br \/>\nstrikebreakers\u2019 defense. One comes from a poster named Jake: \u201cMaybe he [the blogger writing the original<br \/>\npost complaining about strikebreakers] has unlimited funds somewhere and can stay out of work forever,<br \/>\nbut some need to support themselves now.\u201d [3]<br \/>\nThe argument here is that we all have fundamental duties to ourselves that must be served before<br \/>\ndeferring to others. It\u2019s not, in other words, that scriptwriters should feel no obligation to their colleagues,<br \/>\nbut all of us have a deeper responsibility to our own welfare (and possibly to that of our family members<br \/>\nwho may depend on us), and that responsibility takes precedence when the situation becomes extreme,<br \/>\nwhen going without work represents more than just an inconvenience.<br \/>\nAnother argument wraps through the following exchange between two blog readers. The first, who<br \/>\nregisters his comment anonymously, writes, \u201cI\u2019m a little amazed by some of these comments\u2026Do you guys<br \/>\n[who support strikebreakers] not know about unions? Do you not understand what it means to cross a<br \/>\npicket line?\u2026People need to work for just (as in fair) pay.\u201d [4]<br \/>\nThis response comes from a poster named Tim: \u201cAnonymous said, \u2018Do you not understand what it means<br \/>\nto cross a picket line?\u2019 Yes, it means you are trying to work for someone who wants to pay you. In moral<br \/>\nterms, it\u2019s just a voluntary mutually beneficial exchange that for the most part is no one else\u2019s business.<br \/>\nMembers of a union do and should have the right to refuse to provide a service, but they don\u2019t have a right<br \/>\nto prevent others from providing the service.\u201d [5]<br \/>\nTim\u2019s argument is based on the principle of free agency and the ethics of freedom. According to him, what<br \/>\nare morally right is any action particular scriptwriters and studio owners agree to undertake. The only<br \/>\nethical obligation individuals have is to not violate the freedom of others and, according to Tim; everyone<br \/>\ninvolved in this strikebreaking is acting freely without stopping others from doing the same. The strikers,<br \/>\nlike the strikebreakers, may go to work\u2014or not go\u2014whenever they like. To the extent that\u2019s right, ethical<br \/>\nobjections shouldn\u2019t be raised against either choice.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n719<br \/>\nThe key phrase in Tim\u2019s response is that the strikebreaking writers\u2019 actions are \u201cno one else\u2019s business.\u201d<br \/>\nThose defending the union could choose to intervene here and assert that the claim is fundamentally<br \/>\nwrong. Ethics depends on compassionately taking account of others\u2019 interests, and factoring them into<br \/>\nyour own decisions: what writers decide to do must serve not only their own but also the general welfare.<br \/>\nPossibly, Tim could respond to this by asserting that in a market economy the best way to serve the<br \/>\ngeneral welfare is for individuals to pursue their own success. There are responses to this argument too,<br \/>\nand the discussion continues.<br \/>\nKEY TAKEAWAYS<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>\uf0b7 A rights argument and a marketplace argument may lend ethical support to workers\u2019 decision to strike.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Ethical arguments against striking may derive from broad social concerns, or justifiably privileging one\u2019s<br \/>\nown interests.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Arguments in favor of supporting strikers from outside the union may stand on conceptions of fairness<br \/>\nor solidarity.<br \/>\n\uf0b7 Both strikebreakers and employers may claim the right to bypass union demands based on economic<br \/>\nrealities, or their rights as free agents.<br \/>\nREVIEW QUESTIONS<br \/>\n1. Explain the marketplace argument in favor of the right for workers to strike.<br \/>\n2. How could a union worker ethically justify not joining companions on the picket lines?<br \/>\n3. Outline an argument from fairness that could be made against strikebreakers.<br \/>\n4. Sketch two arguments that could be made in favor of independent writers swooping in and taking union<br \/>\njobs when the SGA goes out on strike.<br \/>\n[1] Jason Hibbs, \u201cFirefighters Watch as Home Burns to the Ground,\u201d WPSD, September 29, 2010, accessed June 9,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/www.wpsdlocal6.com\/news\/local\/Firefighters-watch-as-home-burns-to-the-ground-104052668.html.<br \/>\n[2] John Aboud, \u201cScabbing Doesn\u2019t Pay (For Long),\u201d United Hollywood (blog), November 8, 2007, accessed June 9,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/unitedhollywood.blogspot.com\/2007\/11\/scabbing-doesn-pay-for-long.html.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n720<br \/>\n[3] Jake, November 8, 2007 (6:44 a.m.), comment on John Aboud, \u201cScabbing Doesn\u2019t Pay (For Long),\u201d United<br \/>\nHollywood Blog, November 8, 2007,http:\/\/unitedhollywood.blogspot.com\/2007\/11\/scabbing-doesn-pay-forlong.<br \/>\nhtml.<br \/>\n[4] Anonymous, November 8, 2007 (8:15 a.m.), comment on John Aboud, \u201cScabbing Doesn\u2019t Pay (For<br \/>\nLong),\u201d United Hollywood Blog, November 8, 2007,http:\/\/unitedhollywood.blogspot.com\/2007\/11\/scabbingdoesn-<br \/>\npay-for-long.html.<br \/>\n[5] Tim, November 8, 2007 (8:32 a.m.), comment on Anonymous, \u201cScabbing Doesn\u2019t Pay (For Long),\u201d United<br \/>\nHollywood Blog, November 8, 2007,http:\/\/unitedhollywood.blogspot.com\/2007\/11\/scabbing-doesn-pay-forlong.<br \/>\nhtml.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n721<br \/>\n15.6 Case Studies<br \/>\nJim Webb\u2019s Speech<br \/>\nSource: Photo courtesy of Mike Baird, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/mikebaird\/2202443907.<br \/>\nAt the height of the American economic boom running from 2000 to 2008, a freshly elected senator from<br \/>\nVirginia gave a sobering speech. He said,<br \/>\nWhen one looks at the health of our economy, it\u2019s almost as if we are living in two different<br \/>\ncountries. The stock market is at an all-time high, and so are corporate profits. But these<br \/>\nbenefits are not being fairly shared. When I graduated from college, the average corporate CEO<br \/>\nmade 20 times what the average worker did; today, it\u2019s nearly 400 times. In other words, it<br \/>\ntakes the average worker more than a year to make the money that his or her boss makes in one<br \/>\nday. In short, the middle class of this country, our historic backbone and our best hope for a<br \/>\nstrong society in the future, is losing its place at the table. Our workers know this, through<br \/>\npainful experience. [1]<br \/>\nQUESTIONS<br \/>\n1. What is the star system?<br \/>\n2. According to Senator Webb (and doing the math), when he was in college around 1966, a<br \/>\ncorporate CEO had to labor eighteen days to make the money the average worker earned in<br \/>\nabout a year. Now, CEOs only need a day to reach a worker\u2019s yearly total.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n722<br \/>\no What is vertical wealth imbalance?<br \/>\no In terms of the days a CEO must labor to net the average worker\u2019s yearly pay, where does the<br \/>\nstar system line get drawn? Webb seems to think it\u2019s somewhere between eighteen days and<br \/>\none day, but where would you draw the distinction? How would you justify your decision?<br \/>\n3. Webb says the \u201cmiddle class of this country\u201d is disappearing. How does this claim relate to the idea of<br \/>\nhorizontal wealth imbalances?<br \/>\n4. When Webb asserts that the benefits of a healthy economy aren\u2019t being \u201cfairly shared,\u201d he\u2019s making an<br \/>\nethical claim, saying the wealth concentration is wrong. He was speaking on national TV and so didn\u2019t<br \/>\nhave time to flesh things out, but how could an argument be formulated to support his claim?<br \/>\n5. Jim Webb is a United States senator. When the United States was founded, there was about one<br \/>\nsenator for every twenty-five thousand people. Today, it\u2019s one in three million. The salary of a<br \/>\nUS senator is $175,000; the salary of the average American worker is about $40,000.<br \/>\no Besides money, what kinds of compensation do you imagine Webb gets for his job?<br \/>\no Do you believe Webb\u2019s compensation (salary plus other nonmonetary benefits) qualifies him as<br \/>\na star? Why or why not?<br \/>\no Does the fact that Webb represents more constituents than the original senators convert into a<br \/>\ncase that Webb\u2019s salary should be higher relative to his constituents than the salary granted to<br \/>\nsenators two hundred years ago? Explain.<br \/>\no Make the case that Webb has an ethical responsibility to donate a significant part of his salary to public service causes.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>6. Part of the reason Webb\u2019s talk lacked specifics was that, as a US senator, he doesn\u2019t want to<br \/>\noffend any particular person or large company. (He probably wants their money for his<br \/>\nreelection campaign, or at least he doesn\u2019t want them funding his opponent.) Others, however,<br \/>\nwho share his opinion about wage imbalances aren\u2019t similarly constrained. One notable example<br \/>\ncomes from the web page Daily Kos, a politically oriented site with a huge readership and<br \/>\nlocated on the left fringe of American politics, somewhere between rowdy and rabid. On that<br \/>\npage, the following point was added to Webb\u2019s speech:<br \/>\nAs an example of this inequality, look no further than Ford Motor Company. Just this<br \/>\nweek, Ford announced a staggering $12.7 billion loss, the highest in company history.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n723<br \/>\nThis came after a year in which the company announced that it was cutting more than<br \/>\n40,000 jobs (30,000 of them union jobs). So what to do in a company that\u2019s failed to<br \/>\ndeliver innovative products to the market, completely misjudged consumer trends, and<br \/>\nmanaged itself into a fiscal bind? You award bonuses to the top management. [2]<br \/>\nThe web page went on to explain that Ford CEO Alan Mulally would be giving performance<br \/>\nbonuses to his top executives because, according to Mulally, \u201cYou have to keep the talented<br \/>\npeople you really need.\u201d<br \/>\no Just from the provided facts, why might someone be suspicious that CEO Mulally participates in<br \/>\ncrony capitalism? How might he respond to the charge?<br \/>\no Justify the Daily Kos attack on Mulally\u2019s bonuses in terms of general social welfare, and in terms<br \/>\nof the duty to beneficence.<br \/>\no Make the case that the bonuses are justified in ethical terms with the language of rights.<br \/>\no Through the language of rights, argue that those who criticize the bonuses\u2014like writers at Daily<br \/>\nKos\u2014are ethically despicable.<br \/>\n7. Consider these four jobs: US senator, political commentator on a widely read web page<br \/>\n(regardless of whether it happens to tilt left or right), CEO of Ford, and union worker on a car<br \/>\nassembly line.<br \/>\no Who do you expect would earn most and least were wages divided only by market forces?<br \/>\nLoosely, how would wages be apportioned? Would the differences reach star system<br \/>\nproportions?<br \/>\no How would you rank their wage order in terms of value generated for society? Loosely, how<br \/>\nwould wages be apportioned? Would the differences reach star system proportions?<br \/>\no How would you rank their wage order in terms of effort? Loosely, how would wages be<br \/>\napportioned? Would the differences reach star system proportions?<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n724<br \/>\nFirst You Get the Money\u2026<br \/>\nSource: Photo courtesy of xelusionx, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/xelusionx\/452851416.<br \/>\nThe film Scarface cost $25 million to make and has earned back about $200 million so far. The story<br \/>\nfollows Tony Montana as he enters the cocaine dealing business. His mentor tells him that to survive over<br \/>\nthe long term you\u2019ve got to fly under the radar and stay small. Comfortably wealthy, yes, but wildly rich,<br \/>\nno. Montana isn\u2019t so sure. Later he decides the advice is directly bad, kills the mentor who gave it to him,<br \/>\nand expands his business as far and as fast as he can. As moviegoers learn at the film\u2019s end, the mentor<br \/>\nwas probably right.<br \/>\nQUESTIONS<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>1. Though the initial reviews were mixed, time has proven the film\u2019s popular appeal. More than<br \/>\ntwenty years after its release, Scarface continues to be a rental favorite, a standard campus<br \/>\nfeature, and a late-night TV standard.<br \/>\no How can the notion of the general welfare be used to justify giving big bucks to the stars making<br \/>\nthe film: actor Al Pacino, director Brian De Palma, and writer Oliver Stone?<br \/>\no Can you form an argument against the concentration of money in the hands of a very few<br \/>\npeople that would work equally well against Al Pacino\u2019s (presumed) wealth and Tony<br \/>\nMontana\u2019s?<br \/>\n2. Given the way Montana got wealthy, can the duty to beneficence argument against the star system still<br \/>\nbe applied to him? Why or why not?<br \/>\n3. Possibly the movie\u2019s most repeated line is Al Pacino as Tony Montana explaining that to be<br \/>\nsuccessful in America, \u201cFirst you get the money, then you get the power, then you get the<br \/>\nwomen.\u201d<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n725<br \/>\no What is Aristotle\u2019s theory of envy?<br \/>\no Does the story the movie tells about Montana\u2019s life\u2014coming to America with nothing as an<br \/>\nimmigrant and getting ahead by killing and drug dealing\u2014make you more or less envious of his<br \/>\nsuccess (at least the money and power parts), or does it not make any difference?<br \/>\no How does envy factor into ethical considerations of the star system?<br \/>\n4. Amado Carrillo Fuentes\u2014better known as Lord of the Skies\u2014was a serious innovator before he<br \/>\ndied in a Mexico City Hospital during a plastic surgery procedure to transform his appearance.<br \/>\nWhile everyone else in his profession was flying small Cessna-like aircraft around Latin America<br \/>\nand over the border into the States, he broke every limit by buying full-size Boeing passenger<br \/>\nplanes, hollowing them out, filling them with cocaine, and flying multimillion-dollar shipments.<br \/>\nThough he never made the Forbes list of the world\u2019s most powerful and wealthy (unlike other<br \/>\ntraffickers from the same Mexican state of Sinaloa, including Joaqu\u00edn Guzm\u00e1n), there\u2019s no doubt<br \/>\nthat Carrillo Fuentes got extraordinarily wealthy by bringing innovation to the cocaine business.<br \/>\nBill Gates got extraordinarily wealthy by bringing innovation to the software business. One<br \/>\nargument frequently presented in favor of outsized rewards in the business world is that it can<br \/>\nstimulate innovative ideas. Does the fact that creativity in the business world can do social<br \/>\ngood and social harm weaken this argument in favor of the star system? Explain.<br \/>\nThe Delta Vote<br \/>\nSource: Photo courtesy of Anthony Easton, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/pinkmoose\/2955932263.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n726<br \/>\nWhen Delta Airlines absorbed Northwest Airlines in 2008, the expanded Delta employed about twenty<br \/>\nthousand flight attendants or FAs as they\u2019re called in the industry. The thirteen thousand Delta FAs<br \/>\nweren\u2019t unionized; the seven thousand that came over from Northwest were.<br \/>\nThe nation\u2019s largest flight attendant union, the Association of Flight Attendants (AFA) saw the<br \/>\nopportunity to build membership numbers and lobbied the united workforce to unionize. The question<br \/>\nwent to a vote and the results were excruciatingly close: votes in favor fell 328 short out of 18,760 cast.<br \/>\nSubsequently, the USA Today published a roundup of media reports and readers reactions. [3]<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>QUESTIONS<br \/>\n1. One argument in favor of joining labor unions works from fairness, the idea that if workers<br \/>\nare benefitting from the work done by a collective, they should sign up and contribute their<br \/>\nshare of the dues required to pay for the lawyers and the negotiators a major union needs to<br \/>\noperate.<br \/>\no How does the following reaction to the \u201cno\u201d vote intersect with the fairness argument? Flight<br \/>\nattendant Cindy Hanks said, \u201cI\u2019m ecstatic. There is no reason for a union at Delta. I get paid<br \/>\nmore than my co-workers [who worked for Northwest before the merger]. I have an open-door<br \/>\npolicy with my management. Whenever I have a complaint, I am listened to, and there is always<br \/>\na resolution. I\u2019m not left in the dark.\u201d [4]<br \/>\n2. One person added this comment below the story about the culture around Delta: \u201cNobody cares<br \/>\nabout workers\u2019 rights, including the workers.\u201d [5]<br \/>\nOne argument in favor of joining labor unions works from a notion of solidarity. With respect to<br \/>\nlabor unions, what\u2019s the solidarity argument for joining the FA union at Delta?<br \/>\n3. Delta spokeswoman Betsy Talton reacted this way to the \u201cno\u201d vote, \u201cWe have said all along that<br \/>\nwe believe our direct relationship works well for our people and our company,\u201d<br \/>\no One argument against joining a labor union is the duty to individuality derived from the right to<br \/>\nfree agency. What is the right to free agency? What is the derived duty to individuality?<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n727<br \/>\no How can Talton\u2019s reaction be buttressed in ethical terms by reference to the right and derived<br \/>\nduty?<br \/>\n4. The vote at Delta was a secret ballot. What is card check legislation, and what does it do? How might<br \/>\nthat law have changed the results at Delta?<br \/>\n5. Some of the responses to the Delta vote didn\u2019t concern the specific FA union but the question of<br \/>\nunions generally. For example, one commenter believes a stigma attaches to union<br \/>\nmembership, a bad one. As he puts it, \u201cI have read pro union people are lazy and want<br \/>\nprotection.\u201d Another commentator adds that unions have, \u201cbasically destroyed the auto<br \/>\nindustry and the steel industry.\u201d [6]<br \/>\nHow can this criticism of unions and union workers be converted into an ethical argument in<br \/>\nfavor of an economic star system?<br \/>\n6. A person identified as dinstinctM wrote, \u201cLabor unions BUILT the American middle class. The<br \/>\nmiddle class that is shrinking as unions have been decimated.\u201d [7]<br \/>\nThis is an economic claim. Assume it\u2019s true. How can it be converted into an ethical claim in<br \/>\nfavor of the FA union?<br \/>\nResponding to a Transit Strike<br \/>\nSource: Photo courtesy of Neilhooting, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/neilhooting\/2424703385.<br \/>\nThe web page titled \u201cHow to Commute By Bicycle, All of a Sudden\u201d begins this way: \u201cThere is a transit<br \/>\nworkers\u2019 strike in NYC today. If you need to get somewhere, consider riding your bike. Even though it\u2019s 22<br \/>\ndegrees right now (8:33 EST), this is not a crazy suggestion.\u201d [8]<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n728<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>When you need to preface a suggestion with the assurance that it\u2019s not crazy, you can be pretty sure that<br \/>\nthe situation is bad.<br \/>\nThe New York City transit strike began on December 20, 2005, and ran three days. Representing the<br \/>\nsubway operators, bus drivers, and some related personnel, there was the Transport Workers Union,<br \/>\nLocal 100 (TWU). On the other side, representing the city\u2014and the traveling, tax-paying public\u2014there<br \/>\nwas the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA). Wages and retirement age were the main issues. The MTA<br \/>\nargued (correctly) that the transit workers\u2019 wages were much higher than the national norm, and their<br \/>\nretirement age extremely low. The workers argued (correctly) that the job of driving in New York City was<br \/>\nmore stressful than in most other places. When negotiations failed, public transportation stopped a few<br \/>\ndays before Christmas, leaving millions of daily commuters stranded.<br \/>\nFor some commuters, the bike became an option. In the abstract\u2014sitting in a warm room reading about<br \/>\nit\u2014the possibility doesn\u2019t sound so bad, get some good exercise and brisk fresh air on the way to work and<br \/>\nback. There are real problems, though. The air can be dangerously cold and streets in winter are icy. It<br \/>\nalso needs to be remembered that the sun goes down early in December, so people biking home at night<br \/>\nalong the roadside are pedaling in the dark. Falls are common. Falls in front of oncoming cars are<br \/>\nespecially bad.<br \/>\nQUESTIONS<br \/>\n1. The transit workers strike was actually illegal. After a similar walkout years before, the Taylor<br \/>\nLaw had been enacted; it barred transportation workers from leaving their posts and<br \/>\nimplemented arbitration methods for settling disputes. When the workers ignored the law, a<br \/>\njudge hit them with fines and sentenced their leaders to short jail terms.<br \/>\no In the face of the strike\u2019s illegality, how can a rights argument be mounted to ethically justify the<br \/>\nwalkout?<br \/>\no Is the rights argument affected by the fact that many commuters suffered?<br \/>\n2. The \u201clast resort argument\u201d justifying a workers strike is activated when three conditions are<br \/>\nmet: (1) There must be a just cause; (2) there must be proper authorization; and (3) the strike<br \/>\nmust be a last resort\u2014that is, attempts to find solutions must\u2019ve been fully explored.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n729<br \/>\nIn this case, the transport workers national union actually ordered the local to go back to work.<br \/>\nThe national union, in other words, didn\u2019t authorize the strike, but the actual workers on the<br \/>\nscene did. Does this count as proper authorization? In a union organization, which, ultimately,<br \/>\ngets to decide whether a strike is appropriate, the organizing management selected to speak for<br \/>\nthe collective, or the individual workers on the ground? Explain.<br \/>\n3. What is the public safety argument against a union going out on strike? From the information<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>provided, how could it be implemented in this case?<br \/>\no How would the public safety argument against the strike differ from the public welfare<br \/>\nargument?<br \/>\no In general terms, is there public welfare argument that could be sketched in favor of the strike?<br \/>\nAir and Bus Traffic: Stars and Collectives<br \/>\nSource: Photo courtesy of Ekavet, http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ekavet\/3680866253.<br \/>\nThe early 1980s were seismic years in American business. Newly elected President Reagan promoted<br \/>\nwaves of deregulation legislation, and the openness loosed a breed of entrepreneurs bringing innovative<br \/>\ngoods and services to the marketplace so rapidly that entire segments of business life erupted in disorder.<br \/>\nOne especially affected area was transportation, and one very affected transporter was the venerable<br \/>\nGreyhound bus lines. This report from San Jose State University summarizes:<br \/>\nDeregulation of the transportation industry made the competition for passengers stiff. New<br \/>\nentrepreneurs who paid low wages entered the business and offered fare prices much lower<br \/>\nthan the more established inter-city lines. The newly deregulated airline industry made things<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n730<br \/>\neven worse for Greyhound. Low-cost passenger airline carriers sprang up. People Express, for<br \/>\nexample, charged only $23 for a flight between New York City and Buffalo. Greyhound charged<br \/>\n$41 for the trip. A flight by Southwest Airlines from San Francisco to Phoenix was only $60,<br \/>\ncompared to a Greyhound\u2019s bus ticket to the same location costing $79. [9]<br \/>\nWhen a higher-quality service (a fast plane ride) actually costs less than a lower-quality service (a slow<br \/>\nbus trip), the simple rules of economics are, sooner or later, going to put the bus company out of its<br \/>\nmisery.<br \/>\nTo survive, Greyhound had to cut its prices, which meant cutting costs. The prices of buses and gasoline<br \/>\nand similar were fairly fixed, leaving wages to be targeted. Greyhound went to the workers collective, the<br \/>\nlocal Amalgamated Transit Union, and proposed a 9.5 percent wage cut.<br \/>\nThe answer was no. Greyhound insisted. A strike ensued.<br \/>\nGreyhound was prepared. They\u2019d already recruited more than a thousand new hires in anticipation of the<br \/>\nwalkout, and agreed to pay them the salary the union had refused. A tremendous segment of business was<br \/>\nlost while the company struggled to bring still more drivers aboard but, eventually, it became clear that<br \/>\nthe union would have to break, which it did.<br \/>\nIn the aftermath, a stinging article was written: \u201cLeave the Slave-Driving to Us.\u201d That\u2019s a play on the<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Greyhound advertising line \u201cLeave the Driving to Us,\u201d and it pretty clearly displays where the author<br \/>\ncomes down on the ethics of labor walkouts broken by replacement workers. [10]<br \/>\nQUESTIONS<br \/>\n1. From the \u201cLeave the Slave-Driving to Us\u201d article: \u201cAfter the strike got underway the Bus Lines<br \/>\ntried to run scab buses. In response, the striking Greyhound workers carried out militant actions<br \/>\nthat were effective as far as they went. For example, pickets from Local 1225 in San Francisco,<br \/>\ntogether with some supporters, tried to block the departure of buses from the 7th Street depot<br \/>\nin downtown San Francisco. There was then a cop attack on the picket line and a melee ensued.<br \/>\nOnly one bus left the station. It soon experienced a collision with another vehicle (the driver of<br \/>\nthe other vehicle just happened to be a striking Greyhound driver) and it was forced to retreat<br \/>\nto the S.F. depot.\u201d<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n731<br \/>\no When the striking Greyhound driver drove his car or pickup into the bus, he probably damaged<br \/>\nhis own vehicle. Who should pay for the repairs? Justify.<br \/>\no Is it possible to argue that, ethically, Greyhound should pay? Explain.<br \/>\no Who should pay to repair the damaged Greyhound bus? Why?<br \/>\no The \u201ccop attack\u201d was, presumably, police officers clearing strikers from the public road. The<br \/>\npolice are frequently unionized. Do they have, as union workers, any responsibility to leave the<br \/>\nstrikers alone?<br \/>\n2. From the \u201cLeave the Slave-Driving to Us\u201d article: \u201cDuring any strike material pressures (rent or<br \/>\nhouse payments, utility bills, RV financing, etc.) may influence strikers\u2019 decisions. Since<br \/>\nGreyhound is not merely a bus line, but a conglomerate with revenues from many lines of<br \/>\nbusiness, its capacity to bear losses from a strike is much greater than that of individual strikers<br \/>\nto bear the loss of wages. Even those who have substantial savings may run short during a long<br \/>\nstrike. To succeed, they had to convince other transport workers and their unions to strike in<br \/>\nsympathy with them. But of course, that\u2019s illegal under existing contracts and laws. But that only<br \/>\nmeans that the ranks needed to take matters into their own hands from the very beginning. The<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>rank and file did not have to respect the law.\u201d<br \/>\no What is Greyhound\u2019s structural economic advantage over the workers?<br \/>\no Does the Greyhound economic advantage provide an ethical justification for the workers to<br \/>\nillegally (in terms of contractual commitments) try to get others in related fields to strike in<br \/>\nsupport of the Greyhound workers? Explain.<br \/>\n3. The marketplace test showed the strike was, in purely economic terms of supply and demand,<br \/>\nnot justified. The company was able to find workers at the wages it wanted to offer.<br \/>\no Ethically, does the economic reality justify the strikebreakers\u2019 actions in crossing the picket<br \/>\nlines? Explain.<br \/>\no The \u201cLeave the Slave-Driving to Us\u201d author considers these strikebreakers to be slaves. What is<br \/>\nthe ethical argument behind this insult?<br \/>\n4. From the \u201cLeave the Slave-Driving to Us\u201d article: \u201c\u2018Greyhound Lines Chair Frank Nagotte pulled<br \/>\ndown a hefty $447,000 in salary and benefits\u2019 in 1983 [that\u2019s 1,004,000 in today\u2019s dollars]. In<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n732<br \/>\ngeneral, Greyhound management was slated to receive a 7\u201310% salary\/benefit increase. Despite<br \/>\nthe competition from lower air fares cited by Greyhound management, the Bus Lines division<br \/>\nalone earned a profit that has been estimated at $5 million in the first nine months of 1983.\u201d<br \/>\no The chairman\u2019s salary and benefits was about one million in today\u2019s dollars. In terms of basic<br \/>\nrights, how could he justify taking that mountain of money home after firing the drivers?<br \/>\no In terms of the value his work generated for society, how could chairman Nagotte justify taking<br \/>\nthe mountain of money home after firing the drivers?<br \/>\no In terms of his responsibilities as chairman, how could Nagotte justify taking the mountain of<br \/>\nmoney home after firing the drivers?<br \/>\no What ethical argument could the drivers use to justify demanding that the chairman take a<br \/>\nsalary and benefit cut in line with the one he was asking from the drivers?<br \/>\n5. The fundamental cause of the Greyhound problem was competition from new transportation<br \/>\ncompanies providing better service at lower cost, including Southwest Airlines, founded by<br \/>\nRollin King and Herb Kelleher. They\u2019re both bright stars in the American economic star system.<br \/>\no Make the case that King and Kelleher have an ethical obligation to support the Greyhound<br \/>\ndrivers who lost their jobs. What is the case? What kind of support do they owe?<br \/>\no Convert the Greyhound experience into an ethical argument that no employee at Southwest<br \/>\nshould seek to unionize.<br \/>\n[1] Jim Webb, \u201cDemocratic Response of Senator Jim Webb to the President\u2019s State of the Union Address,\u201d New<br \/>\nYork Times, January 23, 2007, accessed June 9, 2011,http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/01\/23\/washington\/23webbtranscript.<br \/>\nhtml?_r=1&amp;oref=slogin.<br \/>\n[2] Mark Sumner, \u201cJim Webb and Economic Reform,\u201d Daily Kos, January 26, 2007, accessed June 9,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/www.dailykos.com\/storyonly\/2007\/1\/26\/295137\/-Jim-Webb-and-Economic-Reform.<br \/>\n[3] Ben Mutzabaugh, \u201cDelta Attendants Vote Against Union,\u201d USA Today, November 4, 2010, accessed June 9,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/travel.usatoday.com\/flights\/post\/2010\/11\/delta-attendants-vote\/129933\/1.<br \/>\n[4] Ben Mutzabaugh, \u201cDelta Attendants Vote Against Union,\u201d USA Today, November 4, 2010, accessed June 9,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/travel.usatoday.com\/flights\/post\/2010\/11\/delta-attendants-vote\/129933\/1.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org<br \/>\n733<br \/>\n[5] distinctM, November 4, 2010 (11:02 a.m.), comment on Ben Mutzabaugh, \u201cDelta Attendants Vote Against<br \/>\nUnion,\u201d USA Today, November 4, 2010, accessed June 9,<br \/>\n2011,http:\/\/travel.usatoday.com\/flights\/post\/2010\/11\/delta-attendants-vote\/129933\/1.<br \/>\n[6] Timatl2002, November 4, 2010 (10:08 p.m.), comment on Ben Mutzabaugh, \u201cDelta Attendants Vote Against<br \/>\nUnion,\u201d USA Today, November 4, 2010, accessed June 9,<br \/>\n2011,http:\/\/travel.usatoday.com\/flights\/post\/2010\/11\/delta-attendants-vote\/129933\/1.<br \/>\n[7] distinctM, November 5, 2010 (3:17 p.m.), comment on Ben Mutzabaugh, \u201cDelta Attendants Vote Against<br \/>\nUnion,\u201d USA Today, November 4, 2010, accessed June 9,<br \/>\n2011,http:\/\/travel.usatoday.com\/flights\/post\/2010\/11\/delta-attendants-vote\/129933\/1.<br \/>\n[8] \u201cHow to Commute By Bicycle, All of a Sudden,\u201d Days of Leisure (blog), accessed June 9,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/www.daysofleisure.com\/writing\/How_to_commute_by_bicycle,_ all_of_a_sudden.html.<br \/>\n[9] Herbert Oestreich, \u201cThe Great Greyhound Strikes,\u201d Mineta Transportation Institute College of Business, San<br \/>\nJose State University, September 2001, 2001, accessed June 9,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/www.angelfire.com\/al\/silverball\/strikes.html.<br \/>\n[10] Daniel, \u201c1983: Leave the Slave-Driving to Us\u2014Chris Fillmer,\u201d Libcom.org, June 17, 2007, accessed June 9,<br \/>\n2011, http:\/\/libcom.org\/library\/1983-leave-slave-driving-us-chris-fillmer.<br \/>\nSaylor URL: http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/books Saylor.org 734<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 2: Mathematics<\/p>\n<p>STUDENT NAME:<\/p>\n<p>ST PATRICK\u2019S COLLEGE, GYMPIE.<\/p>\n<p>MATHEMATICS A<br \/>\nYear 12<br \/>\nSemester 2,<br \/>\n2018.<\/p>\n<p>Item 4<\/p>\n<p>EXTENDED MODELLING AND PROBLEM SOLVING<br \/>\nTASK<\/p>\n<p>Summative<\/p>\n<p>Topic:<br \/>\n14 Navigation.<\/p>\n<p>TEACHER:<\/p>\n<p>___________________<br \/>\nCONDITIONS:<\/p>\n<p>This is an individual task.<br \/>\nTime allowed : 3\u20225 weeks.<\/p>\n<p>Issue date : Week 3<br \/>\nDue date : Week 6<br \/>\nTwo lessons per week will be allocated for individual work on this<br \/>\nassessment item. This time can be used for consultation with your<br \/>\nteacher.<br \/>\nIt is the student\u2019s responsibility to submit assessment no later than the<br \/>\ndue date to ensure course completion and the awarding of a level of<br \/>\nachievement.<br \/>\nThe St Patrick\u2019s College Assignment Policy is detailed in the Student Diary<br \/>\non page xiii.<br \/>\nThe criteria and relevant standard assessed by each question appears in<br \/>\nbrackets after the question.<br \/>\nAll working must be shown, accompanied by justification or explanations<br \/>\nwhere necessary.<br \/>\nStudents are to make and store a full copy (electronic or otherwise) of<br \/>\ntheir submission.<\/p>\n<p>STANDARD AWARDED:<\/p>\n<p>Knowledge and Procedures<\/p>\n<p>Modelling and Problem Solving<\/p>\n<p>Communication and Justification<\/p>\n<p>CCEs:<\/p>\n<p>5. Interpreting the meaning of pictures\/illustrations.<br \/>\n6. Interpreting the meaning of tables, diagrams, maps or graphs.<br \/>\n7. Translating from one form to another.<br \/>\n57. Manipulating\/operating\/using equipment.<br \/>\n22. Structuring\/organizing math argument.<br \/>\n33. Reaching conclusion consistent with a given assumptions.<br \/>\n35. Extrapolating.<br \/>\n48. Justifying.<br \/>\n20. Setting out\/presenting\/arranging\/displaying.<br \/>\n37. Applying progression of steps to achieve required answer.<\/p>\n<p>AUTHENTICATION STATEMENT:<\/p>\n<p>I did not receive significant help in producing my final submission, from another student, an electronic source, a teacher and\/or adult.<\/p>\n<p>Signed: ___________________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>STANDARDS DESCRIPTORS: 12 MATHS A.<br \/>\nITEM 4 : EXTENDED MPS TASK.<br \/>\nSEM 2, 2018.<\/p>\n<p>CRIT STANDARD A<\/p>\n<p>The student\u2019s work has the following characteristics: STANDARD B<\/p>\n<p>The student\u2019s work has the following characteristics: STANDARD C<\/p>\n<p>The student\u2019s work has the following characteristics: STANDARD D<\/p>\n<p>The student\u2019s work has the following characteristics: STANDARD E<\/p>\n<p>The student\u2019s work has the following characteristics:<br \/>\nKP1 &#8211; accurate use of rules and formulae in simple through to complex situations &#8211; accurate use of rules and formulae in simple situations or use of rules and formulae in complex situations &#8211; use of rules and formulae in simple routine situations &#8211; use of given rules and formulae in simple rehearsed situations &#8211; attempted use of given rules and formulae in simple rehearsed situations<br \/>\nKP2 &#8211; application of simple through to complex sequences of mathematical procedures in routine and non-routine situations &#8211; application of simple sequences of mathematical procedures in non-routine situations or complex sequences in routine situations &#8211; application of simple sequences of mathematical procedures in routine situations &#8211; application of simple sequences of mathematical procedures in simple rehearsed situations &#8211; attempted use of simple sequences of mathematical procedures in simple rehearsed situations<br \/>\nMPS2 &#8211; investigation of alternative solutions and\/or procedures to complex routine through to simple non-routine problems &#8211; investigation of alternative solutions and\/or procedures to routine problems<br \/>\nMPS3 &#8211; informed decisions based on mathematical reasoning in complex routine through to simple non-routine situations &#8211; informed decisions based on mathematical reasoning in routine situations &#8211; informed decisions based on mathematical reasoning in simple routine situations<br \/>\nMPS4 &#8211; reflection on the effectiveness of mathematical models including recognition of the strengths and limitations of the model &#8211; recognition of the strengths and limitations of the model in simple situations<br \/>\nCJ1 &#8211; accurate and appropriate use of mathematical terminology and conventions in simple non-routine through to complex routine situations &#8211; accurate and appropriate use of mathematical terminology and conventions in simple non-routine and\/or complex routine situations &#8211; appropriate use of mathematical terminology and conventions in simple routine situations &#8211; use of mathematical terminology and conventions in simple rehearsed situations &#8211; use of mathematical terminology and conventions in simple rehearsed situations<br \/>\nCJ2 &#8211; organisation and presentation of information in a variety of representations in simple non-routine through to complex routine situations &#8211; organisation and presentation of information in a variety of representations in simple non-routine and \/or complex routine situations &#8211; organisation and presentation of information in a variety of representations in simple routine situations &#8211; presentation of information in simple rehearsed situations<br \/>\nCJ3 &#8211; analysis and translation of information displayed from one representation to another in complex routine situations &#8211; analysis and translation of information displayed from one representation to another in simple routine situations &#8211; translation of information displayed from one representation to another in simple routine situations<br \/>\nCJ4 &#8211; use of mathematical reasoning to develop logical sequences in simple non-routine through to complex routine situations using everyday and\/or mathematical language &#8211; use of mathematical reasoning to develop logical sequences in simple non-routine and\/or complex routine situations using everyday and\/or mathematical language &#8211; development of logical sequences in simple routine situations using everyday and\/or mathematical language<br \/>\nCJ5 &#8211; justification of the reasonableness of results obtained through technology or other means<\/p>\n<p>The information below is to be used for Q1, Q2 and Q3, along with Map 1 \u2013 The Whitsundays.<\/p>\n<p>A race course has been designed off the coast of the islands of the Whitsundays. The race is for small sailing boats capable of maintaining speeds of approximately 12knots in the weather conditions typical of this region. The information below describes the locations of the buoys that mark the start\/finish line and the four buoys to be used to define the legs of the race.<\/p>\n<p>the Start\/Finish line is marked by two buoys. One buoy is located at the co-ordinates<br \/>\n(149\u00b0 51\u20220\u2019 E, 20\u00b0 02\u20222\u2019S) and the other is located at (149\u00b0 51\u20220\u2019 E, 20\u00b0 02\u20226\u2019S)<\/p>\n<p>the Blue buoy is due west of the Hayman Radio Mast and on a transit line from<br \/>\nMt Merkara and Pioneer Rocks<\/p>\n<p>the Green buoy is located so that the Hook Is Lighthouse is on a bearing of 065\u00b0T and<br \/>\nHannah Pt is on a bearing of 140\u00b0T.<\/p>\n<p>the Yellow buoy is located so that the WKRP Radio Mast is on a bearing of 060\u00b0T and<br \/>\nNara Light is on a bearing of 330\u00b0T.<\/p>\n<p>the Red buoy is located so that Reef Pt is on a bearing of 110\u00b0T and South Head is on a<br \/>\nbearing of 210\u00b0T.<\/p>\n<p>Q1 On Map 1 &#8211; The Whitsundays, locate all the buoys that define the race course.<\/p>\n<p>Note : All construction lines must remain visible, including north lines.<br \/>\n: A meticulous approach is required, as errors of measurement will affect the<br \/>\ngrades allocated to your solutions.<\/p>\n<p>KP2 C D E CJ1 C D E CJ3 C<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Q2 The race committee decide on a race consisting of six legs:<\/p>\n<p>Leg 1 : Start line to anticlockwise around the blue buoy.<br \/>\nLeg 2 : Blue buoy to anticlockwise around the green buoy.<br \/>\nLeg 3 : Green buoy to clockwise around the yellow buoy.<br \/>\nLeg 4 : Yellow buoy to clockwise around the red buoy.<br \/>\nLeg 5 : Red buoy clockwise around the blue buoy.<br \/>\nLeg 6 : Blue buoy to finish line.<\/p>\n<p>For each leg of the course, determine a heading, a length and an estimate of the time<br \/>\nrequired for the completion of the leg.<\/p>\n<p>Also, produce an estimate for the expected duration of the entire race and comment on<br \/>\nthe reliability of this estimate.<\/p>\n<p>Note : All construction lines must remain visible, including north lines.<br \/>\n: A meticulous approach is required, as errors of measurement will affect the<br \/>\ngrades allocated to your solutions.<\/p>\n<p>KP1 C D E MPS3 C<\/p>\n<p>CJ1 C D E CJ2 C D<\/p>\n<p>Q3 Before the race, a powered boat is taken out to investigate the direction of the<br \/>\nprevailing current in the region\u2019s waters . The aim is to sail on a preset course and determine whether the boat has been taken off course by currents.<\/p>\n<p>The starting point has South Reef Rocks on a bearing of 010\u00b0T and Hook Is Lighthouse on a bearing of 100\u00b0T. The Hook Is Radio Mast is clearly visible from the starting point and the timed run started at 10:30am.<\/p>\n<p>The boat\u2019s log indicates a course of 150\u00b0T and a speed of 8\u20228knots. At 11:15am, the Hook<br \/>\nIs Radio Mast is now visible on a bearing of 040\u00b0T.<\/p>\n<p>By locating the boat\u2019s final position on the map, determine how many degrees off-course the boat has been carried and calculate the direction and speed of the current. Justify your solutions.<\/p>\n<p>Note : All construction lines must remain visible, including north lines.<br \/>\n: A meticulous approach is required, as errors of measurement will affect the<br \/>\ngrades allocated to your solutions.<\/p>\n<p>KP2 B C D E MPS3 B C MPS4 B<\/p>\n<p>CJ1 B C D E CJ2 B C D CJ4 B C<\/p>\n<p>The information below is to be used for Q4, Q5 and Q6, along with Map 2 &#8211; Hypothetical Bay.<\/p>\n<p>Q4 Your location is currently : ________________________________<\/p>\n<p>and you are travelling on a course of : ________________________________<\/p>\n<p>You travel on this course for five nautical miles and during this short trip, you make regular and careful observations of the angle of elevation to the top of Critchley Peak (altitude 1 140m).<\/p>\n<p>Produce a graph of \u201cAngle of Elevation Vs Distance travelled along course\u201d for your journey to identify largest angle of elevation that would be obtained.<\/p>\n<p>Then identify the exact location(s) producing the greatest angle of elevation and clearly explain the reasons for those locations producing a maximum angle.<\/p>\n<p>KP2 A B C D E MPS2 A B MPS3 A B C<\/p>\n<p>CJ1 A B C D E CJ4 A B C CJ5 A<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Q5 A local yacht club is having its monthly race day and the race is already underway. Six boats are approaching the finish line &#8211; a straight line between Paula\u2019s Light and Fairway Beacon.<\/p>\n<p>At 3:00pm, the boats in first place through to sixth place report their positions, bearing<br \/>\nand speed to race headquarters by radio. The information is tabulated below:<\/p>\n<p>Name Position<br \/>\n(True bearing) Course<br \/>\n(True Bearing) Current Speed<br \/>\n(Knots)<br \/>\nAstral Trent\u2019s Light at 223\u00b0<br \/>\nPamela\u2019s Light at 120\u00b0 320\u00b0 12<br \/>\nBumblebee Paula\u2019s Light at 340\u00b0<br \/>\nTrent\u2019s Light at 210\u00b0 320\u00b0 8<br \/>\nCalamity II Pamela\u2019s Light at 020\u00b0<br \/>\nReid Light at 260\u00b0 325\u00b0 15<br \/>\nDelight Reid Light at 205\u00b0<br \/>\nPamela\u2019s Light at 075\u00b0 330\u00b0 16<br \/>\nEmpire II Paula\u2019s Light at 020\u00b0<br \/>\nPamela\u2019s Light at 110\u00b0 000\u00b0 9<br \/>\nFantasy Mark\u2019s Light at 260\u00b0<br \/>\nCritchley Peak at 350\u00b0 338\u00b0 18<\/p>\n<p>From this data, estimate the finishing time, and hence the placings, for the six boats.<br \/>\nComment on the reliability of your answer.<\/p>\n<p>Note : All construction lines must remain visible, including north lines.<br \/>\n: A meticulous approach is required, as errors of measurement will affect the<br \/>\ngrades allocated to your solutions.<\/p>\n<p>KP1 A B C D E MPS2 A B MPS3 A B C<\/p>\n<p>CJ3 A B C CJ5 A<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Q6 As the boats are finishing the race, a storm that has been threatening to disrupt the day\u2019s activities finally hits the region.<\/p>\n<p>As the severity of the storm increases, the race control station receives two distress calls simultaneously. The captain of the Gregorian makes the following call:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe have lost our sail and motor and most of our equipment in the storm. We<br \/>\nare in line with Gregory\u2019s Light and Paula\u2019s Light, and believe that we are on<br \/>\na 240 bearing to Trent\u2019s Light. We are drifting north at about 2\u00bd knots. We<br \/>\nneed help.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The captain of the Hyperion calls in the following information:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe have lost our rudder and motor. We cannot get our sails down and we<br \/>\nare stuck on a heading of 245T. We took a sighting of Trent\u2019s Light at 274<br \/>\nand Reid Light at 233, 32 minutes ago. We now see that the angle on the bow<br \/>\nof Reid Light has about doubled. We need help.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>You have two rescue crews available, both based at Ryan Point. Both rescue vessels<br \/>\nhave a top speed of 16 knots. The first rescue crew (Rescue #1) is able to leave immediately and the second rescue crew (Rescue #2) are able to leave in two minutes.<\/p>\n<p>Determine whether both rescue vessels are required and devise a justified rescue plan to<br \/>\ndeal with both distress calls.<\/p>\n<p>KP1 A B C D E KP2 A B C D E MPS3 A B C<\/p>\n<p>MPS4 A B CJ2 A B C D CJ5 A<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>2 MATHS A<br \/>\nITEM 4<\/p>\n<p>Question 3: Business<\/p>\n<p>PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY ! THIS IS FOR A PORTION OF A GROUP PROJECT. PREVIOUS ASSIGNMENT AND TOPIC IS ATTACHED.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Instruction<br \/>\nPresent the company chosen and reasoning for your selection of that company using non narrated power point slides.] Corporation chosen addressing legal, ethical or political topic<\/p>\n<p>Legal Issues: McDonalds Unethical Marketing<br \/>\nMcDonald\u2019s corporation deals with the selling of fast food in different regions of the world. The corporation runs more than 30, 000 restaurants in the six continents (Green 2015). The company operates in approximately a hundred countries in the world. Therefore, it has a lot of stakeholders, starting from employees, shareholders, partners, and customers. The company needs to maintain professionalism and ethical conducts with its significant stakeholders. This paper explores the legal issue which the McDonald\u2019s Corporation faced regarding the advertisement of their food to children under 13 years in Quebec. The paper validates the statement that the McDonalds were guilty of breaking the Quebec law on the ad.<br \/>\nThe case has it that a Canadian dad of three sued the McDonald for wrongfully advertising Happy Meals to kids, asserting that the organization violated laws in Quebec that oppose the advertisement of items to children under thirteen years of age (Ol\u0161anov\u00e1, 2013). Court statement reads that Antonio Bramante has three youthful youngsters and goes to a McDonald&#8217;s caf\u00e9 somewhere around like clockwork at their support. He is looking for payment from the chain for items made in recent years and needs to prevent the organization from advertising toys and glad dinners to kids coming up. Antonio\u2019s claim expresses that the toys that accompany Happy Meals are promoted with the dispatch of kids&#8217; motion pictures and are regularly part of an arrangement, inciting his family to come back to the caf\u00e9 to finish the set. The court archives, interpreted from their unique French, likewise express that toys are shown in stands at the tyke&#8217;s eye level, which Bramante&#8217;s lawyer Joey Zukran cases infringe upon laws that are a piece of Quebec&#8217;s Consumer Protection Act (Ol\u0161anov\u00e1, 2013).<br \/>\nA representative for McDonald&#8217;s Canada told CNBC by email that the organization had gotten the decision and will look at it cautiously (Ol\u0161anov\u00e1, 2013). He asserted that the corporation knows about its commitments under Quebec&#8217;s laws regarding advertisement and emphasize that it does accept this class activity has to merit. Also, the representative held that the corporation appreciates the long partnership with the Quebecers and their families, who have been making the most of McDonald&#8217;s for over 45 years,&#8221; the representative included. Advertising to less than thirteen years of age has been prohibited in Quebec since the 1970s with three special cases: publicizing in kids&#8217; magazines, publicizing kids&#8217; stimulation occasions and promoting using store windows, shows, holders, bundling or marks (Ol\u0161anov\u00e1, 2013). Zuckerman, a lawyer at LPC Avocet, told CNBC by telephone that McDonald&#8217;s toy showcases are not secured by this particular case, with the judgment expressing that the organization works caf\u00e9s as opposed to stores. Regardless of whether they are viewed as stores, Zuckerman stated that must not &#8220;straightforwardly prompt a tyke to purchase products or administrations,&#8221; as indicated by the buyer security act.<br \/>\nZuckerman claims that his firm has had an &#8220;immense&#8221; reaction from different buyers, as any individual who purchases a Happy Meal in Quebec since November 2013 can demand to be a piece of the activity (Ol\u0161anov\u00e1, 2013). He would not give a number but instead asserts that the site smashed because of individuals&#8217; advantage. He indicated the long-running &#8220;Mc-Label&#8221; instance of the 1990s in which McDonald&#8217;s sued activists who were a piece of the London Greenpeace society. The activists presented claims that McDonald exposed children to advertisement contrary to the demands of Quebec. The judge dismissed a lot of sued mistakes but held that the act of marketing to their products through manipulative ad was wrong.<br \/>\nSuffice it to mention that, since the McDonald Corporation embraces the utilitarian theory, it is wrong. It is because the adverts seduce young people, and it does not employ transparency, especially to its customers. Utilitarianism holds that an action is right if it directs pleasure to a maximum number of people; instead, they sell fast food, which brings about ill- health to the observers.<\/p>\n<p>References<br \/>\nGreen, S. (2015). McDonald&#8217;s. Bellwether Media.<br \/>\nOl\u0161anov\u00e1, K. (2013). FOOD MARKETING TO CHILDREN-REVIEW OF THE ISSUE FOR FURTHER EXPLORATION. Central European Business Review, 2(3).<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 4: Psychology<\/p>\n<p>Instruction<br \/>\nDifferent due dates. LOOK AT ASSIGNMENT FOR DUE DATES<br \/>\nProblem Solving Template<\/p>\n<p>Now that you have critically analyzed the problem\/issue the next step is generating a solution. Please review the following steps in creating the problem resolution for your identified problem\/issue<\/p>\n<p>Step 1<br \/>\nIdentify the goal in developing a resolution.<\/p>\n<p>Using the evacuation plan example, the goal would be to prevent the Hurricane Katrina disaster from occurring again by creating an effective, well developed evacuation plan.<\/p>\n<p>Step 2<br \/>\nList as many possible solutions as you can generate. They don\u2019t all have to be effective, practical or realistic. You can consider what other states have done in similar situations.<\/p>\n<p>A short list of possible solutions for the evacuation plan for New Orleans:<br \/>\nHave emergency management officials trained on a variety of evacuation plans from around the country prior to revising the plan for New Orleans<\/p>\n<p>Develop evacuation plan drills for the city to practice the plan to ensure that it works properly.<\/p>\n<p>Develop ways to educate\/inform the entire city about the newly revised evacuation plan including how it works, maps on where people would go and how they would get there.<\/p>\n<p>Step 3<br \/>\nFor each possible solution discuss the advantages and disadvantages. Is it a realistic solution? Is it manageable? What are the costs and benefits of the solution? What are the challenges and barriers to the solution?<\/p>\n<p>Using the example of evacuation drills for the city<br \/>\nThis is probably not a realistic plan considering the size of the city. It would be financially costly to do evacuation drills as the emergency prepared staff would have to be paid, the National Guard troops would have to be alerted. It\u2019s also probably unmanageable as it would require that the residents leave their jobs, and it would cause multiple traffic jams.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Step 4<br \/>\nChoose the resolution that seems best suited to work in alleviating the problem\/issue to include in the capstone document.<\/p>\n<p>Assignment One Due July 24, 2019<br \/>\nOnly a few paragraphs!!!<br \/>\nPost by Day 3\u00a0your thoughts on the importance of training trauma-response helping professionals prior to their engagement in trauma work. Then describe the trauma-response helping professional you selected in the media carousel. As a counselor, explain how you could help this individual prevent vicarious trauma prior to his or her exposure to trauma and why.<\/p>\n<p>Assignment Two Due July 27, 2019<br \/>\nDebriefing is the opportunity to process thoughts and feelings related to trauma work and traumatic events. There are a number of debriefing models and selecting the type of model is dependant upon the type of trauma work being implemented. For example, many health care organizations adopt the critical incident stress debriefing model (originated from the military) because it has been the most effective method for large organizations (Morrissette, 2004). Think of what type of debriefing model might be effective in your organization or practice.<br \/>\nFor this Application Assignment, you select two types of debriefing models and examine the effective elements of the models which aid to mitigate vicarious trauma.<\/p>\n<p>The assignment: (2\u20133 pages)<br \/>\n\u2981 Describe two types of debriefing models.<br \/>\n\u2981 Compare the similarities and differences of each model. Be specific.<br \/>\n\u2981 Explain how each debriefing model reviews the traumatic event, provides for emotional ventilation, and meets the intended outcome of the debriefing session.<br \/>\n\u2981 Select a training element you would add to a debriefing session to maximize the potential to prevent vicarious trauma. Justify your selection by using the Learning Resources and current literature. Be specific.<br \/>\n\u2981<br \/>\n\u2981 Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<br \/>\n\u2981<br \/>\n\u2981<\/p>\n<p>Question 5: Psychology<\/p>\n<p>Will upload the 8 resolutions soon<\/p>\n<p>\u2981 Review the &#8220;Problem Solving Template&#8221; (located in the Resources area on the left navigation bar), paying particular attention to the section on analyzing the solution.<br \/>\n\u2981 Review the list of potential resolutions generated in Week 8 and identify the resolution you deem most likely to address the identified problem.<br \/>\n\u2981 Consider the following questions for the resolution you have selected:<br \/>\n\u2981 Is the resolution realistic?<br \/>\n\u2981 What are the consequences of the resolution, and who would be impacted?<br \/>\n\u2981 What would be the challenges and barriers to implementing the resolution?<\/p>\n<p>The assignment:<\/p>\n<p>Submit a 1- to 2-page description of the selected resolution with its advantages and disadvantages. Also explain challenges and barriers to its implementation.<\/p>\n<p>Problem Solving Template<\/p>\n<p>Now that you have critically analyzed the problem\/issue the next step is generating a solution. Please review the following steps in creating the problem resolution for your identified problem\/issue<\/p>\n<p>Step 1<br \/>\nIdentify the goal in developing a resolution.<\/p>\n<p>Using the evacuation plan example, the goal would be to prevent the Hurricane Katrina disaster from occurring again by creating an effective, well developed evacuation plan.<\/p>\n<p>Step 2<br \/>\nList as many possible solutions as you can generate. They don\u2019t all have to be effective, practical or realistic. You can consider what other states have done in similar situations.<\/p>\n<p>A short list of possible solutions for the evacuation plan for New Orleans:<br \/>\nHave emergency management officials trained on a variety of evacuation plans from around the country prior to revising the plan for New Orleans<\/p>\n<p>Develop evacuation plan drills for the city to practice the plan to ensure that it works properly.<\/p>\n<p>Develop ways to educate\/inform the entire city about the newly revised evacuation plan including how it works, maps on where people would go and how they would get there.<\/p>\n<p>Step 3<br \/>\nFor each possible solution discuss the advantages and disadvantages. Is it a realistic solution? Is it manageable? What are the costs and benefits of the solution? What are the challenges and barriers to the solution?<\/p>\n<p>Using the example of evacuation drills for the city<br \/>\nThis is probably not a realistic plan considering the size of the city. It would be financially costly to do evacuation drills as the emergency prepared staff would have to be paid, the National Guard troops would have to be alerted. It\u2019s also probably unmanageable as it would require that the residents leave their jobs, and it would cause multiple traffic jams.<\/p>\n<p>Step 4<br \/>\nChoose the resolution that seems best suited to work in alleviating the problem\/issue to include in the capstone document.<\/p>\n<p>Question 6: Health Care<\/p>\n<p>Assignment #3: Major Research Paper<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 7: Science<\/p>\n<p>Instruction<br \/>\nIt requires for you to create a PowerPoint presentation reviewing a book that has been selected. The book is based upon environmental studies and is at least 250 pages long. The presentation has to be at least 18 slides long and meet certain criteria. There is no narration required. I will provide the complete rubric after assigning it. I will also provide the book information as well at that time.<\/p>\n<p>Question 8: Business<\/p>\n<p>Finance assignment in the MBA Program.<\/p>\n<p>M004 (E04)<br \/>\nMANAGERIAL FINANCE (60%)<br \/>\nCOURSEWORK 2 (Individual Work)<\/p>\n<p>Individual End-of-module Report<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>In the role of a management consultant, prepare a succinct and detailed business report for the Board of Directors of your chosen company. Extend your research from coursework 1 on financial analysis of the performance of your company to include financial and non-financial performance indicators and organizations KPIs and design a balanced scorecard and linked strategy map.<\/p>\n<p>You are required to use the same company as in coursework 1 but permitted to choose a different company only in exceptional circumstances (for example if the company is no longer trading). Your seminar tutor will approve your choice of organization sub-unit for CW2.<\/p>\n<p>The vision, strategy or goal that you identify can be published by the organization (e.g. in their Annual Report) or identified by yourself as appropriate for the organization.<br \/>\nTask:<br \/>\n\u2981 Identify the vision and strategy of either:<br \/>\n\u2981 The entire organization or<br \/>\n\u2981 One unit of the organization or<br \/>\n\u2981 One major long term financial and strategic investment that the company is involved with. (10 marks)<\/p>\n<p>\u2981 Critically discuss and evaluate balanced scorecards for performance management and monitoring. (20 marks)<\/p>\n<p>\u2981 Using published information and material from coursework 1, prepare a Balance Scorecard suitable for use by the directors and managers of the chosen organization to align business activities to identified vision and strategy, and to monitor performance against strategic goals. (20 marks)<\/p>\n<p>\u2981 Build a strategic map to describe and explain how each aspect of the balanced scorecard can assist your company in achieving its goals and targets.<br \/>\n(10 marks)<br \/>\n\u2981 Summarize your recommendations of the balance scorecard and strategic map to the board. (20 marks)<\/p>\n<p>\u2981 Provide a meaningful executive summary of approximately 200 words at the beginning of your report. (10 marks)<br \/>\n\u2981 Format your report professionally and acknowledge all sources according to CULC Harvard standard. (10 marks)<\/p>\n<p>This assignment tests achievement of all our module learning outcomes:<\/p>\n<p>\u2981 Select and apply appropriate accounting techniques to critically analyze financial data in a variety of business decision making scenarios<br \/>\n\u2981 Make informed financial judgments based on the outcome of such accounting analyses<br \/>\n\u2981 Critically appraise the techniques used and the information to which they have been applied<br \/>\n\u2981 Demonstrate an critical understanding to the internal, external and legal environments in which the judgments are being made<\/p>\n<p>Report Format:<\/p>\n<p>\u2981 The maximum word count for the main text excluding tables is 2,500 words.<br \/>\n\u2981 Exceeding the word count by more than 10% can result in a reduction of marks.<br \/>\n\u2981 Only the main text excluding any tables and diagrams counts, also excluding the contents page, executive summary, list of references and appendix.<br \/>\n2. The assignment must have a front cover stating:<br \/>\n\u2981 Module number and name and seminar group number<br \/>\n\u2981 Title of the assignment<br \/>\n\u2981 Student name and ID<br \/>\n\u2981 Submission date<br \/>\n\u2981 Word count as defined above<\/p>\n<p>3. All pages must be numbered<br \/>\n4. An executive summary of approximately 200 words is required (not included in the overall word count).<br \/>\n5. A short introduction is required (and included in the word count), even if it is not explicit in the assessment criteria.<br \/>\n6. A reasonable number of appendices may be used for relevant supporting information and to demonstrate your calculations and analysis.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Special plagiarism warning:<\/p>\n<p>This warning is in addition to our general policy on academic practice:<\/p>\n<p>1. Do not feel tempted to copy a Balanced Scorecard from the internet. The task is that you develop the Balanced Scorecard yourself.<br \/>\n2. Do not feel tempted to copy a Strategy Map from the internet. The task is that you develop a Strategy Map yourself based on your own Balanced Scorecard.<br \/>\n3. When you take ideas or information from Coursework 1, please make sure you acknowledge it like any other source in-text and in the reference list. Direct quotes must be marked with quotation marks. An appropriate entry in the reference list would look like:<\/p>\n<p>Teekeng, N., Chongmankhong, Y. and Mwangi, H. (2012) Google Financial Analysis. Unpublished Coursework. London: Coventry University London Campus<\/p>\n<p>Quoting your own material from previous coursework without acknowledgement is called \u201cself- plagiarism\u201d and a form of academic misconduct equal to other forms of plagiarism.<br \/>\nThe rubric by which your report will be assessed follows on page 4. It is important that prior to you submitting your work, you read this and objectively assess your response against the rubric. This will ensure that you have done enough to attain the marks you wish to achieve.<\/p>\n<p>Final submission date: displayed on Black Board M004 front page.<\/p>\n<p>Use the CW2 submission link for Coursework 2 to upload your assignment<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 9: General<\/p>\n<p>Business plan report on Starbucks. Partly completed and each section has questions to areas that need to be covered.<\/p>\n<p>BADM690 Strategic Management Project Guidelines<br \/>\nTable of Contents<br \/>\nRequired Submissions&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;2 Tips for Writing the Plan&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;..3 Project Format&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;4 Expectations &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;5 Suggested Section Topics &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 7 Full Outline&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;..8<br \/>\n1<br \/>\nRequired Submissions:<br \/>\nThis project allows you to apply concepts learned in this class and your other graduate business courses. Make sure your report has been specifically prepared ONLY for this class. You must include a statement on your project cover page that the paper has NOT been submitted for credit in a previous class and will not be submitted for credit in any future class, either in whole or in part.<br \/>\nYou may work either with a team (max 3 students) or independently on this project. You should identify a \u201creal life\u201d company that you can have enough access to in-depth financial and operational information to fully analyze the company\u2019s strategic management situation. It would be best if you (or a group member) work in the company you want to analyze. This will facilitate the flow of information. This project has the following assignments or requirements:<br \/>\n\u2981 (1) \u00a0A PROJECT PROPOSAL from each person. You should submit a 1-2 page proposal that describes the company you are using for the project and the plan you have for completion. Document how you plan to get relevant company information. Ideally, you will analyze the entire company and then focus on specific projects and initiatives. You should include a proposed timeline for completion. If you are working with a group, explain how you plan to work with group members (who, when, where, etc.). The proposal should be completed individually so that I can confirm that all students have a project that will work for this assignment. You will need to submit the proposal in the \u201cProject Proposal\u201d assignment dropbox available under the Project tab. (4%-individual submission and grade).<br \/>\n\u2981 (2) \u00a0A PROJECT UPDATE from each person. You should submit a 1-2 page paper that describes your progress. Explain what problems you have run into and how you plan to overcome those. Specifically list which sections you have completed and what is still remaining. Include an updated completion timeline from your proposal. If you are working with a group, explain how your group members are collaborating (who, when, where, etc.). You will need to submit the update in the \u201cProject Update\u201d assignment drop box available under the Project tab. (4%-individual submission and grade)<br \/>\n\u2981 (3) \u00a0A FINAL REPORT that includes all of the detailed data, sources of information and an in depth analysis as well as a more exhaustive discussion of all of the points contained in the outline provided below. You will need to submit the final report in the Turnitin link called \u201cFinal Report\u201d, which is available under the Project tab. (15%-group\/individual grade)<br \/>\n\u2981 (4) \u00a0A POWERPOINT\/PREZI describing the Final Report that is a professional presentation. The presentation should summarize the findings and recommendations. The submission must be placed in the drop-box called \u201cPowerpoint\u201d which is available under the Project tab. (4%-group\/individual grade)<br \/>\n\u2981 (5) \u00a0A COURSE REFLECTION PAPER that describes your experiences and learning in this course. You should describe the strengths and weaknesses in your capstone project. What did you feel that you did really well? What areas could you have improved on? If you worked in a group, specifically discuss the positive and\/or negative contributions made by each individual. Also, please explain what new knowledge, skills, and\/or abilities you have learned from the project and the case studies. Which case study did you enjoy most\/least and why? In addition, please describe how the text material you<br \/>\n2<br \/>\nstudied this this course relates to: (a) your project, (b) the case studies, and (c) your current\/past\/future workplace. Use specific examples\/concepts from the chapters. Also, include your opinions on different aspects of the course. What was most helpful to you? What was least helpful? How could you have improved your course experience and how could I have improved your semester? Finally, please include a section describing what comes next for you. What will your life look like post-MBA? Will you look for a new job, get a promotion, get married, move, go back for another degree (i.e. DBA, JD, PhD), and\/or just enjoy more free time? The reflection paper should be approximately 5 pages and should be submitted in the drop-box called \u201cCourse Reflection\u201d which is available under the Project tab. (10%-individual submission and grade).<br \/>\nYour first step is to decide whether you want to work independently or in a group. If you want to work alone, you will need to sign-up in the \u2018Solo Sign-up List\u2019. To sign-up, select any available Solo#. You must sign-up in a Solo# so that the assignments will be available for you, and you will be able to access your grades.<br \/>\nIf you would like to work in a group, you need to first find or contact other students willing to work with you. To do so, you need to post your information on the discussion board link \u2018Looking for Project Partners\u2019. Once you have contacted other students, and agreed to work together, SIGN-UP in any available Group# in the Group Sign-up List. Please, select a Group Number that is available and make sure to sign-up on the correct Group# (The Group# with your chosen team members)! Please, make sure that all members register in the same Group #, so look for your partners before signing up. Also, do not sign-up in a group without permission or agreement that you will work with the group. You must contact the members first.<br \/>\nThe maximum number of members in each group should be 3. Keep in mind that the higher the number of members, the higher the expectations from the report.<br \/>\nYour next step will be to decide the company to analyze and begin your project proposal.<br \/>\nTips for Writing this Plan:<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0All of the writing involved in the assignment should include the use of proper citations (APA) for sources quoted or used. This applies to both the powerpoint presentation as well as the accompanying complete report.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Grammar, spelling, and formatting are important. Just because the document has passed spell check doesn\u2019t mean the word is correctly used in context or spelled correctly in context. Please use a traditional 12 pt. font.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Your powerpoint presentation is to be done from the vantage point of an executive presentation to senior management including the CEO, COO, CFO, etc.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Clearly identify the readers of this document. Then write the plan in a style that is easily understood by readers.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Remember that this plan is a working document that has the clear purpose of initiating focussed action and generating clear and measurable results. Avoid the excessive use of<br \/>\n3<br \/>\ndescriptive adjectives to &#8216;pad&#8217; or over-sell the plan. Flowery, highly descriptive language can cloud key issues, blur the plan&#8217;s focus and slow\/confuse its implementation<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Keep the plan &#8216;tight&#8217;; ensure it remains concise, balanced, clear and logical. Where possible use quantitative rather than qualitative information. Remember the KISSS approach to planning; keep it simple, short and specific. Interlink all Sections, with the Market Analysis (SWOT) providing a clear focus for all subsequent sections.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Focus on facts and information from credible and reputable sources. Where possible avoid critical dependencies on one source of information. Build redundancy into information sources. Make sure to validate all key information used in the plan.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Always remember that faulty assumptions and faulty logic are some of the greatest hazards to business performance and business planning. Also remember that a good plan implemented today will always beat an excellent plan implemented sometime in the future. So, get the plan completed and into action as soon as is practicable. Also, plans must be adaptive to changing circumstances. If the plan is not performing be prepared to complete &#8216;major surgery&#8217; on it.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0If any information is overly repetitive between sections, skip it and note that that information has been covered and where to find it.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0If any section doesn\u2019t apply to your industry\/company, skip it and note that it is irrelevant.<br \/>\nProject Format:<br \/>\nThe format of the final report must be digitally submitted using a 12 pt. font in word (.DOC) document format. You must use the outline provided. The main document should include a minimum of 25 and a maximum of 40 double-spaced pages (if you go above this number, make sure that the information provided is necessary). Appendices may be located at the end the report, and are not included in your maximum page count. Your references may also appear at the end of the report, before the appendix. Organize the final report under section headings and subheadings as needed. Finally, as in most business writing, the paper should adequately convey and document what you want to say, but otherwise be no longer than necessary.<br \/>\nThe final written report will be graded primarily on its content, however, format and presentation is important too. Grading will also consider the report&#8217;s organization (sequence of ideas), balance (evidence of comparable degree of analysis in sections of comparable importance), style (English usage, grammar and punctuation), and its implementation schedule.<br \/>\n\uf020If you are interested in modifying the plan, please ask. I am flexible and I want you to<br \/>\n4<br \/>\nget as much out of your time in my class as possible.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Citations and References<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0You MUST use APA style. Please, look on the Internet or purchase the APA guides. In addition, Microsoft Word Software comes with these Citations styles functions embedded in the system. Please, do not use Chicago or Turabian styles.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0It is very important that you use the proper in-text citations and reference style. Footnotes<br \/>\n\uf020Footnotes in the text must be numbered and typed at the bottom of the page where the footnote is made or on a separate page following the text (i.e., endnote). A footnote or endnote should be used to clarify the text, define terms, make comments, or to list additional sources. Footnotes provide additional information that would detract from the subject being discussed in the body of the text. Again, Microsoft Word software provides this function, which is easy to use!<br \/>\nFigures and Tables Captions<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Search online for the APA and how to caption figures and tables. Then, look online for how to caption figures and tables using Microsoft. http:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/education\/AddCaption.aspx<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Remember, if captioning Tables, the caption goes at the TOP of the Tables. However, if captioning figures or graph, the caption goes below the figures or graph and should include the source of the table (unless you have developed).<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0All Tables\/Charts\/Figures should have a descriptive title. Power Point<br \/>\n\uf020In addition to the written report each team\/individual will prepare a POWERPOINT presentation. Assume this presentation will be displayed for a team of venture capitalists, entrepreneurs, and directors of the business you selected that may be in attendance to assist in the evaluation of your plan. It should be professional, but interesting. It should probably be between 15-25 slides, but that is not a requirement only a recommendation.<br \/>\nExpectations for the Capstone Project:<br \/>\nYour success in the business world will depend, to a large extent, on your ability to communicate. Courses during your first few years at the Business School provided the opportunity to hone your written and oral communication skills. This course will provide you with the opportunity to develop further both of these skills. You will be required to write a formal report, which might possibly be available for external judges at the end of the semester and try to convince them of the strength of your Project. The goal of this paper is to examine a company in depth to identify strategies that may have a positive impact on the firm. Remember that a strategic change is typically initiated in reaction to a triggering event and is rare, consequential, and directive.<br \/>\nSubstance: You should substantiate what you are trying to convey with facts and data. In most cases, you will be asking the reader of your business report to commit substantial resources&#8211;financial, human, or physical&#8211;to a project. The decision-maker will not make<br \/>\n5<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>the decision because you think is a good concept. Rather, you will need to convince the reader by providing hard facts and data with appropriate citations. Your rationale and reasoning should be explained logically and clearly. Effective business reports are not documents put together at the last minute\u2014they take time to develop.<br \/>\nStyle: The style of your business reports should be clear, concise, and to the point. The executive reading the report does not want to be entertained. He or she wants the information necessary to make a decision. Avoid flowery language with lots of adjectives and adverbs. I have high expectations. If you want to excel in the business world you should too.<br \/>\nOutline: You should follow the outline provided. However, most word processing software includes an outlining function. Use it. Begin your reports by developing an outline to organize your thoughts and the concepts you are trying to convey. The more comprehensive and detailed your outline, the easier it will be to write the report.<br \/>\nProofread: Carefully proofread each draft of the report. You will probably need three or four drafts before you are satisfied with the report.<br \/>\nExhibits\/Tables\/Appendices: I do not expect to receive exhibits or appendices with your handwriting on them. Instead, you should have typed exhibit numbers (let me know if you want some help). This includes copying exhibits from other sources. Unless you are using a photograph that cannot be reproduced in Word document, I expect you to make models, charts, spreadsheets on your own. This takes time but it is all part of being professional. Also, it is important to use captions for Figures or Graphs and Tables. If using Microsoft Word (or any word processor), you can select (highlight) the figure or table, then right click and select insert caption. This will insert automatically the caption (Figure 1 or Table 1) label and number. By doing this you will be able to use the captions as reference in the report. Finally, for Figures and Graphs the captions should be inserted below the graphs. For Tables, the captions should be inserted above the table. Check these in any of your textbooks, look how tables and graphs are reported.<br \/>\nDue dates: Reports are due on the dates assigned and there is no time in the schedule for the report to be turned in late because grades are due to the registrar just after the project due date.<br \/>\nGrading: Reports will be graded as if I were an executive trying to make a business decision based upon the written report. Grading will be competitive. That is, your reports will be graded relative to those turned in by your classmates. Proper spelling, syntax, grammar, punctuation, bibliography, citations, footnotes, and professional appearance are expected. Your grade may be lowered as much as two full letter grades if these areas are lacking.<br \/>\nReviewing papers: I am willing to discuss the logical reasoning and proposed content of your reports. Before visiting my office, emailing or calling me, you should have made significant progress and should be well prepared.<br \/>\nPlagiarism: Don\u2019t do it. Students are expected to adhere to the University policies regarding academic honesty as stated in the student handbook. Cheating or plagiarism will not be tolerated. Plagiarism includes taking exhibits or ideas from books or websites without giving credit to appropriate sources in addition to direct copy\/paste instances. I am very strict about this and I will not hesitate to report academic dishonesty to the university. The work you submit MUST be your own thoughts and written in your own words. Written<br \/>\n6<br \/>\nassignments will be run through TURNITIN.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>If your submission is above that limit you may be asked to redo the assignment or depending on the severity of the infraction, you<br \/>\nmay even receive an automatic 0 on the assignment (and therefore fail the course). In addition, you may also receive an academic dishonesty warning\/report.<br \/>\nSuggested Section Topics:<br \/>\nThe following is a simple, but effective planning format that will fit many of the sections in this plan. The format is not rigid and should be adapted to the requirements of individual sections as applicable. The four sub-sections that comprise the suggested format are as follows:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Current Situation<br \/>\nClearly and concisely present the current situation with any contributing history, and any trends, cycles, changes or future developments that are relevant<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Key Issues<br \/>\nClearly define the most urgent and important issues as they relate to the current situation for this Section, and the overall purpose of this plan and the company&#8217;s Mission. Key issues are usually those strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, capability gaps and impediments that impact on business performance<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Strategies to Address the Key Issues<br \/>\nFormulate strategies using the SMAAART acronym to address the key issues. SMAAART (Specific, Measurable, Action-orientated, Achievable, Affordable, Relevant and Time-bound)<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Key Performance Measures and Targets<br \/>\nEstablish key performance measures\/indicators, performance targets and time lines in conjunction with the strategies to assess and improve performance<br \/>\nFor your capstone project there is no reason<br \/>\n7<br \/>\nfor the TURNITIN match to be any higher than 20%.<br \/>\nFinal Report Outline:<br \/>\nHere is a detailed outline of what you should include in your report. You should use the headings and subheadings, but your paper should be in paragraph form. If any of the headings\/subheadings do not apply to your project, just type does not apply or disregard the section.<br \/>\nThus, at a minimum you must develop a strategic plan for the study entity that adequately covers:<br \/>\n\u2981 i) \u00a0Title Page:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Strategic Business Plan for \u201cCompany Name\u201d<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Period of the Study (i.e. January 2018 to December 2019)<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Team Members<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Originality Statement<br \/>\n\u2981 ii) \u00a0Summary:<br \/>\n\u2981<br \/>\n\u2981 Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<br \/>\n\u2981<br \/>\n\u2981<br \/>\nThe Summary is the last section written, but is placed in the front of the paper. It should be restricted to two to three pages in length. In essence the summary is a very effective distillation of the overall strategic plan into a &#8216;hard hitting&#8217; summary of key performance initiatives and performance targets. Typically it would include a brief description of the company and then the following information about the proposed strategic plan:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Purpose:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0The Business Opportunity<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0The Product<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Main Findings:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0The Market Strategy<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0The Management Team<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Profit and Cash Projections<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Investment Needs<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Returns to Investors<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Conclusions and Recommendations<br \/>\n\u2981 iii) \u00a0Table of Contents<br \/>\n\u2981 iv) \u00a0Body of the report:<br \/>\n1) Strategic Focus<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0The Aim of this Plan: What do we wish to achieve with this plan (start, grow,<br \/>\nconsolidate, downsize, or exit)?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Our Mission: A Mission Statement clearly defines the primary purpose or<br \/>\nreasons for our existence. It is heavily focused on customer value. It is also vital to achieving organizational alignment. A mission statement typically provides clear and concise answers to the following questions:<br \/>\nRemember, I am flexible and I want this project to be as relevant to<br \/>\n8<br \/>\nyour situation as possible.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What products and services do we deliver?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Where and when do we deliver our products and services?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Which customer groups are our primary groups?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Where are our primary customers<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What tangible value do our products and services deliver to customers?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What is our competitive advantage?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What additional community and environmental benefits do we generate?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Answers to the above questions provide a start-point for preparing a statement that clearly positions the company in the minds of key stakeholders and customers<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Core Organizational Competencies: Which core organizational skills and competencies are vital to achieving our mission<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Organizational Values: What core organisational values must be imbedded in our organisation to establish a culture capable of achieving our Mission?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Highest Priority Goals: List up to six of your highest priority goals in order of priority. These goals are formulated at Section 17. Section 17 shows how to use the SMAAART acronym to write clear, concise action-oriented goal statements. SMAAART Goals &#8211; are Specific, Measurable, Action-oriented, Achievable, Affordable, Time-bound. An example of a SMAAART Goal: By 30 June 2002 to construct and commission a world-standard production and delivery facility capable of producing two 20 metre road bridges per month for direct installation in to Australia&#8217;s public road system.<br \/>\nIn essence strategic goals progressively take the company to its next level of performance and keep it there.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Goal One<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Goal Two<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Goal Three<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Goal Four<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Goal Five<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Goal Six<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Performance Objectives: The performance objectives below, in combination, form a performance scorecard for easily tracking the performance improvements generated by this plan. Section 17 provides the inputs for this scorecard. The planning team determines the composition of the performance scorecard.<br \/>\n9<br \/>\nPerformance Area Performance Measures Target Time Frame<br \/>\nFinancial Performance<br \/>\nCustomer and Market Performance<br \/>\nInternal Efficiency and Effectiveness<br \/>\nLong Term Development and Innovation<br \/>\n2) The Business:<br \/>\nProvide a concise overview of the business. Areas for consideration when preparing this section to include:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Owners\/Directors\/Shareholders\/Shareholdings<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0A brief history of the business<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Corporate and business cultures<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Nature of the business and it main activities<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Location<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Current stage in its life cycle<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Past performance and key achievements<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Key business advisors &#8211; Solicitor, Banker, Accountant, and Consultants<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Relationships with key stakeholders<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Competitive strengths and weaknesses<br \/>\n\u2981<br \/>\n\u2981 Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<br \/>\n\u2981<br \/>\n\u2981<br \/>\n3) Market Analysis<br \/>\nConduct a detailed analysis across each of the following areas to identify and quantify key market opportunities\/gaps, barriers to market entry, threats, compliance requirements, risks, performance multipliers, critical success factors, etc. that must be considered when developing high priority product development, marketing and business strategies. All budgetary and financial constraints must be factored in to this planning.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Global\/National Trends, Developments, Cycles and Changes of Relevance<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Macro-environment (i.e. political, economic, legal, social\/cultural,<br \/>\ndemographics, technology)<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Industry<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Markets, Customers and Suppliers<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Competitors and their Products<br \/>\nQuestions typically asked during the analysis would include:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What are the industry&#8217;s economics, critical success factors, key risks,<br \/>\ncompetitiveness, compliance and standards requirements, emerging trends<br \/>\nand key technologies?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Who are the key customers and major competitors in each target markets?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What are the sizes of the target markets? Are they growing? If yes, at what<br \/>\nrate?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What market share does each major competitor hold in your primary markets<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What are the strengths and weaknesses of major competitors and their<br \/>\nproducts?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What are the competitive price points for products in each market?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What competitive advantages must your products have to successfully enter<br \/>\nand compete in target markets?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0How will you differentiate your products and add more-customer-value than<br \/>\ncompetitors?<br \/>\nKey questions about your primary customers:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Specifically what need or problem does your product target?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Who will make the decision to purchase your products?<br \/>\n10<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What are their decision criteria?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Where are the products bought?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0How are the products bought?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0When are the products bought?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Why are the products bought?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0How well do you know your primary customers and key competitors?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0How strong are your relationships with key customers and key stakeholders?<br \/>\nHow do you involve them in product development? What factors will be<br \/>\ncritical to building strong and enduring brands with them?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What levels of demand for your products are realistic across your primary<br \/>\nmarkets?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0In order of priority what are your primary markets? Why?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0How will your primary competitors react when you enter their markets, now<br \/>\nand over the next two years?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What are you going to do about their responses?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What are the major barriers to market entry?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What are the critical success factors for each market?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What key product distribution, product support and customer service issues<br \/>\nmust be considered?<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Which companies and products are likely to become competitors in the<br \/>\nfuture?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What new or emerging technologies and substitute products are likely to<br \/>\nbecome threats in the future?<br \/>\n4) Products<br \/>\nBased on the findings of Section Three identify your product&#8217;s key strengths and weaknesses as they relate to key market opportunities and threats. Then develop strategies to address each issue (eg, build on strengths and correct weaknesses) for each product in your product portfolio. When preparing this section consider the following framework for clustering key issues and related strategies. All budgetary and financial constraints must be factored in to this planning.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Describe your current and near-future products?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What gives your products a clear competitive advantage?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What are the benefits and value provided to customer as opposed to<br \/>\n&#8216;features&#8217;?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What are the environmental and social impacts and implications?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What regulations, standards and codes must be complied with?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0At what stage is each product in its life-cycle? For example:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Research completed<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Prototype completed<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0In-house testing<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Customer testing<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Market ready<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0First up-grade completed<br \/>\n\uf020Also consider conducting the product analysis and planning for this section<br \/>\nacross the following stages:<br \/>\n11<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Current Situation<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Key Product and Market Issues<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Key Strategies<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Performance Measures and Targets<br \/>\n\u2981<br \/>\n\u2981 Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<br \/>\n\u2981<br \/>\n\u2981<br \/>\n5) Marketing<br \/>\nBased on discussions at previous sections develop a concise set of highly focussed marketing strategies for your most attractive and highest priority markets. These strategies will guide your market entry, market development, and brand building activities. Establish budgets for these activities. Set realistic and measurable performance targets and time lines for each market entry\/development strategy. These targets are critical to designing and building business and production capacities aligned with expected market demands on entry, and in to the future.<br \/>\nIn essence marketing strategies in combination create the well differentiated, high value and compelling proposition to customers that persuades them to purchase from you rather then a competitor. These strategies should build on the competitive strengths of the company while exploiting the weaknesses of key competitors. A highly competitive, high-value proposition to customers is typically created around the following drivers of competitive advantage:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Product distribution eg, simple, speedy and easy customer-access to the product<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Product benefits highly valued by the customer<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Product promotion<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Customer communication, interaction and feedback<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Product support for the life of the product<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Customer service<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Product pricing and purchasing<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Product presentation and packaging<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Product compliance with all relevant legislation<br \/>\n6) Research and Development<br \/>\nProvide a background to current activities. Then identify key issues (strength, weakness, gaps, threats and opportunities) and develop related strategies for addressing each key issues. Link the R&amp;D effort to your market research, product development and marketing activities discussed in previous sections. All budgetary and financial constraints must be factored in to this planning.<br \/>\nAreas to be analysed to include:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Sources of R&amp;D<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Current and planned<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Strategic alliances for R&amp;D<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Intellectual Property Protection<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Patents held plus the corporate entity that holds the patents<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Shared intellectual property and its protection<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Intellectual property being used, but not owned<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Intellectual property protection currently being sort for new developments<br \/>\n12<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Current and planned R&amp;D activities<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Processes employed for the development and commercialisation of new<br \/>\nproducts and technologies<br \/>\n7) Production and Delivery<br \/>\nProvide a background to current activities. Then identify key issues &#8211; strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in production capacities and capabilities &#8211; as they relate to meeting the marketing requirements and targets, and R&amp;D requirements developed in earlier sections. Then develop linked strategies with clear targets, time lines and budgets to develop and progressively expand production capabilities and capacities. All budgetary and financial constraints are factored in to this planning.<br \/>\nKey issues are typically identified following an evaluation of key production and delivery performance-drivers. Typical areas to be addressed during this evaluation include:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Plant design, location, size and site requirements<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Access to key manufacturing technologies<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Production capacity and capability requirements<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Criteria for selecting contractors and suppliers<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0In-house versus out-sourcing of manufacturing requirements<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0The manufacturing and production standards, codes, regulations and<br \/>\nOH&amp;S requirements that must be complied with<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Equipment needs<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Inventory management<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Manufacturing processes &#8211; configurations and technologies<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Product and production costings<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Purchasing systems<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Quality control systems<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Manufacturing resources planning<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Material requirements planning<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Warehousing<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Scheduling and dispatch<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Material supplies and inventory<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Critical\/key inputs to all manufacturing and production processes<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Risk management<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Key staffing and skills requirements<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Clear linkages to, and feedback loops with the company&#8217;s marketing,<br \/>\nproduct development, and R&amp;D functions<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Work systems and teams for staff<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Designing, testing and improving all production and delivery systems<br \/>\nto meet market demands and expected growth<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Key performance measures and targets for controlling and improving<br \/>\nall production and delivery systems to increase production efficiencies<br \/>\nand effectiveness.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Benchmarking and best-practice<br \/>\n13<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>8) Supply Chains<br \/>\nProvide a background to current activities and list all key suppliers. Then identify key issues &#8211; strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in supply chain capacities and capabilities &#8211; as they relate to meeting the production and delivery requirements and targets developed at Section Seven. Then develop linked strategies with clear targets, time lines and budgets to develop and progressively improve supply chain capabilities and capacities. All budgetary and financial constraints must be factored in to this planning. Supply chains assessments to include out-sourcing. For example any R&amp;D that is out-sourced should be included in this assessment. Conduct the analysis and planning for this section across the following stages:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Current Situation<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Key Supply Chain Issues<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Key Strategies<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Performance Measures and Targets<br \/>\n9) Business Systems and Processes<br \/>\nBased on the plans\/strategies developed and performance targets established in sections One to Eight identify key issues &#8211; strengths, weaknesses and gaps &#8211; within the business systems and processes that drive business performance. Then develop strategies to address these issues.<br \/>\nPerformance reviews to improve internal business systems and processes typically include an assessment of the following performance areas:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Quality Management (eg, ISO 9001 &#8211; Quality Standard, AS 4269 &#8211; Complaints<br \/>\nHandling Standard)<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Risk Management (eg, AS\/NZS, Risk Management Standard)<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Regulatory Compliance (Search for any Compliance Program Standard)<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Information Management and Security (eg, Security Standard AS\/NZS<br \/>\nISO\/IEC 17799:2000)<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Financial management<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Managing the environmental and social impacts of business operations<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Performance improvement across the business, to include performance<br \/>\nindicators and targets<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Future planning and ongoing innovation (eg, new product development &amp;<br \/>\nprocess innovation)<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Employee performance and morale<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Stakeholder relationships<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Board and management performance<br \/>\n10) Stakeholder Relationships and Alliances<br \/>\nDescribe the current situation and list those key stakeholders that currently contribute to business performance. Identify key issues &#8211; strengths, weaknesses and gaps &#8211; that relate to improving stakeholder relationships and alliances. Then develop strategies to address each key issue.<br \/>\nStakeholder groups typically include shareholders\/blockholders, customers,<br \/>\n14<br \/>\nsuppliers of good and services, employees, regulators, the environment, community, and government departments. Questions asked during the stakeholder analysis include:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Are all of our key stakeholders clearly identified?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Who will become key stakeholders in the near future?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Are their expectations and requirements clearly understood?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Are they regularly consulted?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Are they kept updated, and involved in those business decisions that will<br \/>\naffect them?<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>11) Organization and Management<br \/>\nSection Seven provides clear production and delivery projections and targets for the company. Current organisational structures and human resource capabilities will most likely require improvement to meet these increasing business demands.<br \/>\nConduct an analysis of the current situation and growth projections for the company to identify the key organisational and human resource issues that must be addressed if these growth projections are to be realised. Then develop strategies with key performance measures and targets to address these key issues.<br \/>\nAreas to be addressed include:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Organizational Chart &#8211; show current structures and future structures<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0The Management team with brief resumes &#8211; show the situation now and in to<br \/>\nthe future<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Staffing requirements &#8211; now and in to the future<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Job descriptions and work design for management and staff &#8211; now and in to<br \/>\nthe future<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Human performance standards, measurement and feedback &#8211; now and into<br \/>\nthe future<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Management and staff training and development &#8211; now and in to the future<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Recruitment and induction &#8211; now and in to the future<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Encouraging innovation across the company<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Providing leadership and building morale<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Training needs analysis &#8211; now and in to the future<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Occupational health and safety<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Industrial relations<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Wages and on-costs<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Other relevant human resource issues<br \/>\n12) Environmental and Social Impacts<br \/>\nConduct the analysis and planning for this section across the following stages:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Current Situation<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Key Environmental and Social Issues<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Key Strategies<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Performance Measures and Targets<br \/>\n15<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>13) Risk Factors and Regulatory Compliance<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Risk Management<br \/>\nEstablish key risks to the overall business and its performance by identifying high priority risks within each performance area represented by the sections of this plan. Quantify these risks by assessing the gravity of their impacts on the business should they be realised, and determining the probability that they will be realised.<br \/>\nFollowing quantification of the risks establish an order of priority for their control. Then develop risk management strategies &#8211; with performance measures, targets and time lines &#8211; that address the highest priority risks.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Regulatory Compliance<br \/>\nConduct an audit of regulatory compliance requirements across each area of the business as represented by the sections of this plan. Develop strategies to address regulatory gaps and weaknesses. Search for any Compliance Programs Standard that could provide a good framework for developing an effective compliance management system.<br \/>\nA regulatory compliance audit would typically embrace:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Corporate governance<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Taxation<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Superannuation<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Employing staff<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Health and safety<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Trade Practices<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Intellectual Property Rights<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Environmental Issues<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0The Privacy Act<br \/>\n14) Corporate Governance<br \/>\nAreas to be addressed by this section typically would include:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Corporate Structures<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Company Constitution<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Board of Directors &#8211; Size and Composition<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Duties and Responsibilities of the Board<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Board Performance<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Advisors to the Board<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Shareholder Agreements<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Major Shareholders and Their Representatives<br \/>\n15) Financials<br \/>\nBased on the strategies and plans formulated, costings calculated, and sales projected develop a set of financials for the duration of the plan. These financials should include cash flows, profit and loss, balance sheets, investment requirements, and key financial performance indicators (ratios), and related performance targets.<br \/>\n16) Application of Investment Funds<br \/>\n16<br \/>\nThis section should be linked to all prior planning and at minimum address the following:<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What will be the total investment requirement across the duration of this plan<br \/>\n&#8211; when and how much?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Which investors will be involved; how much will they provide and when will<br \/>\nthey provide it?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0How will the funds be used at each round of investment?<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0What will the capital structure and ownership be after each round of<br \/>\ninvestment?<br \/>\n17) Strategic Action Plan<br \/>\n\uf020Primary Goals, Objectives and Strategies<br \/>\nThe Aim of this section is to integrate all strategies developed across previous sections into a cohesive and balanced plan of highly focussed action that will achieve the overarching purpose of this Strategic Plan.<br \/>\nFirstly&#8230;..High-priority, clear, action-orientated, time-bound and practicably achievable goals are formulated around clusters of &#8216;like&#8217; strategies developed across the previous sections. Goals mark a clear and well-marked pathway for achieving the aim of this plan. To ensure the plan has a sharp focus the number of key goals should be restricted to six or less whenever possible. A clear time frame and performance target should be integrated in to each goal statement. An example of a goal statement: By 30 June 2018 to construct and commission a world-standard production and delivery facility capable of producing two 20 metre road bridges per month for direct installation in to Australia&#8217;s public road system.<br \/>\nAfter each goal has been clearly formulated develop a set of supporting objectives and strategies. Objectives define the best pathway for achieving each goal. Strategies define the pathway for achieving each objective. Objectives and strategies are also written using the SMAAART acronym &#8211; Specific, Measurable, Action-orientated, Affordable, Achievable, and Time-bound. The final step in developing an interacting hierarchy\/network of focussed action is the Task plan. This plan allocates people and resources to completing those tasks required for achieving each strategy. Vital budget and resource considerations are integrated in to the overall planning process to ensure all planned actions are affordable.<br \/>\nThe interacting hierarchy\/network of action for achieving the aim of the plan is illustrated below. The hierarchy\/network of focussed action is not a rigid structure and, where possible, should be adapted to the each situation to ensure it provides fast, effective and relatively simple action pathways for delivering results of significance.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Key Strategic Goal<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Objectives to achieve the strategic goal<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Strategies to achieve each objective<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Task Plans to achieve each strategy<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Plan Implementation: Typically management in consultation with staff and<br \/>\n17<br \/>\nkey stakeholders implements each Goal and its supporting objectives, strategies and action\/task plans. Balanced teams can be effectively employed to implement strategies and supporting action\/task plans.<br \/>\n18) Plan Improvement<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Performance Measurement: The plan&#8217;s performance should be assessed<br \/>\nagainst its effectiveness in achieving its high priority goals and performance targets.<br \/>\n\u2981 \uf020\uf0a0Plan Review and Up Date: To ensure the plan continues to provide a sharp focus and remain responsive to change it should be formally reviewed and updated every six months, at the achievement of a Strategic Goal and at any other time deemed necessary. Implementation of this plan is to be a fixed agenda item at meetings of the Board of Directors.<br \/>\nv) References vi) Appendices<br \/>\n18<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 10: Mathematics<\/p>\n<p>Q. At Ahmed&#8217;s Birth day party,5\/7 part of the total cake was distributed. find how much cake is left?<\/p>\n<p>Question 11: Psychology<\/p>\n<p>we are as a imperfect! Do you think That There is a Perfect ? and Why?<\/p>\n<p>Question 12: Finance<\/p>\n<p>Review the article below, which is also in the required reading section of this unit.<br \/>\nMiralles-Quir\u00f3s, M. d. M., &amp; Miralles-Quir\u00f3s, J. (2017). Improving diversification opportunities for socially responsible investors.\u00a0Journal of Business Ethics, 140(2), 339-351. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu\/login?url=http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=bth&amp;AN=120928035&amp;site=ehost-live&amp;scope=site<br \/>\nYour article review should include an accurate identification of the article\u2019s premise, significant points in support of the premise, and the significance of these to the course and\/or field. Be sure that you present an insightful and thorough analysis with strong arguments and evidence of interpretation.<br \/>\nYour case study analysis should address the components listed below.<br \/>\n\u2981 Discuss who socially responsible investors are and how they use U.S. Treasury bills (T-bills), mutual funds, and hedge funds to diversify their portfolios.<br \/>\n\u2981 Analyze the results of the T-bills listed and the net asset value (NAV) results for the mutual funds and hedge funds.<br \/>\n\u2981 Examine the volatility linkage and the pricing of the three investment options.<br \/>\n\u2981 Identify further research needed based on the article.<br \/>\nYour article review should be a minimum of three pages in length, not counting the title and reference pages. You must use a minimum of three sources, which should be properly cited. All references should be formatted in APA style.<\/p>\n<p>Question 13: Biology<\/p>\n<p>If a patient presents to you post ischemic stroke on warfarin and their INR is therapeutic. Do you reverse it?<\/p>\n<p>Question 14: Chemistry<\/p>\n<p>You are asked to prepare a 1.000 L solution of 4.5 M C6H12O6 (glucose; molar mass = 180.16 g\/mol) in a lab by dissolving 811.0\u00a0g\u00a0of glucose in water. Consider the following two scenarios in which you commit a user error while preparing this solution.<br \/>\nPrepared in a volumetric flask Prepared in a beaker<br \/>\nAssumed volume 1.000\u00a0L 1.000\u00a0L<br \/>\nVolumetric error Added water\u00a02.0\u00a0cm\u00a0above the line, which corresponds to\u00a06.3\u00a0mL\u00a0(0.0063\u00a0L) additional solution volume 811.0\u00a0g\u00a0takes up\u00a0526\u00a0mL\u00a0of space rather than\u00a0500\u00a0mL\u00a0of space<br \/>\nPreparation details You add the glucose to a volumetric flask and then add water until it dissolves. The water bottle you are using has a worn tip, and you inadvertently add too much water such that the meniscus is above the line. The diameter of the neck of the volumetric flask is\u00a02.29\u00a0cm\u00a0. You prepare the solution by adding glucose to a large beaker and approximated the volume of the glucose to be\u00a0500\u00a0mL\u00a0. Therefore, you add\u00a0500.\u00a0mL\u00a0of water to the 526\u00a0mL\u00a0in the beaker using a graduated cylinder.<br \/>\nYou decide to evaluate and compare the errors you made while preparing the solutions using the different methods. Calculate the\u00a0actual concentrations\u00a0of the intended 4.5\u00a0M\u00a0glucose solutions prepared by each method based on their actual final volumes.<\/p>\n<p>Question 15: Engineering<\/p>\n<p>Chemical engineering thermodynamics<\/p>\n<p>Propane gas at 100 \u00b0C is compressed isothermally from an initial pressure of 1 bar to a final pressure of 10 bar. Estimate ?H a<\/p>\n<p>Question 16: Law<\/p>\n<p>find and review a scholarly article\u00a0 on the topic of\u00a0Management.<br \/>\nCompose a substantive post where you discuss two or more facts\/ideas\/concepts\/etc. covered in the article then explain how those facts\/ideas\/concepts\/etc. relate to your organization or an organization with which you are familiar.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 17: Computer Science<\/p>\n<p>Java Programming<br \/>\nITEC1620 Assignment#3<br \/>\n\u2981 Due: July 31, 11 PM; Late submissions will be rejected.<br \/>\n\u2981 Submission upload must be in plain text format; all others will be rejected.<br \/>\n\u2981 Name your file with your full name, e.g., peggy_carter.txt.<br \/>\n\u2981 Programs\/codes must compile \u2013 resolve all syntax errors.<br \/>\n\u2981 Include appropriate comments describing significant parts of the program.<br \/>\n1.<br \/>\nThe program features include:<br \/>\na) b) c) d) e) f)<br \/>\nAdjustMarks<br \/>\nMarker<br \/>\nWrite a Java program called<br \/>\nthat gets a set of test scores and uses the<br \/>\nclass that calculate<br \/>\nthe mean of an array of test scores with the lowest score dropped. See UML diagram provided below.<br \/>\nasking the user for the number of test scores;<br \/>\ncreating the scores array to hold the test scores;<br \/>\ncreating a Marker object passing the scores array as a parameter;<br \/>\ndisplaying the lowest score;<br \/>\nadjusting the mean by annulling (dropping) the lowest score and<br \/>\ndisplaying the adjusted mean; if there is less than 2 scores, the adjusted mean is 0.0 and the user is<br \/>\ninformed of the ERROR.<br \/>\nHint: the getLowestScore method needs to hold the lowest score; get the first test score in the array and step through the rest of the array; when a value less than lowest is found, assign it to lowest; then return the lowest test score.<br \/>\nSample Output:<br \/>\nHow many test scores do you have? 4<br \/>\nEnter score #1: 90<br \/>\nEnter score #2: 80<br \/>\nEnter score #3: 70<br \/>\nEnter score #4: 60<br \/>\nYour adjusted mean is 80.0<br \/>\nYour lowest test score was 60.0<\/p>\n<p>Question 18: Law<\/p>\n<p>1. Describe the importance of integrating the work of experts in college writing<br \/>\n2.summarize the importance of learning to conduct and properly credit the work of experts in college writing. How will doing so help you on your academic journey?<br \/>\n3.Define emotional intelligence. What are the benefits of emotional intelligence? Why should<br \/>\nemotional intelligence be taught to children at a very young age.\u00a0(Your response should be a<br \/>\nminimum of 150 words)<br \/>\n4.Discuss in detail the role of self awareness in becoming emotionally intelligent. What is self<br \/>\nawareness and how do we become self aware? What role does honesty and transparency play<br \/>\nin this process?\u00a0(Your response should be a minimum of 200 words)<br \/>\n5 .Discuss in detail the role of self management in becoming emotionally intelligent. What is self<br \/>\nmanagement and what does it look like when we self manage our lives? Explain how this might<br \/>\nbe the area of emotional intelligence where we most often fail.\u00a0(Your response should be a<br \/>\nminimum of 200 words)<br \/>\n6. Discuss in detail the role of social awareness in emotional intelligence. What is social<br \/>\nawareness. How can we become more socially aware? How does this step indicate a move<br \/>\noutside of ourselves and begin our interaction with others?\u00a0(Your response should be a<br \/>\nminimum of 200 words)<br \/>\n7.Discuss in detail the role of social awareness in emotional intelligence. What is social<br \/>\nawareness. How can we become more socially aware? How does this step indicate a move<br \/>\noutside of ourselves and begin our interaction with others?\u00a0(Your response should be a<br \/>\nminimum of 200 words)<\/p>\n<p>Question 19: Business<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.chegg.com\/homework-help\/questions-and-answers\/case-7-chipotle-mexican-grill-inc-conscious-capitalism-serving-food-i<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 20: Computer Science<\/p>\n<p>Operating System<\/p>\n<p>Suppose there are two users A and B on the same system and both running different programs on the same system.<br \/>\nSuppose there are two users A and B on the same system and both running different programs on the same system. User A plans to change the password of the system. As soon as he was changing the password on the system, User B also opened the necessary interface for changing the password of the system and begins changing the password at exactly the same time.<br \/>\n\u2981 What flaws do you find in such a system?<br \/>\n\u2981 How to solve problems? Give solution<\/p>\n<p>Question 21: Engineering<\/p>\n<p>Assignments in Numerical Methods for Mechanics<br \/>\n1) The maximum distance up an inclined plane (of an inclination ) reached by an object of mass m, taking the air resistance proportional to the instantaneous velocity (constant of proportionality K) into account is<br \/>\nShow that as \u2192 0,<br \/>\na) Find the inclination of the plane of a 5 kg object moved through a maximum distance of 2 m with an initial velocity of 10 m\/s. If K = 2 s\/kg.<br \/>\nconstant of proportional being K is given by<br \/>\nb) If the maximum height attained by a body of mass m when thrown upward with an initial velocity (air resistance is proportional to its instantaneous velocity, the<br \/>\n0<br \/>\n00 =<br \/>\nAt what initial velocity will a body of mass 3 kg be thrown so as to attain a maximum height of 5m. Given that K = 2s\/kg. What happens as \u2192 0<br \/>\n2) A rocket has mass M, which includes a mass m of a fuel mixture. During the burning process, the combustion products are discharged at a velocity q &gt; 0 relative to the rocket. This burning involves a loss per second of a mass p of the final mixture. Neglecting all external forces except a constant gravitational force, the maximum theoretical height attained rocket is given by<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>2<br \/>\n= + ln \u2212 + 2 ln \u2212 2<br \/>\n(if the rocket starts radially from the earth\u2019s surface with velocity of zero) Find the mass of the rocket if for = 1.4, p= 1.0, and = 1080 .<br \/>\n3) An object is projected vertically upward from the earth\u2019s surface with an initial velocity 0 of magnitude less than the escape velocity. If the earth\u2019s influence is taken into account, the time for the projectile to reach the maximum height is<br \/>\n2 2 2 \u2212 2 = (arcsin0+0 0<br \/>\n(2 \u2212 2)2 2 2 3<br \/>\na) Show, by series or otherwise, that if 02 \u226a 2 (i.e initial velocity much smaller than escape velocity), then the time to reach the maximum height is approximately 0\/<br \/>\n4) An object falls y distance from the center of the earth (radius ). Show that it hits the<br \/>\nearth\u2019s surface with a speed equal to 2 (1 \u2212 )<br \/>\n2 \u2212 = ( \u2212 ) + arccos<br \/>\nIf the object reaches the earth\u2019s surface in a time given by<br \/>\n2 2 2<br \/>\n3<br \/>\n= 6378.11 , = 384.467 \u2217 10<br \/>\n(assuming that air resistance is negligible). Find the time to reach the earth surface if<br \/>\n5) A horizontal simply supported, uniform beam of length L and negligible weight bends under the influence of a concentrated load of P N, distance L\/3 from one end. If the equation of the elastic curve is given by 2 3<br \/>\n\u23a7 (5 \u22129 ) 0\u2264 \u2264 \/3<br \/>\n= \u23a8 81 27 3<br \/>\n\u23a981 (5 2 \u2212 9 3 + 2 \u2212 3 3 \u2264 \u2264<br \/>\n6) From the immemorial, mankind has gazed at the moon, wondering about many things, one of them being whether a day might come when men could be there.<br \/>\nFollowing the Newton\u2019s law of universal gravitation which shows the possibility of firing a projectile (rocket) out of the earth (or a huge cannon) with an escape velocity of<br \/>\n= 2 \u2212 2 0 2 + 2 2 \u2212 2 0 2<br \/>\n0<br \/>\n+ + + 9( + + )<br \/>\nwhere , are the acceleration and the radius of the moon. L is the distance between the earth\u2019s surface and the moon\u2019s surface. is the radius of the earth. g is the acceleration<br \/>\ndue to gravity on the earth.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>If a rocket is fired vertically upward from the earth\u2019s surface with an initial velocity<br \/>\nFind the initial velocity of the rocket if it reaches a maximum distance of 240,000 miles in<br \/>\n= 1737.41 , = 6378.11 , = 384.467 \u2217 103<br \/>\n7. At the last conference of Nigeria Society of Engineers (NSE), a mechanical engineer presented a paper on the \u201cEffects of Noise on Machine Operator\u201d. In the work, he developed a mathematical model using Taylor\u2019s series and carried out all the computations to four decimal places.<br \/>\ni. identity the possible types of numerical error that might have been committed by the engineer during the computations.<br \/>\n(less than that of escape velocity). And it reaches the maximum height at a time<br \/>\n0<br \/>\n50 hrs.<br \/>\n= 2 2 arcsin 0 + 0 2 \u2212 02 (2 \u2212 02)32 2 2<br \/>\nii. Define the errors and state how they can be minimized.<br \/>\nb The relationship between the applied pressure, P and the radius of the plastic front, rf in the elasto-plastic analysis of thick-walled cylindrical pressure vessel is given as<br \/>\nP= 2 +1\u2212 2<br \/>\n\u221a3 2<br \/>\nwhere \u03c3o is the yield stress of the cylinder material, ri and ro are the inner and outer radius of<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>the cylinder, respectively. Given that \u03c3o=220 N\/mm2, ri = 320 mm and ro=450 mm, use Newton- Raphson\u2019s method, find the radius of the plastic front when the applied pressure is 81.29 N\/m2.<br \/>\n8. Fig. Q1 shows a wind tunnel with a suspended object. The force measured for various levels of wind velocity are given in the Table below.<br \/>\nFig. Q1: A wind tunnel with a suspended object.<br \/>\nv(m\/s) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 F (N) 25 70 380 550 610 1220 830 1450<br \/>\n\u2981 Use the data above, develop an empirical model for the relationship between the force and the wind velocity.<br \/>\n\u2981 With the aids of Simpson\u2019s 1\/3rd rule and Newton-Gregory forward difference scheme, find power developed by the wind tunnel. Compare your results and establish the relative difference between them.<br \/>\n(i) (ii) (iii)<br \/>\n9. The dynamic mechanical spring-mass system with aid of Newton\u2019s second law of motion is given by<br \/>\n( \u2212 )+ ( \u2212 )\u2212 = \u0308 2213311111<br \/>\n\u2212 2( 2 \u2212 1) + 4( 3 \u2212 2) = 2 2\u0308 \u2212 3( 3 \u2212 1) \u2212 4( 3 \u2212 2) \u2212 5 3 = 3 3\u0308<br \/>\n10). Solve equation 2 \u2212 1 1\/2<br \/>\n2 \u2212 1 1\/2 = 1\/2 tan\u22121 2 \u2212tan\u22121 1<br \/>\n\u2212 ((tan\u22121( 2 \u2212 1)1\/2) \u2212 (tan\u22121( 12 \u2212 1)1\/2))<br \/>\nusing the Newton-Raphson\u2019s method. Construct a table of M vs for = 1.4 and 1 = 1.0, for 0 \u2264 \u03b4 \u2264 40 , in increments \u0394 = 1.0 , let 0 = 1.06 and 1 = 1.08. For subsequent values of , let 0 be the previous solution value and 1 = 1.01 0.<br \/>\n11). The van der Waal equation of state for a vapor is<br \/>\n+ ( \u2212 ) = 223<br \/>\nWhere P is the pressure (Pa = N\/m ), v is the specific volume (m \/kg), T is the temperature (K), R is the gas constant (J\/kg-K), and a and b are empirical constants. Consider water vapor, for which R = 461.495 J\/kg-K, a = 1703.28 Pa-(m3\/kg)3, and b = 0.00169099 (m \/kg). Equation (F) can be rearranged into the form<br \/>\n3 3 \u2212 ( + ) 2 + \u2212 = 0<br \/>\nCalculate the specific volume v for P = 10,000 kPa and T = 800K. Use the ideal gas law, Pv = RT, to obtain the initial guess (or guesses). Present the results in the format illustrated in the examples<br \/>\n12. When an incompressible fluid flows steadily through a round pipe, the pressure drop due to the effects of wall friction is given by the empirical formula:<br \/>\n\u0394 = \u22120.5 2<br \/>\nWhere \u0394 is the pressure drop, is the density, V is the velocity, L is the pipe length, D is the pipe diameter, and f is the D\u2019Arcy friction coefficient. Several empirical formulas exist for the friction coefficient f as a function of the dimensionless Reynolds number, = \/ , where is the viscosity. For flow in the turbulent regime between completely smooth pipe surfaces and wholly rough pipe surfaces, Colebrook (1939) developed the following empirical relation for the friction coefficient f:<br \/>\n1 =\u22122log \/ + 2.51 1\/2 10 3.7 1\/2<br \/>\nwhere is the pipe surface roughness. Develop a procedure to determine f for the specified values of \/ and Re. Use the approximation proposed by Generaux (1939) to determine the initial approximation(s):<br \/>\n= 0.16 \u22120.16<br \/>\nSolve for f for a pipe having \/ = 0.001 for = 10 , for n = 4, 5, 6, and 7.<br \/>\n13. Consider quasi-one-dimensional isentropic flow of a perfect gas through a variable-area<br \/>\nchannel. The relationship between the Mach number M and the flow area A, derived by<br \/>\n12 \u22121 \u03b5= \u2217= +1 1+ 2 2<br \/>\n( +1)\/2( \u22121)<br \/>\nZucrow and Hoffman [1976, Eq. (4.29)], is given by<br \/>\nwhere \u2217 is the choking area (i.e., the area where M = 1) and is the specific heat ratio of the flowing gas. For each value of , two values of M exist, one less than unity (i.e,. subsonic flow) and one greater than unity (i.e., supersonic flow). Calculate both values of<br \/>\nM for = 10.0 and = 1.4 by Newton\u2019s method. For the subsonic root, let 0 = 0.2. For the supersonic root, let 0 = 5.0.<br \/>\n14. Consider isentropic supersonic flow around a sharp expansion corner. The relationship between the Mach number before the corner (i.e., M1) and after the corner (i.e., M2), derived by Zucrow and Hoffman [1976] is given by<br \/>\n\u22121 1\/2 \u22121 1\/2 = 1\/2 tan\u22121 2 \u2212tan\u22121 12<br \/>\n\u2212 ((tan\u22121( 2 \u2212 1)1\/2) \u2212 (tan\u22121( 12 \u2212 1)1\/2))<br \/>\nwhere = ( + 1)\/( \u2212 1) and is the specific heat ratio of the gas. Develop a procedure to solve for M2 for specified values of , , 1. For = 1.4, solve for M2 for the following combinations of M1and : (a) 1.0 and 10.0 deg, (b) 1.0 and 20.0 deg, (c) 1.5 and<br \/>\n10.0 deg, and (d) 1.5 and 20.0 deg. Use 2(0) = 2.0 and 2(1) = 1.5.<br \/>\n15. An emf of 0 volts, where 0, are constants, is applied at t = 0 to a series circuit<br \/>\n)<br \/>\n= ( + \u2212 222<br \/>\nconsisting of R ohms and C farad where R and C are constant. If Q = 0 at t = 0 and at t &gt; 0<br \/>\n0 + 1<br \/>\nIf = 20\u03a9, C = 0.01 farad, = 5 \/ , 0 = 10<br \/>\n\u2212 \/<br \/>\ni) At what time in the circuit the charges reaches 0.075 coulomb ii) At what time in the circuit is the charge maximum.<br \/>\n16. When an ideal gas flows in a variable-area passage in the presence of friction and heat transfer, the Mach number M is governed by the following Ode [see Eq. (9.112) in Zucrow and Hoffman, Vol. 1 (1976)}:<br \/>\n= [1 + (( \u2212 1) 2)\/2] \u2212 1 + 1 2 4 + 1 (1 + 2) 1<br \/>\n1\u2212 2 2 2<br \/>\nwhere x is the distance along the passage (cm), is the ratio of specific heats (dimensionless), A is the cross-sectional flow area (cm2), f is the friction coefficient (dimensionless), D is the diameter of the passageway (cm), and T is the stagnation temperature (K). For a conical flow passage with a circular cross section, = 2\/4, where ( ) = 1 + , where D1 is the inlet diameter. Thus,<br \/>\n= = ( + ) = ( + ) = 424 1 221 2<br \/>\nThe stagnation temperature T is given by<br \/>\n( )= + ( ) 1<br \/>\nwhere Q(x) is the heat transfer along the flow passage (J\/cm) and C is the specific heat (kJ\/kg-K). Thus,<br \/>\nFor a linear heat transfer rate, = + , and<br \/>\n= 1 ( + ) =<br \/>\n= 1<br \/>\nThe friction coefficient f is an empirical function of the Reynolds number and passage<br \/>\nconditions. Consider a problem where = = 0.0, = 0.25 \/ , = 1.4, and =<br \/>\nsurface roughness. It is generally assumed to be constant for a specific set of flow<br \/>\n1.0 . Calculate M(x) for x = 0.0 to 5.0 cm for (a) Mi = 0.7 and (b) Mi = 1.5 17. The governing equation for a projectile shot vertically upward is<br \/>\n2 = \u2212 \u2212 | | (0) = 0 \u2032(0) = 2 0<br \/>\nwhere m is the mass of the projectile (kg), y(t) is the height (m), g is the acceleration of gravity (9.80665 m\/s2),<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>C is an aerodynamic drag parameter, and V = dy\/dt is the velocity. For m = 10.0kg, C = 0.1 N-s2\/m2, and V0 = 500.0 m\/s, calculate (a) the maximum height attained by the projectile, (b) the time required to reach the maximum height, and (c) the time required to return to the original elevation.<br \/>\n18. A machine of mass m (kg) rests on a support that exerts both a damping force and a spring force on the machine. The support is subjected to the displacement ( ) = . From<br \/>\nNewton\u2019s second law of motion,<br \/>\n0 2<br \/>\n2 = \u2212 \u2212 \u2212 ( \u2212 )<br \/>\nwhere (y \u2013 Y) is the relative displacement between the machine and the support, C is the damping coefficient, and K is the spring constant. Determine the motion of the machine during the first cycle of oscillation of the support for m = 1,000.0 kg, C = 5,000.0 N-s\/m, K = 50,000.0 N\/m, Y0 = 1.0 cm, = 100.0 \/ and y(0) = y\u2019(0) = 0.0.<br \/>\n+ +1 = ( ) (0)= (0)=<br \/>\n19. The current i(t) in a series L-R-C circuit is governed by the ODE<br \/>\n00<br \/>\nwhere i is the current (amps), q is the charge (coulombs), dq\/dt = I, L is the inductance (henrys), C is the capacitance (farads), and V is the applied voltage (volts). Let L = 100.0 mH, R = 10.0 ohms, C = 1 mf, V = 10.0 volts, i0 = 0.0, and q0 = 0.0. Calculate i(t) and q(t) for t = 0.0 to 0.05 s. What is the maximum current, and at what time does it occur?<br \/>\nequation<br \/>\n20. The angular displacement ( ) (radians) of a frictionless pendulum is governed by the<br \/>\n2 + =0 (0)= \u2032(0)= \u2032 2 0 0<br \/>\nwhere g is the acceleration of gravity (9.80665 m\/s2) and L is the length of the pendulum (m). For small , the governing equation simplifies to<br \/>\n2 + = 0 2<br \/>\nSolve for ( ) for one period of oscillation for (0.0) = 0.1 0.5 , \u2032(0.0) = 0.0, and L = 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 m, using the simplified equation.<br \/>\n21. The population of two species competing for the same food supply can be modeled by the pair of ODEs: 1 = ( \u2212 \u2212 ) (0) =<br \/>\n111112 1 1,0 2 = ( \u2212 \u2212 ) (0) =<\/p>\n<p>where AN is the birthrate, BN models the death rate due to disease, and 1 2 models<br \/>\n222221 2 2,0<br \/>\n2<br \/>\nthe death rate due to competition for the food supply. If (0.0)= (0.0)=<br \/>\n12 100,000, 1 = 0.1, 1 = 0.0000008, and 2 = 0.0000001, calculate 1( ) 2( )<br \/>\nfor t = 0.0 to 10.0 years.<br \/>\n22. Consider a projectile of mass m (kg) shot upward at the angle (radians) with respect to the horizontal at the initial velocity 0 (m\/s). The two ODEs that govern the displacement, x(t) and y(t) (m), of the projectile from the launch are \u2032<br \/>\n2 = \u2212 | | (0) = 0 (0) = (0) = 2 0<br \/>\n2 = \u2212 | | \u2212 (0) = 0 \u2032(0) = (0) = 2 0<br \/>\nwhere the vector velocity V = iu + jv, u = dx\/dt and v = dy\/dt, C is a drag parameter, = tan\u22121( \/ ), and g is the acceleration of gravity (9.80665 m\/s2). For m = 10.0 kg, C = 0.1 N-s2\/m2, V0 = 500.0 m\/s, = 1.0 radian, and a level terrain, calculate (a) the maximum height attained by the projectile, (b) the corresponding time, (c) the maximum range of the projectile, (d) the corresponding time, and (e) the velocity V at impact.<br \/>\n23. The temperature distribution in a cylindrical rod made of a radioactive isotope is governed<br \/>\n\u2032<br \/>\n2 + 1 = 1 + 2 (0) = 0 ( ) = 0<br \/>\nby the ordinary differential equation<br \/>\n2<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Solve this problem for T(r), where R = 1.0 and A = -100.0.<br \/>\n24. The velocity distribution in the laminar boundary layer formed when an incompressible fluid flows over a flat plate is related to the solution of the ordinary differential equation<br \/>\n\u2032\u2032<br \/>\n3 + 2 =0 (0)=0, (0)=0, ( )\u21921 \u2192\u221e<br \/>\n3 2<br \/>\nwhere f is a dimensionless stream function, the velocity u is proportional to \u2032( ), and is proportional to distance normal to the plate. Solve this problem for ( ).<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>25. The deflection of a simply supported and uniformly loaded beam is governed by the ordinary differential equation (for small deflections)<br \/>\n2 = \u2212 + 2 (0) = 0 ( ) = 0 2 2 2<br \/>\nwhere q is the uniform load per unit length, L is the length of the beam, I is the moment of inertia of the beam cross section, and E is the modulus of elasticity. For a rectangular beam, = h3\/12, where w is the width and h is the height. Consider a beam (E = 200 GN\/m2) 5.0m long, 5.0 cm wide, and 10.0 cm high, which is subjected to the uniform load q = &#8211; 1,500 N\/m on the 5.0 cm face. Solve for the deflection y(x)<br \/>\n26. When the load on the beam described in problem 120 is applied on the 10.0 cm face, the deflection will be large. In that case, the governing differential equation is<br \/>\n( 2 \/ 2) = \u2212 + 2 [1 + ( \/ )2]3\/2 2 2<br \/>\nFor the properties specified in problem 120, determine y(x).<br \/>\n27. The angular displacement ( ) of a frictionless pendulum is governed by the ODE \u2032 \u2032 + = 0 ( 0 ) = 0 \u2032 ( 0 ) = 0\u2032<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Reduce this second-order ODE to a pair of first-order ODEs and use Fourth-order Runge-<br \/>\nKutta Method to solve the equation using L=0.56 m.<br \/>\n28. The governing equation for the displacement y(t) of a projectile shot vertically upward is<br \/>\n\u2032\u2032 + | | = \u2212 (0) = 0, \u2032(0) = (0) = 0<br \/>\nwhere V = dy\/dt is the projectile velocity, C is the drag parameter, and g is the acceleration of gravity. Reduce this second-order ODE to a pair of first-order ODEs and use Fifth-order Runge-Kutta Method to solve the equation using C=0.0278 N\/kg.<br \/>\n29. The governing ODEs for the position, x(t) and y(t) of a projectile shot at an angle with<br \/>\n\u2032\u2032 + | | = 0 (0) = 0, \u2032\u2032(0) = (0) = 0<br \/>\nrespect to the horizontal are<br \/>\n\u2032\u2032 + | | = \u2212 (0) = 0, \u2032(0) = (0) = 0<br \/>\nwhere = ( 2 + 2)1\/2, = tan\u22121( \/ ), u = dx\/dt, v = dy\/dt, C is a drag parameter, and<br \/>\ng is the acceleration of gravity. Reduce this pair of coupled second-order ODEs to a set of four first-order ODEs and use Fourth-order Runge-Kutta Method to solve the equation using C=0.0278 N\/kg..<br \/>\n.<br \/>\n30. When a fluid flows over a surface, the shear stress ( \/ 2) at the surface is given by the<br \/>\nexpression<br \/>\n= where is the viscosity (N-s\/m2), is the velocity parallel to the surface (m\/s), and y is the distance normal to the surface (cm). Measurements of the velocity of an air stream flowing above a surface are made with an LDV (laser Doppler-velocimeter). The values given in Table 3 were obtained.<br \/>\nTable 1. Velocity Measurements<br \/>\nAt the local temperature, = 0.00024 \u2212 \/ 2. Calculate (a) the difference table for u(y), (b) du\/dy at the surface based on first-, second-, and third-order polynomials, (c) the corresponding values of the shear stress at the surface, and (d) the shear force acting on a flat plate 10 cm long and 5 cm wide.<br \/>\ny u y u<br \/>\n0.0 0.00 2.0 88.89<br \/>\n1.0 55.56 3.0 100.00<\/p>\n<p>Question 22: Health Care<\/p>\n<p>Marguerite M and the Angiogram Case<\/p>\n<p>Answer the case questions found at the end of the case narrative; be sure to respond using well-thought-ot\u00a0and well-written statements being mindful\u00a0of spelling, grammar and clarity of statements. Each question must be answer with a minimum of 300-350 words.<br \/>\nA grading rubric is also provided<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Case Study Grading Rubric<br \/>\nPurpose: Discussion Cases are based on real-life occurrences and offer practical application of information discussed within chapters. These cases are used to stimulate and draw upon the student\u2019s critical-thinking skills and problem-solving ability.<br \/>\nFive Criteria for each question Focus Specificity Support Throughtfulness Use of Language<br \/>\nExcellent<br \/>\n(40 &#8211; 50 points) Responses may vividly clear and accurate references to each specific question. Majority of responses include specific details. Response are well- supported. Responses are articulate and show a high-level of thought. Writing is well- organized, unified, and error-free.<br \/>\nGood<br \/>\n(31 \u2013 39 points) Responses make some references to questions but do not address each of them in a clear and accurate manner. Some responses include specific details. Responses are somewhat well- supported. Responses show some thought. Writing is somewhat organized and unified, with some errors.<br \/>\nFails to meet expectations (0 &#8211; 30 points) Responses make very few clear and accurate references to questions posed. No responses include specific details. Responses are not supported. Comments show no thought. Writing is not organized or unified; errors impair communication.<\/p>\n<p>CASE STUDY #3 (CHAPTER 13)<br \/>\nTHE CASE OF MARGUERITE AND THE ANGIOGRAM<br \/>\nMarguerite M., an 89-year-old widow, was admitted into the cardiac intensive care unit in Chicago\u2019s Memorial Hospital at 3:00 A.M. on a Sunday morning with a massive heart attack (myocardial infarction). Her internist, Dr. K., who is also a close family friend, has ordered an angiogram to determine the status of Marguerite\u2019s infarction (heart attack). Dr. K. has found that the angiogram and resulting treatment need to be done within the first six hours after an infarction in order to be effective. Therefore, the procedure is going to be done as soon as the on-call surgical team can set up the angiography room. The radiologist, who lives 30 minutes from the hospital, must also be in the hospital before the procedure can begin. At 4:30 A.M. the team is ready to have Marguerite, who is barely conscious, transferred from the intensive care unit (ICU) to the surgical suite.<br \/>\nCoincidentally, at 4:30 A.M. Sarah W., an unconscious 45-year-old woman, is brought in by ambulance with a massive heart attack. The emergency room (ER) physicians, after conferring with her physician by phone, conclude that she will need a balloon angiography (dilating an obstructed vessel by threading a balloon-tipped catheter into the vessel) to save her life. When they call the surgical department to have the on-call angiography team brought in, they are told the room is already set up for Dr. K\u2019s patient. They do not have another team or surgical room for Sarah. A decision is made that since Sarah needs the balloon angiography in order to survive, they will use the angiography team for her.<br \/>\nDr. K. is called at home and told that his patient, Marguerite, will not be able to have the angiogram. The hospital is going to use the angiography team for Sarah, since she is younger than Marguerite and has a greater chance for recovery. Unfortunately, it took longer than expected to stabilize Sarah before and after the procedure and the six-hour \u201cwindow\u201d when the procedure could be performed on Marguerite passed. Marguerite expired (died) the following morning.<br \/>\nCase Questions<br \/>\n\u2981 Do you believe that this case presents a legal or ethical problem, or both?<br \/>\n\u2981 What do you believe should be the criteria for a physician to use when having to choose between a solution that benefits one patient at the expense of another?<br \/>\n\u2981 How can Dr. K. justify this decision when speaking to the family of Marguerite M.?<br \/>\n\u2981 What options does a member of the angiography team or caregiver for Marguerite have if he or she disagrees with this decision?<\/p>\n<p>Question 23: Mathematics<\/p>\n<p>1Find g(p) given g(x)=-x^2+4x+4<\/p>\n<p>Question 24: Business<\/p>\n<p>Business Policy\/Strategic Planning Assignment 2<\/p>\n<p>Bed Bath and Beyond<br \/>\nPrepare the following section for this assignment (note: the purpose of this assignment is to ensure successful progress is being made toward completion of the final Company\/Case Analysis and to provide a continued review by the professor of the APA requirements):<br \/>\n\u2981 Cover page<br \/>\n\u2981 What is this organization&#8217;s strategy to compete? Is the strategy working? Perform a complete, fully developed with explanations, SWOT analysis. (A minimum of eight components for element of SWOT, along with the identification and justification of the UT: Ultimate Threat is required: 8 components for each SWOT element=C, 11=B, 14=A).<\/p>\n<p>Question 25: Business<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Business Policy\/Strategic Planning Essay questions<\/p>\n<p>\u2981 What is meant by the term \u201cCorporate Culture?\u201d Summarize the \u201cGolfer\u201d article, include each of the \u201ckey\u201d concepts from this article, and then provide a comparison of each of these \u201ckeys\u201d to your current or last job. \u00a0Can play and fun interfere with constructive employee efforts? Explain. Discuss how to incorporate (and then implement) \u201cfun\u201d into the strategic planning process.<\/p>\n<p>2. List and explain four key, core competencies that will assist any organization in developing an employee-based, sustainable competitive advantage?\u00a0 Many organizations are faced with the human resource problem: \u201cthe right people aren\u2019t in the right jobs.\u201d Should the leaders of the organization in your case (or place of employment, current or immediate past) spend more time selecting, appraising, and developing people? Why?\u00a0Is this the solution to strategy execution? Why?<br \/>\n3.Discuss these statements from your point of view (agree or disagree and why):<br \/>\n\u2981 \u201cIn creating a strategy-supportive reward structure it is important to define jobs and assignments in terms of the results to be accomplished, not just in terms of the duties to be performed.\u201d<br \/>\n\u2981 \u201cThe use of incentives and rewards is the simple most powerful tool at management\u2019s disposal to win strong employee commitment to carrying out the strategic plan.?<br \/>\n4. Summarize each of the following three models and then compare and contrast each:<br \/>\n\u2981 BCG Model<br \/>\n\u2981 GE Model<br \/>\n\u2981 Product Lifecycle<\/p>\n<p>5. Discuss the differences between a vision and a mission. Why are organizations finding it difficult to execute the strategies that they design? Discuss in detail (with three examples from the Bed Bath, and Beyond)\u00a0how an organization implements strategies effectively.<br \/>\n6. What is the value of a SWOT analysis? What are the key considerations to performing this analysis? How does it contribute to the task of crafting strategy? Why is it appropriate to argue that good strategy-making and good strategy-implementing are valid signs of good management?<br \/>\n7. Using the industry from\u00a0Bed Bath and Beyond, explain the major factors that enter into an assessment of whether an industry does or does not have long-term attractiveness? Can an industry be attractive to one company and unattractive to another? Why? How does a company develop a competitive capability and then the ultimate competitive advantage?<br \/>\n8. Perform a SWOT Analysis\u00a0on\/for Indiana Tech, listing\u00a0four examples for each component of the SWOT, along with the UT (ultimate threat).<br \/>\n9. Discuss the relationship of a continuous improvement program to the strategic planning process. How can a total quality culture be the ultimate strategic competitive advantage? Explain through three examples.<br \/>\n10. Explain the following quote and provide a plan of action with four examples, in regards to \u201cwhat it takes to get it done.\u201d \u00a0 \u201cImplementing and executing strategy\u00a0is the ultimate task of strategic management.\u00a0 It involves seeing what it will take to \u2018make it happen,\u2019\u00a0 then getting it done in a manner that achieves the targeted results.\u201d<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 26: Business<\/p>\n<p>Business Policy\/Strategic Planning<\/p>\n<p>Company Analysis and Questions: Bed Bath &amp; Beyond<br \/>\n\u2981 Cover page<br \/>\n\u2981 Historical background of the company (3-5 pages)<br \/>\n\u2981 Discuss the distinguishing features (Market size, Market growth rate, Industry strength, etc.) of the industry that the company is in.<\/p>\n<p>Question 27: Accounting<\/p>\n<p>Financial Derivative<\/p>\n<p>Mr Yong is an investor who is always wavering in his decisions.\u00a0On day 1, he went long 3 SIF contracts of June maturity.\u00a0On day 2, he shorted 2 June SIF contracts.\u00a0A few days later, he sold a June index call option and simultaneously bought a June index put option.\u00a0Assuming all contracts were bought\/sold at the same exercise\/strike prices, what is Mr Yong\u2019s net position now?<\/p>\n<p>Question 28: Finance<\/p>\n<p>In the textbook, we learned about the CAMELS system for rating banks. For this assignment, research and provide specific information on what CAMELS measures. Below is the recommended format for your assignment.<br \/>\n\u2981 Include a title page (page 1).<br \/>\n\u2981 Find the CAMELS rating for one of the top five banks (JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Wells Fargo, Citigroup, or Goldman Sachs) on the FDIC website\u00a0\u00a0\u2981 here. Provide an analysis of their scores. What do they mean for the bank (page 2)?<br \/>\n\u2981 Chart the risks associated with each financial institution (page 3).<br \/>\n\u2981 Include a reference page (page 4).<br \/>\nYour submission should be a minimum of\u00a0two pages in length, not counting the title and reference pages. All sources must be properly cited; all references should be formatted in APA style.<\/p>\n<p>Question 29: Business<\/p>\n<p>Four types of questions that can help a business studies teacher to gauge how effectively learners are learning<\/p>\n<p>Question 30: Business<\/p>\n<p>Activities that can be used by Enterpreneurship teachers to effectively assess learners formatively during<\/p>\n<p>Question 31: Sociology<\/p>\n<p>Assignment: You are to observe, record &amp; interpret a social situation (the environment, material culture, people, what they do, say, feel, how it smells- use all of your senses!). (6 pages including reference).<\/p>\n<p>Instruction<br \/>\nI. Introduce your topic: what are you going to write about and why did you choose it? You might provide some background to tell me about this. II. Record and describe a social situation to the fullest you can. Do not leave out details but describe it to the fullest you can, do not evaluate it yet. III. Analyze it: that is evaluate the social situation based on criteria you select This means you are going to evaluate the social situation in which you observed people doing something\u2026.according to criteria you find interesting. It can be social status, rank, economics, reciprocity, political situation, descent, kinship, status, as a form of religious practice, etc. You can use Erving Goffman&#8217;s dramaturgical model to explain your setting and its social interaction. Examples: a) You might consider looking at your social situation for evidence of status or political preference, ethnicity, community. b) You might analyze a celebration you attend in your community. How is this social event a representation of American culture? IV. Interpret: Finally, explain why your observations are important given the context of the situation<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Questions 1: General Questions<\/p>\n<p>NSG 6435 Week 8 Quiz\/ NSG6435 Week 8 Quiz (Latest): South University (Already graded A)<br \/>\nNSG 6435 Week 8 Quiz\/ NSG6435 Week 8 Quiz (Latest): South University (Already graded A)<\/p>\n<p>Question 2: Business<\/p>\n<p>HRM 530 Week 6 Dismal Meeting Imagine that you are an office manager and you have been tasked with the job of coordinating and heading the dismissal meeting for an employee layoff. Write a six to eight (6-page paper in which you:<br \/>\nPROPOSE THREE (3) WAYS THAT A MANAGER CAN COPE WITH ANY NEGATIVE EMOTIONS THAT MAY ACCOMPANY AN EMPLOYEE LAYOFF.<br \/>\nDESCRIBE A STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS OF CONDUCTING THE DISMISSAL MEETING<br \/>\nDETERMINE THE COMPENSATION THAT THE FICTITIOUS COMPANY MAY PROVIDE TO THE SEPARATED EMPLOYEE.<br \/>\nCREATE A CHART THAT DEPICTS THE TIMELINE OF THE DISBURSEMENT OF THE COMPENSATION.<br \/>\nPREDICT THREE (3) WAYS THAT THIS LAYOFF MAY AFFECT THE COMPANY.<br \/>\n3-REFERENCES<\/p>\n<p>Question 3: Business<\/p>\n<p>Choose one (1) public corporation in an industry with which you are familiar. Research the company on its own Website, the public filings on the Securities and Exchange Commission EDGAR database (http:\/\/www.sec.gov\/edgar.shtml), in the University&#8217;s online databases, and any other sources you can find. The annual report will often provide insights that can help address some of these questions.\u00a0Use Under Armour Company<br \/>\nWrite a four to six (4-6) page paper in which you:<br \/>\n\u2981 Assess how globalization and technology changes have impacted the corporation you researched.<br \/>\n\u2981 Apply the industrial organization model and the resource-based model to determine how your corporation could earn above-average returns.<br \/>\n\u2981 Assess how the vision statement and mission statement of the corporation influence its overall success.<br \/>\n\u2981 Evaluate how each category of stakeholder impacts the overall success of this corporation.<br \/>\n\u2981 Use at least three (3) quality references.\u00a0Note:\u00a0Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources.<br \/>\nYour assignment must follow these formatting requirements:<br \/>\n\u2981 This course requires use of\u00a0Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The format is different than other Strayer University courses. Please take a moment to review the SWS documentation for details.<br \/>\n\u2981 Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student\u2019s name, the professor\u2019s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.<br \/>\nThe specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:<br \/>\n\u2981 Determine ways in which the vision, mission, and stakeholders of a firm impact that firm\u2019s overall success.<br \/>\n\u2981 Use technology and information resources to research issues in business administration.<br \/>\n\u2981 Write clearly and concisely about business administration using proper writing mechanics.<\/p>\n<p>Question 4: Business<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>1) Explain the connection between the US trade deficit and financial capital flows.<br \/>\n2) Explain how comparative advantage determines the pattern of trade. Use an example to aid in your explanation.<br \/>\n3) Explain how the Stolper-Samuelson theorem indicates that free trade will (likely) worsen income inequality in the US, but (likely) narrow it for Mexico.<br \/>\n4) Show the effects on US welfare from each of the following events. a. Imposition of a tariff on a small, perfectly competitive market b. Imposition of a tariff on a small, imperfectly competitive market c. Imposition of a tariff on a large, perfectly competitive market<br \/>\n5) Show the effects on US welfare from each of the following events. a. Imposition of a quota on a small, perfectly competitive market b. Imposition of a quota on a small, imperfectly competitive market<br \/>\n6) If the US is a large importing country and imposes a tariff on the import of a good, what will the welfare effect on the exporting country be?<br \/>\n7) Assume that the US is a large country in the semi-conductor market. If the US is an exporter of the good and experiences a technological improvement, will the US always be better off? Show and explain why or why not.<br \/>\n8) National security demands have made it imperative for the US to close the toilet paper trade gap (just think what would happen in times of war if we couldn\u2019t produce our own!). The government has decided to reduce our imports from 100 million units to 90 million units. As the supreme TP czar, which of the following policies should be chosen? Show and explain why. a. A production subsidy b. A consumption tax c. An import tariff<br \/>\n9) Show why in a competition between the Boeing and Airbus that autarky may be the preferred welfare situation to free trade. Explain how you draw this conclusion. 10) Explain why a VER is likely to generate lower welfare than a quota.<br \/>\n10) Explain why a VER is likely to generate lower welfare than a quota.<br \/>\n11) Explain what constraints the WTO places on US government actions.<br \/>\n12) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of fixed and flexible exchange rates. In your answer, consider the ramifications for fiscal and monetary policy.<br \/>\n13) Explain how trade may reduce pressure for immigration.<br \/>\n14) For each of the following cases indicate the expected change in the equilibrium exchange rate (\u20ac\/$). Use supply and demand analysis (no credit without the graph). a) an increase in EU interest rates b) a fall in the price level in the US c) an increase in US barriers to imports from the EU<br \/>\n15) Explain why labor unions may wish to oppose international trade. Does this entail that this is a \u201cgood\u201d government policy? Explain.<br \/>\n16) Explain why \u201cdumping\u201d is considered to be unfair trade. Does dumping \u2013 if unfair or not \u2013 cause harm in the dumped upon country? What condition is required for harm to accrue?<br \/>\n17) What is a senescent industry? How is protection for international trade supposed to aid this industry? How is it supposed to aid the country? Under what conditions will the aid actually accrue to the industry and the country?<br \/>\n1) Explain what is meant by \u201cdollarization.\u201d What might lead a country to make this choice for managing its money supply?<br \/>\n2) Explain how a managed float differs from a freely floating (flexible) exchange rate.<br \/>\n3) What are the relative advantages and disadvantages of fixed v. flexible exchange rate systems?<br \/>\n4) For each of the following cases, explain that is the \u201cbest\u201d tool for the goal trying to be achieved. Clearly demonstrate why this is the \u201cbest\u201d tool. a) The US wishes to contain pollution generated by the consumption of widgets. b) The US wishes to protect jobs in the widgets sector. c) The US wishes to restrain imports in the widgets sector to reduce the trade imbalance with Widgeria.<br \/>\n5) How does the existence of \u201c3-way trades\u201d undermine the usefulness of the supply and demand model of the exchange rate for precisely predicting what the exchange rate will be?<br \/>\n1) Explain how a fixed exchange rate may contribute to a currency crisis? Is any fixed exchange rate subject to this risk?<br \/>\n2) Given the following information where should you invest in order to maximize your return? e = 0.001 $\/peso f = 0.0011 $\/peso Nominal interest rate in the US = 8% Nominal interest rate in Mexico = 10% Given your investment pattern, how do you expect the variables to evolve over time?<br \/>\n3) What is the Law of One Price? Under what assumptions does the Law of One Price lead to the Purchasing Power Parity model of exchange rates?<br \/>\n4) Suppose that the money supply in the US falls. What will happen to the value of the dollar in the foreign exchange markets? Justify your answer using at least two (2) models of the exchange rate.<br \/>\n1) For each of the following changes, show the direction of shift (if any) for the IS curve. a) An increase in the foreign price level b) A fall in foreign income levels c) An increase in domestic tax rates d) A strengthening of the dollar in the foreign exchange markets e) A collapse in business confidence f) An increase in the money supply<br \/>\n2) For each of the following changes, show the direction of shift (if any) for the LM curve. a) An increase in the domestic price level b) A decrease in the money supply c) A fall in the precautionary demand for money d) A strengthening of the dollar in the foreign exchange markets<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 5: Business<\/p>\n<p>Finite Mathematics<\/p>\n<p>\u2981 1. \u00a0Why is it important to represent data with graphing<br \/>\ntools?<\/p>\n<p>2. What are the similarities and differences between a histogram and a frequency table?<\/p>\n<p>3. What is the difference between a frequency polygon and a cumulative frequency polygon? Explain.<\/p>\n<p>4. In a given frequency table, if represents the total sum of the frequencies and if denotes a frequency of a class, then what is the relative frequency of that class in terms of and? Explain.<\/p>\n<p>5. What is the difference between the relative frequency and the cumulative relative frequency?<\/p>\n<p>6. In constructing the ogive, do we need to know what is the frequency of each class, or knowing the cumulative for each class is sufficient? Explain.<\/p>\n<p>7. A given frequency table has 3 classes, Class1, Class2, and Class3. To total number of frequencies is 10 and Class1 and Class2 have frequencies 2 and 3 respectively. What is the relative frequency of Class3?<\/p>\n<p>8. Compute the mean of the following data: 4, 3, 6, 6, 6. Explain your work.<\/p>\n<p>9. Given the following data: 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7, 7. What is the mode, median, and the mean? Explain.<\/p>\n<p>10. A fair die is rolled 300 times and each time the result is recorded. What would you expect the mean of the formed data set be? Explain.<\/p>\n<p>11. A data set is formed by recording the sums on a 100 rolls of a pair of a fair dice. What would you expect the mean of the data set be?<\/p>\n<p>12. Construct a set of four numbers that have mean 10, mode 8, and median 9. Explain.<\/p>\n<p>13. Suppose we have a data of size two, say x1 and x2 whose mean is 5. If , compute the value of x2.<\/p>\n<p>14. Suppose that we have the data {x1, x2, &#8230;, xn} such that =&#8230;. What is the mean of the data? What is the standard deviation?<\/p>\n<p>15. In the formula for the mean of the grouped data, what do you get when you have all group frequencies equal to 1?<\/p>\n<p>16. Compute the standard deviation of the following data: 3, 3, 4, 6.<\/p>\n<p>17. Suppose we have a data of size two, say x1 and x2. What is the standard deviation?<\/p>\n<p>18. Explain why the variance is never negative.<\/p>\n<p>19. Suppose we have a data whose standard deviation is zero. What conclusion can you derive about the data?<\/p>\n<p>20. Two data sets of the same size have standard deviations s1 and s2. If s1&lt;s2, then how do these data sets compare?<\/p>\n<p>21. A data set is formed by recording the sums in 200 rolls of a pair of a dice. A second data set is formed by recording the results of 200 draws of a ball from a box containing 11 balls numbered 2 through 12. Which of the data sets would you expect to have a smaller standard deviation? Explain.<\/p>\n<p>22. Assume that we have a data of size 3 with mean 5 and mode 3. Compute the standard deviation.<\/p>\n<p>Question 6: Mathematics<\/p>\n<p>Finite Mathematics<br \/>\nOnline Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>\u2981 1. \u00a0Why is it important to represent data with graphing<br \/>\ntools?<\/p>\n<p>2. What are the similarities and differences between a histogram and a frequency table?<\/p>\n<p>3. What is the difference between a frequency polygon and a cumulative frequency polygon? Explain.<\/p>\n<p>4. In a given frequency table, if represents the total sum of the frequencies and if denotes a frequency of a class, then what is the relative frequency of that class in terms of and? Explain.<\/p>\n<p>5. What is the difference between the relative frequency and the cumulative relative frequency?<\/p>\n<p>6. In constructing the ogive, do we need to know what is the frequency of each class, or knowing the cumulative for each class is sufficient? Explain.<\/p>\n<p>7. A given frequency table has 3 classes, Class1, Class2, and Class3. To total number of frequencies is 10 and Class1 and Class2 have frequencies 2 and 3 respectively. What is the relative frequency of Class3?<\/p>\n<p>8. Compute the mean of the following data: 4, 3, 6, 6, 6. Explain your work.<\/p>\n<p>9. Given the following data: 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7, 7. What is the mode, median, and the mean? Explain.<\/p>\n<p>10. A fair die is rolled 300 times and each time the result is recorded. What would you expect the mean of the formed data set be? Explain.<\/p>\n<p>11. A data set is formed by recording the sums on a 100 rolls of a pair of a fair dice. What would you expect the mean of the data set be?<\/p>\n<p>12. Construct a set of four numbers that have mean 10, mode 8, and median 9. Explain.<\/p>\n<p>13. Suppose we have a data of size two, say x1 and x2 whose mean is 5. If , compute the value of x2.<\/p>\n<p>14. Suppose that we have the data {x1, x2, &#8230;, xn} such that =&#8230;. What is the mean of the data? What is the standard deviation?<\/p>\n<p>15. In the formula for the mean of the grouped data, what do you get when you have all group frequencies equal to 1?<\/p>\n<p>16. Compute the standard deviation of the following data: 3, 3, 4, 6.<\/p>\n<p>17. Suppose we have a data of size two, say x1 and x2. What is the standard deviation?<\/p>\n<p>18. Explain why the variance is never negative.<\/p>\n<p>19. Suppose we have a data whose standard deviation is zero. What conclusion can you derive about the data?<\/p>\n<p>20. Two data sets of the same size have standard deviations s1 and s2. If s1&lt;s2, then how do these data sets compare?<\/p>\n<p>21. A data set is formed by recording the sums in 200 rolls of a pair of a dice. A second data set is formed by recording the results of 200 draws of a ball from a box containing 11 balls numbered 2 through 12. Which of the data sets would you expect to have a smaller standard deviation? Explain.<\/p>\n<p>22. Assume that we have a data of size 3 with mean 5 and mode 3. Compute the standard deviation.<\/p>\n<p>Question 7: Business<\/p>\n<p>Assignment 1: Madoff Securities<br \/>\nReview the Madoff Securities case.<br \/>\nWrite a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:<br \/>\n\u2981 Determine the regulatory oversight that was in place while the Ponzi scheme was operating, and speculate on the main reasons why they did not discover the scheme.<br \/>\n\u2981 Assume you are an auditor for a firm that had $10 million dollars invested in Madoff Securities.<br \/>\n\u2981 Determine the fundamental audit procedures that you should have applied to this investment.<br \/>\n\u2981 Predict the way in which a peer review of Friehling and Horowitz would have uncovered the scheme related to Madoff Securities.<br \/>\n\u2981 Pretend you are Harry Markopolos and suggest one (1) strategy, different from that of the case study, to expose the potential fraud. Provide a rationale to support the suggestion.<br \/>\n\u2981 Analyze the role of the audit committee for Madoff Securities in regard to the discovery of Ponzi scheme, and suggest one (1) action the audit committee could have taken in order to prevent or detect the fraud. Provide a rationale to support the suggestion.<br \/>\n\u2981 Use at least two (2) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar type Websites do not qualify as academic resources.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 8: Business<\/p>\n<p>Assignment: Course Project: Assessment of Diversity Proficiencies<br \/>\nThe Assignment for this module is an assessment of your diversity proficiencies. As local, state, national, and global communities continue to reflect increasing diversity, it is essential for effective leaders of learning to routinely assure active and effective responsiveness to the diverse needs represented. In the context of this course, active and effective responsiveness often takes the form of individuals pursuing constructive action to change ideas and attitudes through leadership, advocacy, policy, and law. To assist you in this process, your Walden University program has included diversity proficiencies to guide your development. For this Course Project, you must successfully demonstrate personal development and connection of your learning in this course about leadership, advocacy, policy, and law to each of the Walden Diversity Proficiencies, as well as the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)\u2019s Advanced Role Content Standards 1a, 1b, and 5a.<br \/>\nTo prepare:<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Review all Learning Resources for this module.<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Review the Assessment of Diversity Proficiencies Guidelines.<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ask yourself the following: How have the concepts, resources, and activities of this course influenced my learning so that I might support the creation of educational opportunities that adapt to diverse learners and remove barriers that inhibit learning for students with diverse learning needs?<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Think about examples from your educational and professional experiences that you can use to demonstrate your knowledge of the key diversity proficiencies. How might those experiences support the fact that you are a leader and advocate who is able to create educational opportunities that are adapted to diverse learners and that remove barriers that inhibit learning?<br \/>\nThe components of your Module 6 Assignment are as follows: however, review the \u201cAssessment of Diversity Proficiencies Guidelines\u201d document in the Learning Resources for more details.<br \/>\nSection 1: Introduction (2\u20133 pages)<br \/>\nInterpret how EACH of the following course concepts support the creation of educational opportunities that are adapted to diverse learners and remove barriers that inhibit learning:<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Leadership<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Advocacy<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Policy<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Law<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Section 2: Diversity Self-Reflection (3\u20134 pages)<br \/>\nWrite a self-reflection paper that addresses the final two Walden Diversity Dispositions:<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Awareness of Self<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Professional Practice<br \/>\nAlso, reference the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards, what you learned from the working with the Case Study of Jamal from the Grand City Community (West Ridge Middle School) , and Walden\u2019s Mission and Vision Statement to help support your reflection.<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Reflection Component 1:\u00a0Using the bulleted points on Walden\u2019s Diversity Proficiencies, personally reflect on your knowledge and skills for the \u201cAwareness of Self\u201d and \u201cProfessional Practice\u201d indicators. Cite at least one relevant, research-based reading or media element to support this component.<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Reflection Component 2:\u00a0Connect your personal reflection, to course content, including the Case Study, CEC standards, and Walden\u2019s mission for Social Change. Cite at least one relevant, research-based reading or media element to support each of these components.<br \/>\nYour final document must include the following:<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Title Page<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Section1: 2\u20133 pages<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Section 2: 3\u20134 pages<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reference pages<br \/>\nNote:\u00a0For this Assignment and all scholarly writing in this course and throughout your program, you will be required to use APA style (6th\u00a0edition). Please use the Walden Writing Center as a resource as you complete assignments.<br \/>\nRequired Readings<br \/>\nCouncil for Exceptional Children. (2012).\u00a0CEC special education specialist advanced preparation standards. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cec.sped.org\/~\/media\/Files\/Standards\/Professional%20Preparation%20Standards\/Advanced%20Preparation%20Standards%20with%20Elaborations.pdf<br \/>\nDeMatthews, D. (2014). Deconstructing systems of segregation: Leadership challenges in an urban school. Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership, 17(1), 17\u201331<br \/>\nRetrieved from the Walden Library databases.<br \/>\nThis article gives a case study of a principal in an urban school who was charged with a directive to raise test scores and increase inclusion in a building with a history of segregation.<br \/>\nDocument: Assessment of Diversity Proficiencies Guidelines (PDF)<br \/>\nDocument: SMART Goals Graphic (PDF)<br \/>\nDocument: Walden Diversity Proficiencies (PDF)<br \/>\nDocument: Walden Professional Dispositions (PDF)<br \/>\nWalden University (2015). Social change. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.waldenu.edu\/about\/social-change<br \/>\nMedia<br \/>\nGrand City Community<br \/>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Laureate Education (Producer). (2012b).\u00a0The teacher\u2019s lounge\u00a0[Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.<br \/>\nGo to the Grand City Community and click into\u00a0West Ridge Middle School. Review the following scenario:\u00a0The Teacher\u2019s Lounge.<\/p>\n<p>Question 9: Psychology<\/p>\n<p>Behavioral and Cognitive Learning Theories paper<\/p>\n<p>Question 10: Psychology<\/p>\n<p>Research Paper: Reference Page Instructions<br \/>\nYou will submit a reference page in current APA format for your Research Paper. In addition to the textbook and the Bible, your reference page must contain at least 6 scholarly sources, 4 of which must be peer-reviewed journal articles. For the 4 peer-reviewed journal articles, 2 of these must support\/use Behavioral Learning Theory and 2 must support\/use Cognitive Learning Theory. Remaining sources must address educational implications, historical context, and\/or biblical worldview topics related to Behavioral and Cognitive Learning Theories. At least 4 of the sources (the peer-reviewed journal articles) must have been published within the last 10 years.\u00a0Popular writing and web pages are NOT acceptable sources for this paper.<\/p>\n<p>Developing the Reference Page<br \/>\nAlthough the reference page is one of the last things included in the organization of your paper, finding your sources is one of the first things you must do to write a research paper.<\/p>\n<p>Review a current APA style guide in order to ensure your outline and citations are correctly formatted. If you are having particular trouble with current APA formatting, visit one of these helpful resources available to Liberty University Online students: Liberty\u2019s Online Writing Center or tutor.com.<\/p>\n<p>Finding Appropriate Sources<br \/>\nFamiliarize yourself with the basic information surrounding your topic by accessing the Liberty University Library Research Portal. When you are searching for resources, think of several surrounding issues and several synonyms for those issues. Then enter various combinations of those terms into the research database. You can follow a number of links found within the Liberty University Research Portal to access multiple research guides and tutorials to assist you in your search. If you need further assistance, click here for resources that will help guide you as you navigate through the Liberty University Online Library. Additionally, you may use the \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d service by filling out the e-Form found here.<\/p>\n<p>Question 11: Psychology<\/p>\n<p>Topic:\u00a0Retrieval<\/p>\n<p>Question\/Prompt:\u00a0Memory and knowledge are especially important in the retrieval of academic subject content. The book lists several general principles of retrieval for instructional settings (see Ormrod, 2016, Chapter 8). Select 1 of these general principles and give an example of how you could use it to learn a specific concept in this course.\u00a0Include clear biblical principles in your response.<\/p>\n<p>Ormmrod, J. E., (2016).\u00a0Human Learning\u00a0(7th ed.). New York, N. Y. Pearson Education<\/p>\n<p>Question 12: Health Care<\/p>\n<p>Liberty Bus 311 DB 3<\/p>\n<p>n what ways can you, as a manager, contribute to the management and execution of your organization\u2019s strategy? How is strategic planning a dynamic versus linear process, and why? Next, summarize the purpose of the SWOT analysis and how it is best used in the healthcare planning process? Are there any differences related to strategic planning in healthcare versus planning in another organization? Can quality of care initiatives be linked to the strategic planning process? If so, how?<\/p>\n<p>Discussion boards are collaborative learning experiences. Therefore, you are required to create a thread in response to the provided prompt for each forum. Each thread must be at least 300 words and demonstrate course-related knowledge. In addition to the thread, you are required to reply to 2 other classmates\u2019 threads. Each reply must be at least 250 words. Each thread and reply must include a biblical integration and at least 2 peer reviewed source citations in current APA format (in addition to the textbook).<\/p>\n<p>Question 13: Health Care<\/p>\n<p>NUR 1172 Nutrition Exam 1\/ NUR1172 Nutrition Exam one (Latest): Rasmussen College (Already graded A)<\/p>\n<p>Question 14: Health Care<\/p>\n<p>NUR 460 review-exam-spring-semester-2018(893 questions)<\/p>\n<p>Question 15: Health Care<\/p>\n<p>Informational Memo Assignment<\/p>\n<p>EHRs have many components, functions, and attributes.\u00a0 Administrative staff must be educated comprehensively about all the factors that make up the EHR system.<\/p>\n<p>You are the Chief Information Officer of your hospital. Write a memo addressed to the senior departmental staff. Any memo format may be used.<\/p>\n<p>\u2981 In this informational memo you will discuss, with outside literature support for each section, the following EHR components found in your textbook: PLEASE SEE ATTACHED DOCUMENT FOR EHR COMPONENTS!!!!!<br \/>\n\u2981 Administrative Processes<br \/>\n\u2981 Communication &amp; Connectivity<br \/>\n\u2981 Decision Support<br \/>\n\u2981 Dentistry\/Optometry<br \/>\n\u2981 Health Information &amp; Data<br \/>\n\u2981 Order Entry Management<br \/>\n\u2981 Patient Support, Results Management<br \/>\n\u2981 Population Health Management.<br \/>\n\u2981 Research and describe what each of these components do, and why it is important for your facility to incorporate these. How does each affect reimbursement?<br \/>\n\u2981 Support your position with solid peer reviewed research and make sure any facts in the paper receive in-text citations.<br \/>\n\u2981 Your memo should be at least two full pages to fully explain to the managers all the various components of the hospital\u2019s new EHR system.<\/p>\n<p>Make sure to use credible journal articles or .gov websites in your research. Provide a cover page and references page as well.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Summary of the Electronic Health Record Essential Components and Functions for Care Delivery<br \/>\nComponent Essential Functions Application Examples<br \/>\nAdministrative processes Ability to conduct all financial and administrative functions associated with institutional operations and patient management Admissions\/registration<br \/>\nScheduling<br \/>\nClaims processing<br \/>\nAdministrative reporting<br \/>\nCommunication and connectivity Provides a medium for electronic communication between healthcare providers and patients E-mail<br \/>\nMobile devices<br \/>\nText\/web messaging<br \/>\nIntegrated health records<br \/>\nTelemedicine<br \/>\nDecision support Provides reminders, alerts, and resource links to improve the diagnosis and care of the patient Medication dosing, allergies<br \/>\nRisk screening\/prevention<br \/>\nClinical guidelines<br \/>\nResource links<br \/>\nDentistry and optometry Ability to incorporate dental records and vision prescriptions Dental records<br \/>\nVision records<br \/>\nHealth information and data Ability to enter and access key information needed to make clinical decisions Patient demographics<br \/>\nProblem lists<br \/>\nMedical\/nursing diagnoses<br \/>\nMedications\/allergies<br \/>\nResults reporting<br \/>\nOrder-entry management Ability to enter all types of orders via the computer system Laboratory<br \/>\nPharmacy<br \/>\nRadiology<br \/>\nOther orders<br \/>\nPatient support Provides patient education and self-monitoring tools Discharge instructions<br \/>\nComputer-based learning<br \/>\nTelemonitoring<br \/>\nResults management Provides the ability to manage current and historical information related to all types of diagnostic reports Laboratory tests<br \/>\nRadiology reports<br \/>\nOther procedures<br \/>\nPopulation health management Provides data collection tools to support public and private reporting requirements Public health system<br \/>\nDisease surveillance<br \/>\nBioterrorism<br \/>\nAdapted from Institute of Medicine, Committee on Data Standards for Patient Safety: Board of Health Care Services.\u00a0Key Capabilities of an Electronic Health Record System:\u00a0Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2003.<br \/>\nIn addition to the various components and functions, there are 12 key attributes prescribed by the IOM14\u00a0as the gold standard components of an EHR. These attributes serve as guidelines to organizations and vendors involved in the design and implementation of EHRs and include the information shown in\u00a0Box\u00a06.1.<br \/>\nBox 6.1<br \/>\nThe Institute of Medicine\u2019s Key Attributes of an Electronic Health Record<br \/>\n1.\u00a0Provides active and inactive problem lists for each encounter that link to orders and results; meets documentation and coding standards.<br \/>\n2.\u00a0Incorporates accepted measures to support health status and functional levels.<br \/>\n3.\u00a0Ability to document clinical decision information; automates, tracks, and shares clinical decision process\/rationale with other caregivers.<br \/>\n4.\u00a0Provides longitudinal and timely linkages with other pertinent records.<br \/>\n5.\u00a0Guarantees confidentiality, privacy, and audit trails.<br \/>\n6.\u00a0Provides continuous authorized user access.<br \/>\n7.\u00a0Supports simultaneous user views.<br \/>\n8.\u00a0Access to local and remote information.<br \/>\n9.\u00a0Facilitates clinical problem solving.<br \/>\n10.\u00a0Supports direct entry by physicians.<br \/>\n11.\u00a0Cost measuring\/quality assurance.<br \/>\n12.\u00a0Supports existing\/evolving clinical specialty needs.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 16: Mathematics<\/p>\n<p>NAME:<br \/>\nInstructions:<br \/>\nDue : Wed, 11\/15 11:00 AM<br \/>\nsave this file as: Lastname_firstname Example: Shone_Hailemichael<br \/>\nsend the file directly to my email address : hashone@iupui.edu (don\u2019t send it through Canvas)<\/p>\n<p>1<br \/>\n2<br \/>\n3<br \/>\n4<br \/>\n5<br \/>\n6<br \/>\n7<br \/>\n8<br \/>\n9<br \/>\n10<br \/>\n11<br \/>\n12<br \/>\n13<br \/>\n14<br \/>\n15<br \/>\n16<br \/>\n17<br \/>\n18<br \/>\n19<br \/>\n20<br \/>\n21<br \/>\n22<br \/>\n23<br \/>\n24<br \/>\n25<\/p>\n<p>Important hint about computing p-value for a test statistic with a t-distribution:<br \/>\nWhen n &gt; 30, you can approximate the tail area under the t-curve by using the probabilities in the z-table.<\/p>\n<p>1 Which of the following statements about Type I and Type II errors is correct<br \/>\na Type I: Reject a true alternative hypothesis. Type II: Do not reject a false alternative.<br \/>\nb Type I: Do not reject a false null hypothesis. Type II: Reject a true null hypothesis.<br \/>\nc Type I: Reject a true null hypothesis. Type II: Do not reject a false null hypothesis.<br \/>\nd Type I: Reject a false null hypothesis. Type II: Reject a true null hypothesis.<\/p>\n<p>2 You are reading a report that contains a hypothesis test you are interested in. The writer of the report writes that the p-value for the test you are interested in is 0.0664, but does not tell you the value of the test statistic. From this information you:<\/p>\n<p>a Do not reject H\u2080 at a Probability of Type I error = 0.10; do not reject H\u2080 at a Probability of Type I error = 0.05<\/p>\n<p>b Reject H\u2080 at a Probability of Type I error = 0.10; reject H\u2080 at a Probability of Type I error = 0.05<\/p>\n<p>c Do not reject H\u2080 at a Probability of Type I error = 0.10; reject H\u2080 at a Probability of Type I error = 0.05<\/p>\n<p>d Reject H\u2080 at a Probability of Type I error = 0.10; do not reject H\u2080 at a Probability of Type I error = 0.05<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 3-9 are based on the random sample below which is obtained to test the following hypothesis about the population mean.<\/p>\n<p>80 91 74 88 75 75 82 76<br \/>\n82 81 85 79 76 73 77 72<br \/>\n84 81 83 73 77 79 77 71<br \/>\n81 77 96 80 67 77 85 87<br \/>\n85 86 90 81 79 80 68 79<br \/>\n79 78 76 75 81 81 70 69<br \/>\n77 83 79 81 85 71 79 78<br \/>\n77 81 78 91 89 88 78 93<br \/>\n77 80 82 95 78 80 81 77<br \/>\n80 79 83 82 74 76 85 72<br \/>\n79 72 80 77 77 68 66 60<br \/>\n85 84 93 76 70 78 84 85<br \/>\n82 79 76 81 74 87 73 76<br \/>\n75 79 83 77 76 77 88 71<br \/>\n79 79 73 72 82 82 75 78<\/p>\n<p>H\u2080: \u03bc \u2265 80<br \/>\nH\u2081: \u03bc &lt; 80 n = 120<\/p>\n<p>3 This hypothesis test is,<br \/>\na a two-tail test because the null hypothesis is H\u2080: \u00b5 \u2265 80.<br \/>\nb an upper tail test because the alternative hypothesis is H\u2081: \u00b5 &lt; 80.<br \/>\nc a lower tail test because the alternative hypothesis is H\u2081: \u00b5 &lt; 80.<br \/>\nd an upper tail test because the null hypothesis is H\u2080: \u00b5 \u2265 80.<\/p>\n<p>4 The estimated mean is,<br \/>\na 83.968<br \/>\nb 82.322<br \/>\nc 80.708<br \/>\nd 79.125<\/p>\n<p>5 The estimated standard deviation is,<br \/>\na 6.054<br \/>\nb 6.175<br \/>\nc 6.299<br \/>\nd 6.425<\/p>\n<p>6 The value of the test statistic is (if negative use the absolute value):<br \/>\na 1.583<br \/>\nb 1.630<br \/>\nc 1.679<br \/>\nd 1.729<\/p>\n<p>7 Given \u03b1 = 0.05, the critical value for the test is,<br \/>\na 1.812<br \/>\nb 1.759<br \/>\nc 1.708<br \/>\nd 1.658<\/p>\n<p>8 The approximate p-value for the test is,<br \/>\na 0.096<br \/>\nb 0.074<br \/>\nc 0.057<br \/>\nd 0.048<\/p>\n<p>9 Based on the p-value in the previous question,<br \/>\na Do not reject H\u2080 at \u03b1 = 0.10; do not reject H\u2080 at \u03b1 = 0.05<br \/>\nb Reject H\u2080 at \u03b1 = 0.10; reject H\u2080 at \u03b1 = 0.05<br \/>\nc Do not reject H\u2080 at \u03b1 = 0.10; reject H\u2080 at \u03b1 = 0.05<br \/>\nd Reject H\u2080 at \u03b1 = 0.10; do not reject H\u2080 at a \u03b1 = 0.05<\/p>\n<p>To test the hypothesis that the average daily visit to a state park is 120, a random sample of 30 days yielded the following data (number of vehicles).<\/p>\n<p>137 126 198 64 114 236<br \/>\n98 97 244 100 141 154<br \/>\n14 158 180 60 133 150<br \/>\n89 186 259 137 160 297<br \/>\n159 60 276 69 70 141<\/p>\n<p>Write H\u2080 and H\u2081 and answer the following ______questions:<br \/>\n10 The sample standard deviation is,<br \/>\na 69.124<br \/>\nb 67.050<br \/>\nc 65.039<br \/>\nd 63.088<\/p>\n<p>11 The value of the test statistic is,<br \/>\na 2.057<br \/>\nb 1.870<br \/>\nc 1.683<br \/>\nd 1.515<\/p>\n<p>12 Using a 5 percent level of significance, the critical value for the test is,<br \/>\na 2.045<br \/>\nb 1.943<br \/>\nc 1.846<br \/>\nd 1.754<\/p>\n<p>13 Based on the test statistic and the critical value in the previous two questions,<br \/>\na Reject the null hypothesis. Do not conclude the mean is different from 120.<br \/>\nb Do not reject the null hypothesis. Conclude the mean is different from 120.<br \/>\nc Reject the null hypothesis. Conclude the mean is different from 120.<br \/>\nd Do not reject the null hypothesis. Do not conclude the mean is different from 120.<\/p>\n<p>In a recent study, a major fast food restaurant had a mean drive through service time of 225 seconds. The company embarks on a quality improvement effort to reduce the service time and has developed improvements to the service process. The new process will be tested in a sample of stores. The new process will be adopted in all of its stores, if it reduced mean service time by more than 40 seconds compared to the current mean service time. To perform the hypothesis test, the sample of 25 stores yields the following data (seconds).<\/p>\n<p>162 185 184 178 181<br \/>\n167 191 198 184 179<br \/>\n170 161 181 183 191<br \/>\n189 190 178 180 167<br \/>\n177 198 179 176 183<\/p>\n<p>14 We are testing the hypothesis that,<br \/>\na H\u2081: \u00b5 &lt; 185<br \/>\nb H\u2080: \u00b5 &lt; 185<br \/>\nc H\u2081: \u00b5 \u2265 185<br \/>\nd H\u2080: \u00b5 \u2264 185<\/p>\n<p>15 The sample mean is,<br \/>\na 180.48<br \/>\nb 178.68<br \/>\nc 176.89<br \/>\nd 175.12<\/p>\n<p>16 The standard error of the mean is,<br \/>\na 2.078<br \/>\nb 2.017<br \/>\nc 1.958<br \/>\nd 1.762<\/p>\n<p>17 The test statistic is,<br \/>\na 2.042<br \/>\nb 2.127<br \/>\nc 2.216<br \/>\nd 2.308<\/p>\n<p>18 Find the critical value at a 5% level of significance, and select the appropriate conclusion below:<\/p>\n<p>a 1.711 Do not reject H\u2080. Adopt the new process.<br \/>\nb 1.711 Reject H\u2080 and adopt the new process.<br \/>\nc 2.093 Do not reject H\u2080. Adopt the new process.<br \/>\nd 2.093 Reject H\u2080 and adopt the new process.<\/p>\n<p>The 2014 mean annual salary of graduates with engineering degrees was $63,500. In a follow-up study in June 2015, a sample of n = 95 graduating engineering majors yielded a sample mean of $65,450 and standard deviation of $10,245. Does the 2015 survey provide a significant proof that the mean salary in 2015 is greater than the 2014 mean? Perform this test of hypothesis at a 5% level of significance.<\/p>\n<p>19 We are testing the hypothesis that,<br \/>\na H\u2081: \u00b5 \u2265 63,500<br \/>\nb H\u2080: \u00b5 &gt; 63,500<br \/>\nc H\u2081: \u00b5 &gt; 63,500<br \/>\nd H\u2081: \u00b5 \u2264 63,500<\/p>\n<p>20 The p-value for the test is approximately _______.<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>a 0.07 Do not reject H\u2080. Conclude the mean is greater than 63,500.<br \/>\nb 0.07 Reject H\u2080. Conclude the mean is not greater than 63,500.<br \/>\nc 0.03 Do not reject H\u2080. Conclude the mean is greater than 63,500.<br \/>\nd 0.03 Reject H\u2080. Conclude the mean is greater than 63,500.<\/p>\n<p>One of the different statistics reported by the Centers for Disease Control regarding incidence of obesity among adults in the United States provides that 28% of men with college degree are obese. The study also reports that 31.5% of men without a college degree are obese. Assume the latter statistic is based on a sample of 1040 men without a college degree.<\/p>\n<p>Does the data provide statistically significant evidence that the incidence of obesity among men without a college degree is greater than among those with a college degree?<\/p>\n<p>21 This involves which of the following hypotheses?<br \/>\na H\u2080: \u03c0 \u2265 0.28<br \/>\nb H\u2080: \u03c0 \u2264 0.28<br \/>\nc H\u2081: \u03c0 &lt; 0.28<br \/>\nd H\u2081: \u03c0 &gt; 0.28<br \/>\ne Both b and d are correct.<\/p>\n<p>22 The standard error of p\u0305 is,<br \/>\na 0.0139<br \/>\nb 0.0167<br \/>\nc 0.0197<br \/>\nd 0.0232<\/p>\n<p>23 The value of the test statistic is,<br \/>\na 2.27<br \/>\nb 2.52<br \/>\nc 2.77<br \/>\nd 3.05<\/p>\n<p>24 The p-value for the test is,<br \/>\na 0.0059<br \/>\nb 0.0115<br \/>\nc 0.0132<br \/>\nd 0.0152<\/p>\n<p>25 Based on p-value in the previous question, at a 5 percent level of significance,<br \/>\na The evidence is not statistically significant. Do not reject H\u2080.<br \/>\nb The evidence is not statistically significant. Reject H\u2080.<br \/>\nc The evidence is statistically significant. Do not reject H\u2080.<br \/>\nd The evidence is statistically significant. Reject H\u2080.<\/p>\n<p>Question 17: Biology<\/p>\n<p>If a patient presents to you post ischemic stroke on warfarin and their INR is therapeutic. Do you reverse it?<\/p>\n<p>Question 18: Economics<\/p>\n<p>Case Study You need to listen to the Planet Money podcast titled<\/p>\n<p>Question 19: Psychology<\/p>\n<p>Part 1: Choose one of the nine areas of biopsychosocial assessment outlined in the text. Develop assessment questions for that knowledge area. In doing so, consider the impact of each question on the client, the appropriate timing, and the effect on the development of empathy and a treatment alliance. For example, in the area of family and friends, you might ask, \u201cWho was important to you as you grew up?\u201d \u201cWho could you turn to in your life?\u201d \u201cWho were you close to?\u201d \u201cWho did you have a problem or conflict with?\u201d \u201cHave you lost someone important to you?\u201d \u201cWhat are some good memories you have of your childhood\/ teen years?\u201d Part 2: To practice writing treatment goals, write three treatment objectives you might have for a client. Discuss the following questions in a 500 word essay: Would the client take ownership of the objective? When in the treatment process would it be appropriate to address the goal? How would you or the client know when the objective is accomplished?<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>Question 20: General<\/p>\n<p>Automated plastic Bottle Compactor I want to do an introduction for this topic between one to two page mix<\/p>\n<p>Question 21: Other<\/p>\n<p>Research Paper<\/p>\n<p>Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0. This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at\u00a0https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/\u00a0\u00a0. Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam Tutoring Help!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; Online Professional Tutoring meets its match at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . This is by far the tested and most trusted Online College Homework Help \/Tutoring Website for College Students in Universities and Colleges across the Globe. Get Online Homework Help, Assignments Help at https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/ . Chat With Your Tutors in Real Time To Get Exam &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/blog\/my-friend-just-referred-me-to-the-best-college-homework-help-website-homeworknest-where-i-just-got-homework-answers-from-good-and-friendly-tutors-https-www-homeworknest-com\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">My friend just referred me to the best college homework help website HomeworkNest where I just got homework answers from good and friendly tutors &#8211; https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[60,37,38,36,43,14,48,20,31,39,17,32,18,25,7,30,35,51,8,58,53,52,40,62,26],"class_list":["post-340","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-questions-and-answers","tag-ace-my-homework","tag-acemyhomework-shutdown","tag-acemyhomework-to-homeworknest-com","tag-and-calculus-engineering-questions","tag-best-website-for-college-asignments-help","tag-cheap-assignments-help","tag-college-homework-help-at-homework-nest","tag-computer-homework-questions","tag-economics-accounting-and-business-finance-help-at-homework-nest","tag-get-homework-help-from-homeworknest-for-acemyhomework","tag-hire-a-tutor-for-your-homework-needs","tag-homework-nest-get-help-with-math-statistics","tag-hustle-free-homework-help","tag-nursing-homework-help-at-homework-nest","tag-online-tutoring","tag-operations-management","tag-permutations","tag-productivity","tag-sociology-questions","tag-website-for-hmeworkhelp-like-coursemerit","tag-website-for-hmeworkhelp-like-ninjaessays","tag-website-for-hmeworkhelp-like-studypool","tag-website-for-homework-help-like-acemyhomework","tag-website-similar-to-acemyhomework-com","tag-write-my-essay"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":209,"url":"https:\/\/www.homeworknest.com\/blog\/revision-questions-to-acemyhomework\/","url_meta":{"origin":340,"position":0},"title":"REVISION QUESTIONS TO Homeworknest","author":"Support","date":"2018-10-05","format":false,"excerpt":"(Get Help in Math, Physics, Biology, Business and Engineering) Are you always clueless when it comes to Math Homework? Are those complex terms in your Business Management Class giving you sleepless nights? Are you wondering, how can I acemyhomework? Worry no more!! 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